Global Perspectives Assessment

Global Perspectives Assessment

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Global Perspectives Assessment

Globalization is not a new phenomenon and it has impacted almost every aspect of the political and criminal justice system in the United States as well as globally. It has not only integrated all the economies of the world but at the same time resulted in the formulation of different strategies to assist the criminal justice system. The world has also witnessed the emergence of criminal gangs globally, for instance, Black Mafia. Global crimes have also emerged resulting from the technological advancements. This paper seeks to highlight the impacts of globalization and technology on the criminal justice system, globally and particularly in the US, alongside the major crimes that occurred on a global level.

The Impact of Globalization On the U.S. Criminal Justice System

Increased globalization has both positively and negatively impacted the justice system of the US and the way it handles different challenges and criminal isses. The global integration of economies has also transformed the ways crimes are being reported. The movement of different gangs, such as Policy Kings in Chicago has also influenced the ways crime takes place at the global level. Globalization has also allowed criminals for more organized crime. With the increased flow of capital and the free market, crimes in international trade have also expanded. The traditional tiers of criminal groups have been substituted with the decentralized networks that seek new opportunities for more organized crimes. For instance, globalization has allowed for drug trafficking and eased their financial sourcing.

The way globalization has impacted crimes is a big threat to the security of society and a major hindrance in the way of economic, political and cultural improvements in the US. This complex system of crimes is witnessed in the form of major crimes such as weapons trafficking, money laundering, drug trafficking, and human trafficking, etc. As a result, the criminal justice system of the US that comprises courts, police, and correction has recognized the significance of international cooperation in terms of thwarting crimes on a global level. Changes have been made in the law, policy, and systems of court after recognizing the threat of global crimes. For example, with the purpose of responding to drug trafficking, The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) directly involves the international organizations and government agencies.

International Criminal Justice Systems

There are a variety of legal systems around the globe. In this era of globalization, international criminal laws are of great significance. These laws are created for different sovereign states by an agreement. Other legal systems include secular and religious legal systems. Religious laws come from deity and prophets and the patriarchs, however, the source of secular law is human beings. Religious laws do not change and remain eternal while secular laws keep on changing. Contrast is also visible in the way these laws are enforced. Muslim nations have aspired to select the religious system of laws while a number of countries have a secular system of laws such as the constitution of America, Russia, and France. Numerous countries have also opted for a dual system of laws where religious matters are dealt with by the religious rules while state courts cover various public and commercial laws ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1PanXPt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Asasriwarnia & Jandra, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Asasriwarnia & Jandra, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":16,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/GSBV28TU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/GSBV28TU"],"itemData":{"id":16,"type":"article-journal","title":"Comparison Of Legal System: Islamic Law System, Civil Law, and Common Law","container-title":"UMRAN-International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies","volume":"5","issue":"2-1","author":[{"family":"Asasriwarnia","given":"Asasriwarnia"},{"family":"Jandra","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Asasriwarnia & Jandra, 2018).

The legal system is also divided into common law and civil law. The common law is in the form of published judicial opinions while the civil law system is based on codified statutes. The common law is said to have origins from the English monarchy Civil law is traced back to the laws compiled by Roman Emperor Justinian. Another form of the legal system is Socialist law or Soviet law which is typically used in communist states; it is not often regarded as a separate legal system.

Cybercrime and Technology and Global Justice Systems

Technology was meant to make human lives better, but unfortunately it has allowed criminals to commit crimes anonymously referred to as Cybercrime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JHkdPRxy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wall, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Wall, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":18,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/VFFWZRDS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/VFFWZRDS"],"itemData":{"id":18,"type":"book","title":"Cybercrime: The transformation of crime in the information age","publisher":"Polity","volume":"4","ISBN":"0-7456-2736-6","author":[{"family":"Wall","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wall, 2007). For example, hacking into someone's computer without permission is a low-level example but hacking into the same computer and stealing data is a worse form. Other forms include doing financial damage to a company through denial of service (DOS) attacks or stealing passwords to valuable accounts. Typical cyber-attack targets the general public or national and corporate organizations and these attacks are carried out through fake websites, malicious programs, spam emails, unauthorized web access, etc. Cyber-attacks are the most suspicious and dangerous issue in this digital world as its corrosive impacts are not only on the enterprise but they can extend across to partners, vendors, customers. Many international organizations and computer manufacturing sectors are significantly affected by the cyber-attack as well.

In general, there are a couple of areas where technology has a large influence on the criminal justice system. Recording and surveillance of incidents, events, actions and activities are body-worn cameras, dash cams, smartphone cameras, street cameras, drone cameras allow for remembering the incident ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kKx3VRW3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clarke, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Clarke, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/Z365VRCK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/Z365VRCK"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Technology, criminology and crime science","container-title":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research","page":"55-63","volume":"10","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Clarke","given":"Ronald V."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clarke, 2004). Also, include things like "shot-spotter" technology that listens for gunshots and directs police to the location. The other area deals with effective police operations including officer safety, e.g. body armor, less-lethal force, robots for bomb disposal, infra-red detection for locating persons of interest, side-scan radar for locating remains.

Differentiate the policing systems on a worldwide scale

The policing system on the global scale differs in terms of its size, need for international assistance and the levels of government. The policing system in the US is one of the largest systems and it is grounded on 20000 law enforcement agencies. Australia has only eight agencies that are declared as a minimum number of agencies amid all the English speaking countries. The law enforcement officers are generally hired at all levels of government such as local, territory level and federal level. The agencies at the local level seek support from federal level agencies when required and they are more focused on citizen issues.

In the US, federal laws are applicable to everyone, while the laws of the state are only applicable to those who belong to a particular state. Each state comprises different communities, cities, countries, and towns who might have their own legal system, in this way local laws are applied to them. Interpol is an international criminal justice organization that assists communication between all the law enforcement agencies globally.

Major Crimes and Criminal Issues that Influenced Justice Systems Globally

The US has to deal with quite a lot of major crimes along with the other issues in criminal justice systems such as human trafficking, gambling, and terrorism. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is one of the most terrible incidents of mass killings. More than 800,000 Tutsis were murdered by Hutus that also included the assassination of Rwanda’s President Juvenal Habyarimana ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XxQWf2ib","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Taylor & as Terror, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Taylor & as Terror, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/A9F64794"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rhLtY1cq/items/A9F64794"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Rwandan Genocide of 1994","container-title":"Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide","page":"137","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Taylor","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Terror","given":"C. Sacrifice","non-dropping-particle":"as"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Taylor & as Terror, 2002). Bosnian genocide refers to the wider crimes committed against humanity in the year 1995 by Bosnian Serb forces aimed at removing all the Muslims. Somalia piracy is another criminal issue that began in 1991. Foreign boats used different tactics to hit the fish-filled waters of Somalia such as bullying, intimidation, and harassment using the local police. All these incidents of major crimes have brought criminal justice reforms aimed at preventing major crimes and strengthening the criminal justice system.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Asasriwarnia, A., & Jandra, M. (2018). Comparison Of Legal System: Islamic Law System, Civil Law, and Common Law. UMRAN-International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 5(2–1). Retrieved from https://jurnalumran.utm.my/index.php/umran/article/view/304

Clarke, R. V. (2004). Technology, criminology and crime science. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 10(1), 55–63. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:CRIM.0000037557.42894.f7

Taylor, C., & as Terror, C. S. (2002). The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, 2, 137. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/34hiphV

Wall, D. (2007). Cybercrime: The transformation of crime in the information age (Vol. 4). Polity. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/37zO93A