At the beginning of this paper, the contextual model will be investigated which is parenting style, furthermore, this paper will be discussing the key findings of parenting by Spicer, Kitchick, and Forehand. Lastly, this paper will include a discussion about the impacts of the context on a family.
Contextual Model of Parenting Styles
The Contextual Model of parenting styles was one of the influential models by Baumrind that suggested important parenting styles. Over the years, parenting styles and patterns have been criticized because of the authoritative behaviors of parents who consider it as a contribution to the development. Baurmrind and his team members described the concepts of authoritative parenting and the variations in the detrimental and constructive styles of the parental assertion of power.
Contextual Model of Parenting and Family Patterns of Interaction
This model includes all of the segments in the development of the child and shaping of their behavioral patterns. Family decision-making keeps on changing with the time and situation, and the autonomy of decision-making makes an impact on the perceptions of children and adolescents. Based on the outcomes in the research by Smetana showed that, family interactions and both parenting contribute to better performances by a child in academics.
Culture
In general terms, culture is defined as the different ways of living a life by individuals in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"skB1T4oj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harkness & Super, 1995)","plainCitation":"(Harkness & Super, 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1814,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/97TVNPIM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/97TVNPIM"],"itemData":{"id":1814,"type":"chapter","title":"Culture and parenting","container-title":"Handbook of parenting, Vol. 2: Biology and ecology of parenting","publisher":"Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc","publisher-place":"Hillsdale, NJ, US","page":"211-234","source":"APA PsycNET","event-place":"Hillsdale, NJ, US","abstract":"reviews major issues and trends in the study of parenting where culture is also an object of conscious attention / through an integrated historical review of developments in both anthropological and psychological research . . . attempts to bridge the chasm between the 2 fields as they relate to parenting / reviews classical ethnographic studies of whole cultures carried out by anthropologists from the end of the 19th century to roughly the 1950s / considers the work of researchers who saw the cultural construction of childhood experience as the medium of cultural transmission and thereby the production of culturally specific adult personality patterns / discusses how systematic cross-cultural analyses, drawing from the accumulated ethnographic literature, have constituted a distinctive contribution to understanding parenting as it varies in different cultures (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","ISBN":"978-0-8058-1085-1","author":[{"family":"Harkness","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Super","given":"Charles M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harkness & Super, 1995). This contributes to the development of all members of society and communities. In the context of parenting and children, the cultural background of a child contributes to success and failure in the different stages of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fpgEubht","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Power, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Power, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1821,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/6TUIHVDQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/6TUIHVDQ"],"itemData":{"id":1821,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parenting Dimensions and Styles: A Brief History and Recommendations for Future Research","container-title":"Childhood Obesity","page":"S-14-S-21","volume":"9","issue":"Suppl 1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Over the last decade, researchers have uncovered relationships between general parenting styles and children's obesity. This is an emerging area of research, and there currently is a great deal of interest in the parent's role. This review was written to provide researchers entering this area with a historical introduction to parenting research and to point to some directions for future inquiry. Over the last 75 years, considerable insight has been gained into individual differences in parenting behavior, especially regarding the dimensions underlying individual differences in general parenting approach, and parenting styles resulting from individual differences on these dimensions. The history of empirical attempts to identify parenting dimensions and styles is reviewed briefly, followed by a review of more recent studies of parenting styles. Next is a discussion of data analytic approaches to measuring parenting, with a particular emphasis on variable-centered versus person-centered approaches. Because investigators have often disagreed about which of these approaches is the most appropriate, the advantages and disadvantages of each are considered, along with recommendations for future research.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746212/","DOI":"10.1089/chi.2013.0034","ISSN":"2153-2168","note":"PMID: 23944920\nPMCID: PMC3746212","shortTitle":"Parenting Dimensions and Styles","journalAbbreviation":"Child Obes","author":[{"family":"Power","given":"Thomas G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Power, 2013). While upbringing of children varies from culture to culture and this is the object for the transmission of different patterns of cultures by the children.
