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Unit 04
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Unit 04
Mitosis and Meiosis are the processes of cell division, where the purpose of mitosis is vegetative growth and purpose of Meiosis plays its part in sexual reproduction. Following are the table which compare both types of cell division.
Comparison b/w Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cell production
Two
Four (Tetrad)
Location
Vascular cambium, root meristem and apical of plants
Megasporangia and microsporangia of plants
Objective
Play it role in vegetative growth
Plays it role in sexual reproduction; start the generation of gametophyte owing to the production of spores. It can also yield directly sex cell (gametes) in animal mostly.
Set of Chromosome
1n to 1n; 2n to 2n
2n to 1n
Cell Divisions
Only “one” division
“Two” cell divisions
Phases
Mitosis
Meiosis
Prophase I
Duplication of chromosome
(Chromatids)
Pairing of chromosomes do not take place.
Duplication of chromosome
(Chromatids)
Pairing of chromosomes takes place
Metaphase I
Lining up of two chromatids (unpaired chromosome) happens at the equatorial plate.
Lining up of four chromatids (paired chromosome) happens at the equatorial plate
Anaphase I
Separation of chromatids takes place.
Chromatids do no separate from each other but chromosome pairs get separated from each other.
Telophase I
Formation of two identical cells takes place.
Formation of 2 nuclei takes place and each of the nuclei take a set of chromosomes in the form of paired chromatids.
Prophase II
N/A
Condensation of chromosomes as paired chromatids takes place.
Metaphase II
N/A
Paired chromatids are placed at equatorial plate.
Anaphase II
N/A
Chromatids get separate from each other.
Telophase II
N/A
Finally, four nuclei or cells are formed; each haploid (1n)
In Meiosis and Mitosis, genetic material is distributed among the daughter cells in a varying manner. Mitosis is actually eukaryotic cell division, whereas Mitosis yields two identical cells daughter cells following the cell division. The number of chromosomes remains the same in daughter cells. As opposed to Mitosis, in Meiosis, reproductive cell (Gametes) are produced following the cell division. Owing to the production of reproductive cells, chromosome numbers are half in daughter cells as compare to parent cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r7hESQ6P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ohkura, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Ohkura, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IHUDVJLB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IHUDVJLB"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"article-journal","title":"Meiosis: an overview of key differences from mitosis","container-title":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology","page":"a015859","volume":"7","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Meiosis","author":[{"family":"Ohkura","given":"Hiroyuki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ohkura, 2015). The lessening of chromosome number in Meiosis is important because this process yields reproductive cells called gametes. Had there been a same number of chromosomes after in Meiosis, daughter cells would have chromosomes twice that of the parent cell.
Genetic Variation
Meiosis renders genetic variation. Zygote formation during the fertilization yields 1 gamete from each parent cell. Owing to recombination and independent collection in Meiosis, variation in DNA sets is experienced. Such variation yields an inimitable blend of genes in a zygote. Independent assortment of the chromosome plays a vital role in the genetic variation. Owing to such a process chromosome will move arbitrarily to distinct poles. Albeit, gamete, following the Meiosis, yields 23 chromosomes. Independent assortment implies that each reproductive daughter cell (gamete) possess wide range of blends of chromosomes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pC6JtG1X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Riley & Law, 1965)","plainCitation":"(Riley & Law, 1965)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":468,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5G5DDSHH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/5G5DDSHH"],"itemData":{"id":468,"type":"chapter","title":"Genetic variation in chromosome pairing","container-title":"Advances in genetics","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"57–114","volume":"13","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Riley","given":"Ralph"},{"family":"Law","given":"C. N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1965"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Riley & Law, 1965).
Owing to such a rearrangement of genes into inimitable blends expands the hereditary variety in a populace and elucidates the diversity we see between offspring with same parents. As in Mitosis there is no independent assortment and distinction in the genes’ combination, no genetic variation is experienced there.
Mendel’s Law in Meiosis
It has been stated in the Mendel’s law of assortment that genes do not have any impact on each other concerning the organization alleles into reproductive cells called gametes. Law of Independent assortment further delineates that the manner in which an allele pair gets isolated yielding two daughter cells amid the second division of Meiosis do not have any effect on the segregation of other allele pairs. The qualities acquired through one gene will be acquired freely of the characteristics acquired through another quality in light of the fact that the genes live on various chromosomes that are autonomously grouped into daughter cells amid meiosis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UvWvJNbZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MacLeod et al., 2005)","plainCitation":"(MacLeod et al., 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":470,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6433XN62"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6433XN62"],"itemData":{"id":470,"type":"article-journal","title":"Allelic segregation and independent assortment in T. brucei crosses: proof that the genetic system is Mendelian and involves meiosis","container-title":"Molecular and biochemical parasitology","page":"12–19","volume":"143","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Allelic segregation and independent assortment in T. brucei crosses","author":[{"family":"MacLeod","given":"Annette"},{"family":"Tweedie","given":"Alison"},{"family":"McLellan","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Sonya"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Anneli"},{"family":"Sweeney","given":"Lindsay"},{"family":"Turner","given":"C. Michael R."},{"family":"Tait","given":"Andy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MacLeod et al., 2005). There is no independent assortment in Mitosis so neither is there any genetic variation in Mitosis nor the Mendel’s law is explained by Mitosis. Meiosis follows the independent assortment of gametes which explains the law of Mendel in the context of independent assortment.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY MacLeod, A., Tweedie, A., McLellan, S., Taylor, S., Cooper, A., Sweeney, L., … Tait, A. (2005). Allelic segregation and independent assortment in T. brucei crosses: proof that the genetic system is Mendelian and involves meiosis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 143(1), 12–19.
Ohkura, H. (2015). Meiosis: an overview of key differences from mitosis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(5), a015859.
Riley, R., & Law, C. N. (1965). Genetic variation in chromosome pairing. In Advances in genetics (Vol. 13, pp. 57–114). Elsevier.
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