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Diamond Briggs
Instructor Name
Art 101
27 November 2019
Drugs - Addiction or an Option
The principle challenges that healthcare departments facing nowadays are mental health issues and drug abuse. Major community issues are depression, anxiety, and stress. People living in low socioeconomic status are additionally involved in drug abuse. People suffering from depression and stress-related disorders usually develop a feeling of loneliness and which compels them to adapt drugs. Patients suffering from mental health issues are prescribed to use anti-depressants and the use of anti-depressants made them addict with time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7b9m5a9gi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). Drugs usually work like anti-depressants and help individuals to escape from problems and challenges of life. Drug abuse is initiated when individuals start taking higher doses of drugs which compel them to consume more for pleasure. Various studies have shown that individual interviews were conducted which evaluated that persons consume drugs for pleasure, enjoyment, and excitement. Consumption of drugs and its regular use causes brain dysfunction and damage to the nervous system which initiates addiction. Drug use and additional doses of these drugs force their systems to use more drugs with higher doses every time. Availability and accessibility of drugs in the market, pharmacies, and healthcare centers are contributing to the continuous upsurge in drug abuse ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a26ah899vcu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Segal et al.)","plainCitation":"(Segal et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KYZTAAN8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KYZTAAN8"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"book","title":"Drugs, daydreaming, and personality: A study of college youth","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-25457-X","author":[{"family":"Segal","given":"Bernard"},{"family":"Huba","given":"George J."},{"family":"Singer","given":"Jerome L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Segal et al.). Directly or indirectly they are involved in the increasing demand for drugs.
Major health problems in college and university going students have mental health problems such as academic issues, disciplinary policies, and failures in life compel them to adapt to impaired behaviors. College going students and the environment of universities and colleges along with accessibility to drugs can cause serious damage to the health of the young generation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aageggcfbu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). This paper will analyze using different reviews from the literature that how drugs and its consumption are associated with individuals, is it an addiction or an option for individuals. The word drug not only label medicine, but deadly narcotics with diverse specifications. These medications have strong bad effects on the brain and body cells of the persons. Drug addiction, generally known as substance abuse, it is a disorder that disturbs a person's mind and behavior and results in failure to control the habit of a permitted or prohibited drug or medication. Frequent use of drugs can cause serious damage to the brain and addiction. Life of addicts converts into destruction, as they lose interaction with their family and start living in a different world.
Alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and those substances that are being used as self-relief are also drugs. Self-treatment medications such as pain relievers, opioids and other related classes of medicines are all included in drugs. When a person becomes addicted, they may keep on consuming the drug and frequently drug dose increases. Individuals suffering from addiction by a process in which brain and nervous system case the systems to allure more drugs and subsequently higher doses with time. Medical practitioners often recommend pain relievers to patients suffering from chronic pain however, they know that these medications can cause addiction.
Drug addiction initially begins with the experimental exercise of an entertaining drug in social gatherings, and with time the drug use converts into a habit. For most people, drugs are a source of enjoyment, pleasure, and excitement. Drugs mainly opioids, are the medicines recommended to treat chronic pain. Drug addiction starts with experience to suggested prescriptions or getting medications from an acquaintance or family member who has been recommended the medication ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2hv1i6oube","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). Use of medications helps individuals to escape from pain, sufferings, and anxiety however, with time it converted into addiction because higher doses of drug use cause serious brain dysfunction.
The period of addiction and how quickly individuals become addicted depends on the drug persons are consuming and how often they use drugs. Few drugs, like opioid painkillers, cause addiction more rapidly as compared to other drugs and medications. Because they are prepared with ingredients that relive systems of the body through blocking pain receptors ultimately result in a relaxed and stress-free state ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ooljfc18c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). To achieve this state, individuals most often use these drugs to relieve their pain. School and college going adults use this medication as an option because they want to enjoy and these medications help them in getting pleasure and feeling of joy.
