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Night Eating Syndrome
Introduction:
Night eating syndrome (NHS) is a condition of an eating disorder that occurs mainly at night. It is characterized by eating almost 25% of the total food after dinner time. Effected face trouble with sleeping and eat whenever they wake at night ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Y95J8pj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Allison et al.)","plainCitation":"(Allison et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1239,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9IQMSI84"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9IQMSI84"],"itemData":{"id":1239,"type":"article-journal","title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome","container-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders","page":"241-247","volume":"43","issue":"3","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective: To propose criteria for diagnosis of the night eating syndrome (NES). Method: An international research meeting was held in April 2008, and consensus criteria for NES diagnosis were determined. Results: The core criterion is an abnormally increased food intake in the evening and nighttime, manifested by (1) consumption of at least 25% of intake after the evening meal, and/or (2) nocturnal awakenings with ingestions at least twice per week. Awareness of the eating episodes is required, as is distress or impairment in functioning. Three of five modifiers must also be endorsed. These criteria must be met for a minimum duration of 3 months. Discussion: These criteria help standardize the definition of NES. Additional aspects of the nosology of NES yet to be fully elaborated include its relationship to other eating and sleep disorders. Assessment and analytic tools are needed to assess these new criteria more accurately. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010","DOI":"10.1002/eat.20693","ISSN":"1098-108X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Kelly C."},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Jennifer D."},{"family":"O'Reardon","given":"John P."},{"family":"Geliebter","given":"Allan"},{"family":"Gluck","given":"Marci E."},{"family":"Vinai","given":"Piergiuseppe"},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"James E."},{"family":"Schenck","given":"Carlos H."},{"family":"Howell","given":"Michael J."},{"family":"Crow","given":"Scott J."},{"family":"Engel","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Latzer","given":"Yael"},{"family":"Tzischinsky","given":"Orna"},{"family":"Mahowald","given":"Mark W."},{"family":"Stunkard","given":"Albert J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Allison et al.).
Historical Background:
NHS was first described in 1955 by Dr. Albert Stunkard as evening hyperphagia and morning anorexia. Initially, it was considered as a maladaptive response to stressful situations in obese people, who are unsuccessful in losing the weight.
Diagnosis Criteria:
If a person eats around a quarter of their food at night after dinner and can’t control the urge to eat to eat whenever he wakes up, for at least two times in a week, then the chances are that might have NHS. Patients with NHS also have at least three of the following problems:
Zero or less appetite in the morning.
Strong cravings and urge to eat food between sleep and dinner.
Insomnia for five weeks or less.
Depression problem that gets worse in the night after evening.
The belief that food is essential for sleeping.
Assessments for NES are done by two methods Night Eating Diagnostic Scale (NEDS) and Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ). Often patients are required to take a test named polysomnography which measures the brain waves, heart rates, breathing rates and blood oxygen levels.
Statistics:
NES is scantly studied and researched upon. But according to statistics available, about 1.5 percent of the general population suffers from NHS. In is common in populations with a prevalence rate of 6 to 14 percent in ones who try to lose weight and 9 to 42 percent in the applicants of bariatric surgery. It effects around 1 in 100 people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Ut5Gaw7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Allison and Tarves)","plainCitation":"(Allison and Tarves)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1236,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R3VVTMYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R3VVTMYR"],"itemData":{"id":1236,"type":"article-journal","title":"Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome","container-title":"The Psychiatric clinics of North America","page":"785-796","volume":"34","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","DOI":"10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.002","ISSN":"0193-953X","note":"PMID: 22098804\nPMCID: PMC3222864","journalAbbreviation":"Psychiatr Clin North Am","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Kelly C."},{"family":"Tarves","given":"Ellen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Allison and Tarves).
