Abnormal behavior in different species
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Different captive animals whether they are contained in laboratories or zoos show different abnormal behaviors. These behaviors have persistent occurrence in different captive animals. A behavior is considered abnormal if it is different from behaviors characteristically observed in the wild. It differs both in terms of kind and degree among species. However, these behaviors in excessive can cause different injuries and hurt animals. It is also difficult to treat these behaviors once acquired. Though additional cage toys increased cage space have significantly reduced these behaviors. This paper will analyze the behavior of different species; species of Old World monkeys, captive rhesus monkeys and captive nonhuman primates such as baboon. It will further point out the similarities and differences among these animals.
Abnormal behavior can be seen in different captive nonhuman primate species such as in prosimians, Old World monkeys in addition to apes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"32YIa00t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). Some examples of abnormal behaviors in baboon are; motor stereotypies such as pacing and rocking), self-directed behaviors such as hair-pulling and abnormal appetitive behavior such as coprophagy. These behaviors are not rare and nearly 89–100% of singly housed macaque monkeys show these abnormal behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3GaPhnU6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"itemData":{"id":2576,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.)","container-title":"American journal of primatology","page":"355-361","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Abnormal behavior, ranging from motor stereotypies to self-injurious behavior, has been documented in captive nonhuman primates, with risk factors including nursery rearing, single housing, and veterinary procedures. Much of this research has focused on macaque monkeys; less is known about the extent of and risk factors for abnormal behavior in baboons. Because abnormal behavior can be indicative of poor welfare, either past or present, the purpose of this study was to survey the presence of abnormal behavior in captive baboons and to identify potential risk factors for these behaviors with an aim of prevention. Subjects were 144 baboons (119 females, 25 males) aged 3–29 (median = 9.18) years temporarily singly housed for research or clinical reasons. A 15-minute focal observation was conducted on each subject using the Noldus Observer® program. Abnormal behavior was observed in 26% of the subjects, with motor stereotypy (e.g., pace, rock, swing) being the most common. Motor stereotypy was negatively associated with age when first singly housed (p < 0.005) while self-directed behavior (e.g., hair pull, self-bite) was positively associated with the lifetime number of days singly housed (p < 0.05) and the average number of blood draws per year (p < 0.05). In addition, abnormal appetitive behavior was associated with being male (p < 0.05). Although the baboons in this study exhibited relatively low levels of abnormal behavior, the risk factors for these behaviors (e.g., social restriction, routine veterinary procedures, and sex) appear to remain consistent across primate species.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.22239","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 24323406\nPMCID: PMC4346173","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Primatol","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."},{"family":"Williams","given":"Priscilla C."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"R. Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, Williams, & Sharp, 2014).
Lutz, Williams, and Sharp in their study of abnormal behavior and associated risk factors in captive baboons observed different abnormal behaviors in the baboon. The subjects of the study were 144 baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.); 25 males and 119 females ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IZwny1ol","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2576,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R9QPDTAF"],"itemData":{"id":2576,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.)","container-title":"American journal of primatology","page":"355-361","volume":"76","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Abnormal behavior, ranging from motor stereotypies to self-injurious behavior, has been documented in captive nonhuman primates, with risk factors including nursery rearing, single housing, and veterinary procedures. Much of this research has focused on macaque monkeys; less is known about the extent of and risk factors for abnormal behavior in baboons. Because abnormal behavior can be indicative of poor welfare, either past or present, the purpose of this study was to survey the presence of abnormal behavior in captive baboons and to identify potential risk factors for these behaviors with an aim of prevention. Subjects were 144 baboons (119 females, 25 males) aged 3–29 (median = 9.18) years temporarily singly housed for research or clinical reasons. A 15-minute focal observation was conducted on each subject using the Noldus Observer® program. Abnormal behavior was observed in 26% of the subjects, with motor stereotypy (e.g., pace, rock, swing) being the most common. Motor stereotypy was negatively associated with age when first singly housed (p < 0.005) while self-directed behavior (e.g., hair pull, self-bite) was positively associated with the lifetime number of days singly housed (p < 0.05) and the average number of blood draws per year (p < 0.05). In addition, abnormal appetitive behavior was associated with being male (p < 0.05). Although the baboons in this study exhibited relatively low levels of abnormal behavior, the risk factors for these behaviors (e.g., social restriction, routine veterinary procedures, and sex) appear to remain consistent across primate species.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.22239","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 24323406\nPMCID: PMC4346173","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Primatol","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."},{"family":"Williams","given":"Priscilla C."},{"family":"Sharp","given":"R. Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz et al., 2014) who were singly housed for 9 days for the study. Categories of behavior that were included in the study were motor stereotypy, self-directed behavior and abnormal appetitive. Data was gathered and statistical analyses were performed to generate results. The results showed (26%) of the subjects showing at least one abnormal behavior during the 15-minute observation. among this most common behavioral category was motor stereotypy.
