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Question Number 1

Generally, human trafficking is described by governmental or non-governmental forces as a crime which involves the exploitation of human beings in order to be compelled or exported to other countries by fraud, coercion or force for the purpose of commercial sex or labor. This term refers to the movement but it may also involve no movement. But it falls under the section of crime and it may occur against a person who has never left his home town or country, and the entire humankind can be victims of human trafficking, i.e., men, women, transgender, citizens non-citizens etc. The human smuggling is referred towards the transportation of a person from one country to another on the bases of fraudulent ways by either illegal immigration or crossing of borders. In Migrant Smuggling Protocol, it is defined as supplementing the Convention of the United States against the crimes of the transnational organization (Bilger, 2018). This type of transportation involves smuggling by using illegal documentation and procedures. The smugglers take a heavy amount of money in exchange to do illegal arrangements of smuggling a human being from one country to another.

Consequently, smuggled individuals are more vulnerable to abuse, crime and human trafficking than the people who migrate lawfully, because these illegally transferred people are usually indebted to the smugglers in heavy amounts. The reality of these two phenomena overlap with each other, and this makes it specifically important for law enforcement agencies, policymakers, organizations of civil society and immigration (Hammond, 2017). Its difference is significant for these organizations because they are conscious of this distinguishing factor among human smuggling and trafficking. Due to the confusion of human trafficking with smuggling, the people who are trafficked to the other countries receive similar attitude and punishments at the time due to the ambiguity created by human smuggling. These trafficked human do not receive protection for the government on this basis and they are re-exploited due to this fact.

Question Number2

The transnational crimes are all involving transportation of criminal and illegal activities across the borders of one country to another, such that it is the type of criminal activity which is conducted across the entire globe. There are different types of organized transnational crimes, i.e., gun smuggling, drug smuggling, organ smuggling and human smuggling. These types are similar in some aspects and different in the other factors.

Gun Smuggling vs. Drug Smuggling vs. Organ Smuggling

The illegal transfer of drugs, ammunition and human organ from one country to another through illegal transportation is known as smuggling of these components. The smuggling of fire ammunition or comes under the heading of gun smuggling, and it occurs through usage od fraudulent machinery, which is either exported or imported. Whereas smuggling of drugs of any kind either licit or illicit drugs is cultivated, transferred or manufactured across the border comes under the transnational crimes. The transfer of human organs without their consent or through fraud to other countries at the expense of heavy income generated on its bases is organ smuggling. The smugglers committing such crimes are charged with strict punishments or fines and are imprisoned for a lifetime. These three types of smugglings involve transportation through human beings in any kind of medium, i.e., transportation through land, air or water (Kar & Beladi, 2017).

Differentiating between these crimes is only done on the nature of their element which is used for smuggling, such that in organ smuggling human organs are uses. On the contrary in drug and gun smuggling, drugs and firearms are used respectively. In organ smuggling, human smuggling also occurs because people are wholly transported to other countries for the purpose of organ donation. The procedure occurs with the consent of the person, unlike the organ trafficking. Furthermore, a ‘one size fits all’ approach is not appropriate for catering the problems related to transnational crimes because not all crimes are of similar nature; these involve different repercussions on various levels. So a criminal activity should be charged according to the nature and effect of the crime (Campana, & Varese, 2016).

Question Number 3

The security situation in Mexico has turned to be adverse as there are high rates of killings or homicides due to the presence of transnational criminal activities. There are various factors leading to the problems occurring in Mexico, mainly the poor socio-economic factor is the leading cause. In order to lessen these criminal activities, many interventions could be proposed to eliminate or reduce the crime rate in Mexico. The providence of conditional official pardon to the accused criminals and focusing the detail strategies to transition rules and policies of the military as well as civilian people will get good riddance from the criminal activities (Phillips, 2015). Besides targeting the bosses of criminal agencies, law enforcement agencies should work on creating the intelligence competence essential for going after the central functioning level of felonious groups. Also, the administration should be acting in resolution to be against the anti-crime mercenaries. Without serious modifications in regulating policies, the best-laid plans of the administration for the outreach of socioeconomic status, poppy certificates and amnesty will create at its best a borderline variance in Mexico’s transnational crime.

Furthermore, by improving data for independent research with the collaboration of non-governmental organization will help in allocating the resources and measures of transnational crimes in a country. Also by streamlining the anti-crime capacity with the government will help in reducing the crime rate in Mexico (Leong, 2016). The fight against criminal impunity is a must in the field of criminology and it is essentially significant for the sake of eliminating and reducing the crime rate in Mexico. The various factors leading to the crime rate are only possible to be catered through the advancement in education, employment and improved health and lifestyle of the people living in Mexico. Also by providing awareness to the population, it will help in lowering the criminal minds of the people and will have in changing their mental capacities.

Question Number 4

The solutions provided by Naim are innovative technology, defragment and unburdening the government for the trading of the human, organ or drug trafficking and smuggling. The proposed solutions are good but along with the consequences as described by Naim the criminal agencies are also equipped with advanced technologies and they are in many ways far ahead of the government in technology. So defragmentation and unburdening government of these issues will ensure the limitation of criminal activities in a nation not entirely eliminating them. Defragmenting the government means to divide the department for controlling and regulating the criminal activities on the bases of difference among the types of crimes (Barnes, 2017). For instance, drug enforcement agency should look after drug smuggling and trafficking, whereas the organ or human trafficking and smuggling agency should look after in that domain.

The limitation of these proposed solutions can be seen through the aspect of governmental organizations who are burdened already due to the havoc of national crime and in defragmenting the domains of crime it will increase the required forces and personnel for the respective department. This will increase the burden on the economy and budget of the country. The criminal activities can be catered by limiting them on threw border through military enforcement. The possibility is high of crime control at the gist of its occurrence (Wright, 2017). All import and exports should be monitored and illegals routes or ways should be sealed.

References

Barnes, N. (2017). Criminal politics: An integrated approach to the study of organized crime, politics, and violence. Perspectives on Politics, 15(4), 967-987.

Bilger, V. (2018). Modeling migrant smuggling: Testing descriptive types against recent findings. New Perspectives on Turkey, 59, 33-61.

Campana, P., & Varese, F. (2016). Exploitation in human trafficking and smuggling. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(1), 89-105.

Hammond, J. L. (2017). Illicit Trafficking in the Western Hemisphere: Developing an Operational Approach to Defeat Smuggling within the Region. NDU/JFSC Joint Advanced Warfighting School NORFOLK United States.

Kar, S., & Beladi, H. (2017). A Model of Smuggling and Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants with a Host Country Policy. Review of Development Economics, 21(3), 698-712.

Leong, A. V. M. (2016). The disruption of international organized crime: an analysis of legal and non-legal strategies. Routledge.

Phillips, B. J. (2015). How does leadership decapitation affect violence? The case of drug trafficking organizations in Mexico. The Journal of Politics, 77(2), 324-336.

Wright, G. (2017). Conceptualizing and combating transnational environmental crime. In Transnational Environmental Crime (pp. 33-48). Routledge.