Cultural Diversity
Diversity in cultures makes an impact on the parenting styles and development of children, however, it is not possible to define parenting based on different cultures. Cultural diversity makes a positive impact on parenting styles as they learn to develop child-care strategic planning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"v5TiBPtg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yeh et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Yeh et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1827,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H8NASXVB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H8NASXVB"],"itemData":{"id":1827,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cross Cultural Differences in Parenting","container-title":"JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & PEDAGOGY, ISSN: 0975-0797","page":"1-7","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Parenting encompasses a variety of dimensions and patterns in different cultures and countries. It is also difficult to define parenting in each culture since many factors and environmental variables shape parents’ thinking. Even though each culture shares many of the same knowledge, rules, and values; each culture also has their own attitudes and languages. These individual specific values could be transformed and assimilated with other cultures through traveling and immigration. Over the past few decades, a number of studies have been conducted on cultural difference adaption. These cultural different adaption studies revealed how cultural values and individual behaviors have shifted and the impact the shift has had on parents’ thoughts about their childrearing strategies (Haslberger, 2005). Cultural adaption can be considered as a transformation process which occurs within individuals who have experienced their primary socialization process in one major culture and then must adapt to a new and unfamiliar culture (Kim & Ruben, 1988). Cross-cultural adaptation is a complex process in which people become capable of functioning effectively in a different culture. In this process, people try to adapt to the different culture and change their behaviors. Though studying this cultural adaptation process, future studies should explore whether the cultural adaption process influences parenting beliefs and parenting styles.","journalAbbreviation":"JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & PEDAGOGY, ISSN: 0975-0797","author":[{"family":"Yeh","given":"Chia Jung"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Dr. Yash"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yeh et al., 2010). Moreover, cultural diversity helps to proceed with the socialization processes and helps to transform.
Multidimensional Perspective
Parenting styles are influenced by different cultural patterns in the process of the development of a child, for example, the Asian cultures are different from the western patterns of lifestyle; Asian parents are more authoritative, while Western parents are not that much ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bNH4UMRZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kim et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Kim et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1826,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WTRFGTUC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WTRFGTUC"],"itemData":{"id":1826,"type":"article-journal","title":"Family Conflict, Asian Cultural Values, Perceived Parental Control, and Affectionate Care among Asian American College Students","container-title":"Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling","volume":"7","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Sara Cho"},{"family":"Park","given":"Yong Sue"},{"family":"Ho","given":"Bianca Sin-Wan"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Ivan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kim et al., 2017). With the change in time and technology, parenting styles have changed and the trending parenting styles have been more influential in the development of children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WwqLnKTs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Power, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Power, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1821,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/6TUIHVDQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/6TUIHVDQ"],"itemData":{"id":1821,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parenting Dimensions and Styles: A Brief History and Recommendations for Future Research","container-title":"Childhood Obesity","page":"S-14-S-21","volume":"9","issue":"Suppl 1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Over the last decade, researchers have uncovered relationships between general parenting styles and children's obesity. This is an emerging area of research, and there currently is a great deal of interest in the parent's role. This review was written to provide researchers entering this area with a historical introduction to parenting research and to point to some directions for future inquiry. Over the last 75 years, considerable insight has been gained into individual differences in parenting behavior, especially regarding the dimensions underlying individual differences in general parenting approach, and parenting styles resulting from individual differences on these dimensions. The history of empirical attempts to identify parenting dimensions and styles is reviewed briefly, followed by a review of more recent studies of parenting styles. Next is a discussion of data analytic approaches to measuring parenting, with a particular emphasis on variable-centered versus person-centered approaches. Because investigators have often disagreed about which of these approaches is the most appropriate, the advantages and disadvantages of each are considered, along with recommendations for future research.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746212/","DOI":"10.1089/chi.2013.0034","ISSN":"2153-2168","note":"PMID: 23944920\nPMCID: PMC3746212","shortTitle":"Parenting Dimensions and Styles","journalAbbreviation":"Child Obes","author":[{"family":"Power","given":"Thomas G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Power, 2013).
In comparison with the structural and intergenerational models, this model helps to create a better understanding of family influences in the development of children and their academics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9TUHePgS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yeh et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Yeh et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1827,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H8NASXVB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H8NASXVB"],"itemData":{"id":1827,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cross Cultural Differences in Parenting","container-title":"JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & PEDAGOGY, ISSN: 0975-0797","page":"1-7","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Parenting encompasses a variety of dimensions and patterns in different cultures and countries. It is also difficult to define parenting in each culture since many factors and environmental variables shape parents’ thinking. Even though each culture shares many of the same knowledge, rules, and values; each culture also has their own attitudes and languages. These individual specific values could be transformed and assimilated with other cultures through traveling and immigration. Over the past few decades, a number of studies have been conducted on cultural difference adaption. These cultural different adaption studies revealed how cultural values and individual behaviors have shifted and the impact the shift has had on parents’ thoughts about their childrearing strategies (Haslberger, 2005). Cultural adaption can be considered as a transformation process which occurs within individuals who have experienced their primary socialization process in one major culture and then must adapt to a new and unfamiliar culture (Kim & Ruben, 1988). Cross-cultural adaptation is a complex process in which people become capable of functioning effectively in a different culture. In this process, people try to adapt to the different culture and change their behaviors. Though studying this cultural adaptation process, future studies should explore whether the cultural adaption process influences parenting beliefs and parenting styles.","journalAbbreviation":"JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & PEDAGOGY, ISSN: 0975-0797","author":[{"family":"Yeh","given":"Chia Jung"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Dr. Yash"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Ajay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yeh et al., 2010). More specifically, it emphasizes the family status and impacts of parenting styles and the development of children. This model helps to enhance the socialization processes during the early stages of development by allowing a child to interact with others. Furthermore, the model helps to understand the coercive and constructive styles of parenting.