In addition, captive rhesus monkeys also show different abnormal behaviors such as self-directed stereotypies as well as self-injurious behavior (SIB). The type and frequency of these behaviors are extremely capricious among these animals. A study was conducted by Lutz, Well, & Novak in 2003 to have behavioral assessments in captive rhesus monkeys. For this purpose, the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) collected 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VEVb8Cpi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003)","plainCitation":"(C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"itemData":{"id":2579,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience","container-title":"American Journal of Primatology","page":"1-15","volume":"60","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.10075","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 12766938","shortTitle":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques","journalAbbreviation":"Am. J. Primatol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine"},{"family":"Well","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Novak","given":"Melinda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. Lutz, Well, & Novak, 2003). Among these 362 animals, there were 321 that show at least one abnormal behavior such as pacing. In this study sex differences were also specious as males showed more abnormal behavior as compared to females. Different factors were affecting the behavior of these animals; intrinsic such as sex effects and rearing conditions along with research protocols ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"43OtpFVx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. Lutz et al., 2003)","plainCitation":"(C. Lutz et al., 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2579,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EG3FP2EX"],"itemData":{"id":2579,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience","container-title":"American Journal of Primatology","page":"1-15","volume":"60","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole-body and self-directed stereotypies to self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly-housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self-injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self-injury exhibited a greater number of self-directed stereotypies than those that did not self-injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols.","DOI":"10.1002/ajp.10075","ISSN":"0275-2565","note":"PMID: 12766938","shortTitle":"Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques","journalAbbreviation":"Am. J. Primatol.","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine"},{"family":"Well","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Novak","given":"Melinda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. Lutz et al., 2003).
Furthermore, Lutz also conducted a study to assess the abnormal behavior in three species of singly housed old world monkeys. Motor stereotypy such as pacing, rocking, flipping, swinging, and head tossing was used as a category of abnormal behavior in the study. The study included singly-housed cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and baboons for 30–120 days ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yNJJyWdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). One-zero sampling was used to record the 5-min observation for each animal. Macaques showed higher levels of abnormal behavior than baboons; 29% and 14% respectively. However, macaque species with 28%; showed no differences ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yNJJyWdB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","plainCitation":"(C. K. Lutz, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2583,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9N28BL66"],"itemData":{"id":2583,"type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys","container-title":"Applied animal behaviour science","page":"52-58","volume":"199","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Corrine K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (C. K. Lutz, 2018). Thus, there are differences in abnormal behavior across closely-related primate species. Consequently, it is not authentic to use single species as a model for abnormal behavior.
Animals control their environment with their normal behaviors. However, captive environments interfere with these normal behavioral retorts and change different physiological parameters for the animal. Care of captive nonhuman primates can be improved by focusing on factors that lead to abnormal behaviors. These behaviors are different within the species due to different intrinsic factors. Thus, for the welfare of animals, these factors must be eliminated.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lutz, C. K. (2018). A cross-species comparison of abnormal behavior in three species of singly-housed old world monkeys. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 199, 52–58.
Lutz, C. K., Williams, P. C., & Sharp, R. M. (2014). Abnormal Behavior and Associated Risk Factors in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.). American Journal of Primatology, 76(4), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22239
Lutz, C., Well, A., & Novak, M. (2003). Stereotypic and self-injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: a survey and retrospective analysis of the environment and early experience. American Journal of Primatology, 60(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10075