With time, individuals may want larger quantities of the drug to acquire more satisfaction and gratification ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12uvfsqp71","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). Soon they need the drug just to feel fully comfortable and relaxed because their brain and nervous system stop reacting to pain receptors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"skV7r4ya","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kampman and Jarvis)","plainCitation":"(Kampman and Jarvis)"},"citationItems":[{"id":654,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P9JGQQDG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P9JGQQDG"],"itemData":{"id":654,"type":"article-journal","title":"American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) national practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use","container-title":"Journal of addiction medicine","page":"358","volume":"9","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Kampman","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Jarvis","given":"Margaret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kampman and Jarvis). As drug dosage increases, individuals feel that it is gradually becoming difficult for them to avoid the medications and drugs or spend time without it. Attempts to avoid drug habit or addiction may cause extreme cravings and create physical illness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cKBdxIWk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Volkow et al.)","plainCitation":"(Volkow et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":649,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UTHDZI52"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UTHDZI52"],"itemData":{"id":649,"type":"article-journal","title":"Medication development in opioid addiction: meaningful clinical end points","container-title":"Science translational medicine","page":"eaan2595","volume":"10","issue":"434","author":[{"family":"Volkow","given":"Nora D."},{"family":"Woodcock","given":"Janet"},{"family":"Compton","given":"Wilson M."},{"family":"Throckmorton","given":"Douglas C."},{"family":"Skolnick","given":"Phil"},{"family":"Hertz","given":"Sharon"},{"family":"Wargo","given":"Eric M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Volkow et al.). It has been reported in various studies that drugs can cause serious illnesses of mental health. Conditions of stress and anxiety increase with the use of higher doses of drugs and medications ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"alubaf6asb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). Physicians often recommend drugs to relive pain however, with the time individuals use it as self-treatment and result in addiction to drugs.
Numerous drugs, including cannabinoids, alcohol, opioids, and nicotine, can change the pathway of the release of stimulus that controls pain and anxiety. The release of endocannabinoids in our brain causes brain and nervous system dysfunction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"asfkv04o4f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kampman and Jarvis)","plainCitation":"(Kampman and Jarvis)"},"citationItems":[{"id":654,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P9JGQQDG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/P9JGQQDG"],"itemData":{"id":654,"type":"article-journal","title":"American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) national practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use","container-title":"Journal of addiction medicine","page":"358","volume":"9","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Kampman","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Jarvis","given":"Margaret"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kampman and Jarvis). Recent studies have demonstrated that the level and quantity of endocannabinoids in our ventral tegmental part affect the reward features of dopamine. This can reduce the reward-related properties of dopamine and therefore it is an important neurobiological mechanism that causes drug addiction. Endocannabinoid arrangement and mechanisms are involved to perform pain management and drug-related regulations, changes in the endocannabinoid arrangement are involved in drug-seeking actions that force the body to consume more drugs with higher doses every time. Frequent use of drugs can cause brain receptors to diminish their activities with time. The results of drug use with higher doses can cause serious behavioral changes in the body. The availability of drugs in the market is significantly associated with the use of drugs in individuals.
Conclusion
Drug use is associated with the onset of addiction by a process in which drugs cause such changes in the brain receptors that induce tolerance and frequent use of drugs forces individuals to consume more drugs to get the same pleasing effects. Opioids are significantly reported to cause such changes in the body that strongly affect the brain and its receptors to stop reacting and responding to lower doses of drugs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"beq5VhUo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schepis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Schepis et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":505,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6ZXNI9CG"],"itemData":{"id":505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in US adolescents and young adults","container-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence","page":"172-177","volume":"189","author":[{"family":"Schepis","given":"Ty S."},{"family":"Teter","given":"Christian J."},{"family":"McCabe","given":"Sean Esteban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schepis et al.). Higher doses are associated to cause these changes in the brain and nervous system. The necessity for the body to consume drugs with higher doses increases over time. Frequent use of drugs has been evaluated to produce, tolerance, sensitization, addiction and craving in individuals. It has also been observed in individuals that drugs cause changes in the neurobiological process that are involved in controlling and managing stress and depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DtFmXPWO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Segal et al.)","plainCitation":"(Segal et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KYZTAAN8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KYZTAAN8"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"book","title":"Drugs, daydreaming, and personality: A study of college youth","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-25457-X","author":[{"family":"Segal","given":"Bernard"},{"family":"Huba","given":"George J."},{"family":"Singer","given":"Jerome L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Segal et al.). With the use of higher doses of drugs craving and anxiety increase. Frequent drug usage arises due to the drug's neurochemical activities that yield positive fortifying effects, gradually lead to neurobiological variations in our brain reward circuits and actions. These actions are specific to addiction that cause sensitization, tolerance, dependence, craving, and withdrawal becomes difficult.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kampman, Kyle, and Margaret Jarvis. “American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use.” Journal of Addiction Medicine, vol. 9, no. 5, 2015, p. 358.
Schepis, Ty S., et al. “Prescription Drug Use, Misuse and Related Substance Use Disorder Symptoms Vary by Educational Status and Attainment in US Adolescents and Young Adults.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 189, 2018, pp. 172–77.
Segal, Bernard, et al. Drugs, Daydreaming, and Personality: A Study of College Youth. Routledge, 2018.
Volkow, Nora D., et al. “Medication Development in Opioid Addiction: Meaningful Clinical End Points.” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 10, no. 434, 2018, p. eaan2595.
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