Cultural Influences in Parenting by Spicer
Cultures are defined as the collective and shared patterns of living a life by individuals, furthermore, this includes shaping of expectations and hopes by the parents for their children. In the context of the article, cultural patterns include the understanding of different messages by children, which they receive from their parents and families. This paper by Spicer is based on the survey, which examined the impact of ethnic and racial differences on the belief systems of parenting, considerations of developmental achievements, hopes for school willingness, and influences on parenting styles.
Key Findings by Spicer
A study by the Spicer suggests four main key findings of the cultural influences on parenting styles.
Relativity of Development
It is important to engage both children and their parents in the cultivation of skills to ensure the skill development of children to lead their lives based on their expectations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RmBewb0V","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1829,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":1829,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cultural influences on parenting","container-title":"Zero to Three","page":"28","volume":"30","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Spicer","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spicer, 2010). This key finding by Spicer is about the cognitive and emotional development of children with the help of skill development.
Caregiving and Parenting
This finding suggests that a huge population of parents rely on and expect others to look after their children and this results in better understandings of responsibilities by the infants. While parenting along with adjustments with the work-life of parents has become a global norm and this is accepted by each of us.
Health and Security
More interest in the development of children and parenting results in a better understanding of things and varying environments. Parents engaged in the development and are more concerned about the health and security of their children help them to prevent any kind of injuries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1qKkEInQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1829,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":1829,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cultural influences on parenting","container-title":"Zero to Three","page":"28","volume":"30","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Spicer","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spicer, 2010). However, a lack of inputs on the emotional development results in the slower processing of emotional development.
Interdependence and Independence
The key finding regarding this suggests that better development of a child in the early stages of life will be beneficial for improved engagements in the community and dialogue keepings. While these engagements in dialogues and community help children in achieving their goals and objectives of their life.
Findings and Parenting and Contextual Model of Parenting Styles
Parenting is important in the development of a child, while a lack of interest in care provisions and relying behaviors of parents on others may influence children negatively ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Nqcnu3Kw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Darling & Steinberg, 1993)","plainCitation":"(Darling & Steinberg, 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1817,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/B2VJ4T7J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/B2VJ4T7J"],"itemData":{"id":1817,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parenting style as context: An integrative model","container-title":"Psychological Bulletin","page":"487-496","volume":"113","issue":"3","source":"APA PsycNET","abstract":"Despite broad consensus about the effects of parenting practices on child development, many questions about the construct parenting style remain unanswered. Particularly pressing issues are the variability in the effects of parenting style as a function of the child's cultural background, the processes through which parenting style influences the child's development, and the operationalization of parenting style. Drawing on historical review, the authors present a model that integrates 2 traditions in socialization research, the study of specific parenting practices and the study of global parent characteristics. They propose that parenting style is best conceptualized as a context that moderates the influence of specific parenting practices on the child. It is argued that only by maintaining the distinction between parenting style and parenting practice can researchers address questions concerning socialization processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","DOI":"10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487","ISSN":"1939-1455(Electronic),0033-2909(Print)","shortTitle":"Parenting style as context","author":[{"family":"Darling","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Steinberg","given":"Laurence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Darling & Steinberg, 1993). This may result in emotional instability and insecurities among children. For the skill and cognitive development of children, engaging parents in their parenting can be beneficial, and children may be able to live their life based on their expectations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BNOWnSmP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Spicer, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1829,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/QJ7IG8ZX"],"itemData":{"id":1829,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cultural influences on parenting","container-title":"Zero to Three","page":"28","volume":"30","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Spicer","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spicer, 2010).