Causes and facts:
The actual reason for NHS is still unknown, but often it is associated with obesity, which effects children and adults of all ages, equally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OFVi9ezk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Colles et al.)","plainCitation":"(Colles et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1242,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/WP7TSRLK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/WP7TSRLK"],"itemData":{"id":1242,"type":"article-journal","title":"Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress","container-title":"International Journal of Obesity","page":"1722-1730","volume":"31","issue":"11","source":"www.nature.com","abstract":"Objective:Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by a time-delayed pattern of eating relative to sleep, where most food is consumed in the evening and night. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of NES and nocturnal snacking by exploring the relationship between NES and (1) obesity, (2) binge eating disorder (BED) and (3) psychological distress.Subjects:One hundred and eighty bariatric surgery candidates, 93 members of a non-surgical weight loss support group and 158 general community respondents (81 males/350 females, mean age: 45.8±13.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI): 34.8±10.8 and BMI range: 17.7–66.7).Methods:NES diagnosis required within the previous 3 months: (1) no appetite for breakfast, (2) consumption of 50% of daily energy after 1900 hours and (3) sleep difficulties 3 nights/week. Nocturnal snacking (awakening to eat) was recorded. Validated questionnaires assessed BED, symptoms of depression, appearance dissatisfaction (AD) and mental health-related quality of life (MHQoL). NES and binge eating (BE) (1 episode/week) were confirmed by interview.Results:NES criteria were met by 11.1% of the total cohort. Across all groups, BE (P=0.001), BMI (P=0.003) and male gender (P=0.013) explained 10% of NES variance. Individuals with co-morbid NES and BE reported similarly elevated psychological distress as other binge eaters. NES alone was not associated with psychological distress. Those with NES who consumed nocturnal snacks reported poorer MHQoL (P=0.007) and greater depressive symptoms (P=0.039) and hunger (P=0.013) than others with NES. Low MHQoL (P=0.007) and male gender (P=0.022) explained 27% of the variance in the nocturnal snacking group.Discussion:In this study, NES was positively associated with BMI, BE and male gender. Elevated psychological distress was only apparent in those who consumed nocturnal snacks. Further characterization and understanding of the clinical significance of NES and nocturnal snacking is required.","DOI":"10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664","ISSN":"1476-5497","shortTitle":"Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Colles","given":"S. L."},{"family":"Dixon","given":"J. B."},{"family":"O'Brien","given":"P. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Colles et al.).
It is also related to hormonal imbalance.
It is always associated with the troubled sleep cycle.
Patients suffering from NHS often have a history of depression and anxiety.
NES is also associated with the Genetics. It is believed that a defect in gene PER1 causes the NES as this gene is responsible for controlling the body clock.
NES is not binge eating. But NES patients often have a habit of binge eating.
Sufferers of NES consume a small amount of foods at night. It is the wrong impression that they consume a large amount of foods at night.
Effected often store and hide food under their bed or pillow cases.
After food consumption, the eater feels guilty, but they can’t control this urge to eat and will end up eating again at the night.
This syndrome causes acid reflux that contributes to the dental cavities.
Restricting calories in the day, send a signal to the brain that it needs food and this signal compensates for less food in the morning with more food at night to satisfy the body needs.
Effects of NES:
NES is linked to obesity and makes weight loss more difficult. This, in turn, causes blood pressure, diabetes, depression, and anxiety. It makes days difficult to go through and overall decreases the quality of life.
Treatment:
Therapy for NES starts with making patient aware of the disorder that they are suffering with which helps them to control the constraints that cause it. Like other disorders, a combination of therapies is required for treatment.
Exercise physiology, nutrition assessment therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy along with the stress management techniques are used to help the patient get rid of NES.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, Kelly C., et al. “Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Night Eating Syndrome.” International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 43, no. 3, 2010, pp. 241–47. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1002/eat.20693.
Allison, Kelly C., and Ellen Tarves. “Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome.” The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol. 34, no. 4, Dec. 2011, pp. 785–96. PubMed Central, doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.002.
Colles, S. L., et al. “Night Eating Syndrome and Nocturnal Snacking: Association with Obesity, Binge Eating and Psychological Distress.” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 31, no. 11, Nov. 2007, pp. 1722–30. www.nature.com, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664.
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