Probability Techniques

Probability Techniques

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Probability Techniques

Probability is the discipline that has changed the course of science. It has opened the door of unlimited possibilities in the science and mathematics that we would have never encountered otherwise. Evaluating the likelihood of occurrence of any event before it happens has helped to make the scientific processes smooth and ready for new challenges.

Computer scientists measure the success and failure of any program before even running it. Probability also becomes a reason for building any computer program and software. Nowadays in time of social media, probability algorithms are used to target the particular audience on the basis of their search results. These results are matched with the other themes on the basis of probability to provide the better user experience. Modern search engines also use probability to extract the useful information for their users ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YWqrZ231","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}PageRank Algorithm - The Mathematics of Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“PageRank Algorithm - The Mathematics of Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1230,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6D54PWT5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/6D54PWT5"],"itemData":{"id":1230,"type":"webpage","title":"PageRank Algorithm - The Mathematics of Google Search","URL":"http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/Winter2009/RalucaRemus/Lecture3/lecture3.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“PageRank Algorithm - The Mathematics of Google Search,” n.d.). In technical terms, transferring data using fast protocols never guarantee the delivery of 100 % data packet. For this reason, developers evaluate the probability of events of failures and set a stochastic limit to tell the user about the poor communication situation. Error Correction codes that are used to handle the duplication of data in case of errors in hard disks and SSD ’s; also use probability and statistics.

Nowadays MENET-IoT is used in big multimedia data, due to its cost-effective nature and mobility but it faces serious problems of energy consumption and congestion for handling MBD data. In order to solve this problem, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is suggested that requires the use of probability in the cycling method to find which cluster heads are used in the setup phase ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gdABRRNq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Al-Qarni, Almogren, & Hassan, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Al-Qarni, Almogren, & Hassan, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2ESDHW2Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/2ESDHW2Z"],"itemData":{"id":1232,"type":"article-journal","title":"An efficient networking protocol for internet of things to handle multimedia big data","container-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications; Dordrecht","page":"1-18","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"In recent years, the emergence of multimedia big data (MBD) due to the excessive use of mobile Internet of Things (ioT) is imposing various challenges to develop efficient communication with the digital world. In this aspect, Mobile Adhoc Network based IoT (MANET-IoT) system is becoming popular due to its greater mobility support and cost-effective nature. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of randomly placed, battery-powered, moving nodes without an infrastructure that can administer and control traffic in the IoT network. In the MANET-IoT network, the major problems include energy consumption and congestion control to handle MBD data. In this paper, we present two proposals for solving these problems. In the first proposal, a new clustering approach that depends on a well-known protocol called the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) been used in a wireless sensor network (WSN) with modification to adapt to the MANET-IoT’s mobility. Our proposal for applying LEACH to a MANET-IoT consists of rounds, each containing three ordered phases as follows: (1) the announcement phase, in which all nodes announce their remaining energy and the node with the original message also announces itself; (2) the setup phase, in which all cluster heads are selected based on the probability factor with a cycling method; and (3) the steady state phase, in which message delivery to all nodes occurs using several types of links. The second proposal is to provide congestion control for all mobile nodes by link utilization that can support different data rates depending on the link status. Simulation results comparing our modified LEACH protocol to state-of-the-art protocols with utilized links show a great enhancement in energy consumption, received data, throughput, and delay.","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6883-7","ISSN":"13807501","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Al-Qarni","given":"Bandar H."},{"family":"Almogren","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Mohammad Mehedi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Al-Qarni, Almogren, & Hassan, 2018).

While testing various software, probability concepts are also used. In this research paper probability of program failures and probability of correctness is used in the testability phase of a program to estimate its correctness. Bayesian interference and probability are used to argue the usefulness of the programs during testing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xgBXo85x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bertolino & Strigini, 1996)","plainCitation":"(Bertolino & Strigini, 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1233,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/G6EHLCWC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/G6EHLCWC"],"itemData":{"id":1233,"type":"article-journal","title":"On the use of testability measures for dependability assessment","container-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering; New York","page":"97-108","volume":"22","issue":"2","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"Program testability is, informally, the probability that a program will fail under test if it contains at least one fault. When a dependability assessment has to be derived from the observation of a series of failure-free test executions (a common need for software subject to ultra-high reliability requirements), measures of testability can - in theory - be used to draw inferences on program correctness (and hence on its probability of failure in operation). The concept of testability and its uses in dependability assessment, criticizing, and improving on, previously published results are examined.","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.485220","ISSN":"00985589","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Bertolino","given":"Antonia"},{"family":"Strigini","given":"Lorenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bertolino & Strigini, 1996).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Qarni, B. H., Almogren, A., & Hassan, M. M. (2018). An efficient networking protocol for internet of things to handle multimedia big data. Multimedia Tools and Applications; Dordrecht, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6883-7

Bertolino, A., & Strigini, L. (1996). On the use of testability measures for dependability assessment. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering; New York, 22(2), 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.485220

PageRank Algorithm - The Mathematics of Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/Winter2009/RalucaRemus/Lecture3/lecture3.html