Determinants of Parenting by Kotchick and Forehand
Parenting has been an integral contribution in the development of children however there are the factors that contribute to shaping parenting styles. Parenting is influenced by the socio-economic, culture, and neighborhood, which can be concluded as the three contextual factors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dODGWzi0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1830,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"itemData":{"id":1830,"type":"article-journal","title":"Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices","container-title":"Journal of child and family studies","page":"255-269","volume":"11","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kotchick","given":"Beth A."},{"family":"Forehand","given":"Rex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002).
Determinants of Parenting
Kitchick and Forehand suggest about the different parenting styles, which are the sources that contribute to the development of their children. Years back parenting styles varied, but parental personalities influenced the developmental processes and parenting styles. Aggressive behaviors resulted in abusive parenting and psychological imbalances in children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WcIwjyq6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1830,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"itemData":{"id":1830,"type":"article-journal","title":"Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices","container-title":"Journal of child and family studies","page":"255-269","volume":"11","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kotchick","given":"Beth A."},{"family":"Forehand","given":"Rex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002). Moreover, the lack of financial resources also determines the parenting style, parental relationships, and health.
Ethnicity and parenting
This is considered in the social contexts, while this suggests the broader engagements on the awareness by the parent with the help of dialogues and socialization processes
Poverty and parenting
The financial status of both parents and family makes a huge impact on a child, for example, if a child’s family, financial status is not good, then, this may result in aggressiveness and deviant behavioral patterns ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I2gh2CSX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Kotchick & Forehand, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1830,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/285TPUA6"],"itemData":{"id":1830,"type":"article-journal","title":"Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices","container-title":"Journal of child and family studies","page":"255-269","volume":"11","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kotchick","given":"Beth A."},{"family":"Forehand","given":"Rex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002).
Neighborhood and parenting
Quality parenting strategies are the result of a good neighborhood and they help parents to be effective by helping them for regulating activities of their children.
Impact of Contextual Model of Parenting Styles
Contextual Factors and Family of Origin
The basic concept that has been presented suggests that the main responsibility of parents is to fulfill the needs of their children but this has to consider as limit and demand a developed behavior. Furthermore, family interaction is important for both teenagers and children within the contexts of cultures and developmental stages. I have started my own family in which, as a parent, I will be taking care of my children so that, they will lead their own life according to their objectives and goals
Parenting Styles and Family Interactions
After understanding the parenting styles, the abrasive style of parenting style has been changed, and the orientation towards the concept of having only boy has changed because of the equality patterns in the parenting styles. Diverse parenting has made a positive impact on parenting as a result, my family has started to interact with other people belonging to different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The neighborhood is important is the continuity of healthy activities and the socioeconomic status of the family plays a vital role in the academic performances and emotional development of children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DcY4FwUm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spera, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Spera, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1820,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ZLNIQ6ND"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ZLNIQ6ND"],"itemData":{"id":1820,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement","container-title":"Educational Psychology Review","page":"125-146","volume":"17","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"This article reviews the literature on the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. The review of the empirical research indicates that parental involvement and monitoring are robust predictors of adolescent achievement. Several studies, however, indicate that parental involvement declines in adolescence, prompting the call for future research on the reasons for and associated consequences of this decline. Furthermore, the review indicates that authoritative parenting styles are often associated with higher levels of student achievement, although these findings are not consistent across culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Darling and Steinberg's contextual model of parenting provides a promising model to help resolve these discrepancies, however, further research is needed to examine the major linkages of the model. It is also argued that the contextual model should expand its notion of context towards the larger cultural and economic context in which families reside.","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23363898","ISSN":"1040-726X","author":[{"family":"Spera","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spera, 2005).
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1995). Culture and parenting. In Handbook of parenting, Vol. 2: Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 211–234). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Kim, S. C., Park, Y. S., Ho, B. S.-W., & Wu, I. (2017). Family Conflict, Asian Cultural Values, Perceived Parental Control, and Affectionate Care among Asian American College Students. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 7(2).
Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(3), 255–269.
Power, T. G. (2013). Parenting Dimensions and Styles: A Brief History and Recommendations for Future Research. Childhood Obesity, 9(Suppl 1), S-14-S-21. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0034
Spera, C. (2005). A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 125–146. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23363898
Spicer, P. (2010). Cultural influences on parenting. Zero to Three, 30(4), 28.
Yeh, C. J., Singh, D. Y., & Singh, A. (2010). Cross Cultural Differences in Parenting. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & PEDAGOGY, ISSN: 0975-0797, 1–7.
