Homelessness
[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Homelessness
Homelessness is regarded as the result of various interactions within risk factors which can be ranged from the individual to environmental circumstances, and the socio-economic structures. The homeless individuals experience housing status changes which consist of being on the streets, an emergency shelter, and permanent and transitional housing.
Global Impact
It is traditionally stereotyped that homeless people are often middle-aged alcoholic males. In reality, however, most of the homeless people are ethnically diverse, young people who are members of families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t9OeYb1a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nooe & Patterson, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Nooe & Patterson, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":448,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/MPT33NZE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/MPT33NZE"],"itemData":{"id":448,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Ecology of Homelessness","container-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment","page":"105-152","volume":"20","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"This article proposes an ecological model of homelessness drawn from a broad review of the research and practice literature. The spectrum of biopsychosocial risks associated with pathways into homelessness is reviewed, followed by examination of social and individual consequences resulting from periods of homelessness. The temporal dimensions of homelessness, including “first-time,” “episodic,” and “chronic,” are defined and discussed along with the continuum of living arrangements experienced by homeless individuals and families. These constituent domains of the ecology of homelessness are presented in a conceptual map depicting the relationships and interactions among the parts of the model. The intention is to provide a coherent and cogent map to encourage comprehensive integrated efforts as individuals, agencies, and communities strive to prevent and resolve homelessness.","DOI":"10.1080/10911350903269757","ISSN":"1091-1359","author":[{"family":"Nooe","given":"Roger M."},{"family":"Patterson","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",3,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nooe & Patterson, 2010). In America, homeless people are often Hispanics and Africans which represents the disproportionality of homeless people in comparison to the overall population. It is also observed that the homeless in rural and urban areas mostly went through various doubling up stages with friends and families before they become visibly homeless. The continuous increase in the number of homeless people both internationally and on national level, reflects the negligence in the provision of fundamental human requirements in the capitalist society. In 1980, when for the first time the issue of homelessness aroused the number of poor people increased. For instance, it is also noted that most of the homeless people came from 20% of the lowest class population who ranks extremely poor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"chl6dp6h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(People, 1988)","plainCitation":"(People, 1988)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":451,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QNVAEIJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QNVAEIJE"],"itemData":{"id":451,"type":"book","title":"Summary and Recommendations","publisher":"National Academies Press (US)","source":"www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","abstract":"Among congressional actions taken in recent years to address both the broader aspects of homelessness and the more narrow issues relating to the health of homeless people was the Health Professions Training Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-129). This mandated that the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services ask the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences to study the delivery of health care services to homeless people. This report is the result of that study.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218243/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"People","given":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Care for Homeless"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (People, 1988). The census done by U.S. estimates that African Americans made half of the homeless population and more than 1/3 are living on the street.
The industrialized societies mostly regard homeless people as a third world nation in which poverty is uncontrolled. However, the issues of homelessness are present in every country. The categories of homeless people are seasonal, handicapped, mentally ill, and the impoverished homeless ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QTTGYn2R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wright, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Wright, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":455,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/9VTWY8CK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/9VTWY8CK"],"itemData":{"id":455,"type":"article-journal","title":"Resisting Homelessness: Global, National, and Local Solutions","container-title":"Contemporary Sociology","page":"27-43","volume":"29","issue":"1","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","DOI":"10.2307/2654929","ISSN":"0094-3061","title-short":"Resisting Homelessness","author":[{"family":"Wright","given":"Talmadge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wright, 2000). Despite being the wealthiest country of the world, it is estimated that almost 2.3 to 3.5 million people face homelessness in the U.S. According to PBS research, almost 1.5 million more people became homeless because of the economic recession. According to the UN homeless population census, around 100 million people are homeless around the world. In Australia, almost every one in every 200 people is homeless. The mission Australia reported that the reason for homelessness is income inequality and poverty while the secondary factors are alcoholism and mental illness. It is also reported that domestic violence is also one of the major reasons for homelessness in Australia. Despite the fast growing economy of India, the highest rate of homelessness is in India with 78 million people in India regarded as homeless ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zZlh31Hm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}\\uc0\\u8216{}Us and them,\\uc0\\u8217{}\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“‘Us and them,’” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":453,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/JMF4VV3E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/JMF4VV3E"],"itemData":{"id":453,"type":"webpage","title":"'Us and them': What homelessness looks like around the world","container-title":"Topics","abstract":"If the world were to accept Australia’s definition of ‘homelessness’ and include everyone with inadequate shelter, there would be over 1.6 billion homeless people scattered across the globe: that's around 20 per cent of the world's population.","URL":"https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/culture/article/2017/07/04/us-and-them-what-homelessness-looks-around-world","title-short":"'Us and them'","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Us and them”, n.d.). While France, is mostly effected by the refugee crisis which raised the number of homeless people. It can be observed that the major reason for homelessness throughout the world is poverty and economic recession.
The major effect of globalization related to housing is based on the increased price of houses globally. It is recorded that the residential property in the developed economies is recorded to be enhanced by $20 trillion to more than $60 trillion from 2002 to 2003 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"779pytvB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kenna, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Kenna, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":458,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/VU7WY2GK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/VU7WY2GK"],"itemData":{"id":458,"type":"article-journal","title":"Globalization and Housing Rights","container-title":"Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies","page":"397","volume":"15","issue":"2","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"This articleseeks to explore the relationshipbetween the growingphenomenon of globalizationandthefield of housing rights.I begin with a generaldescription ofglobalization,and move on to discuss its effect on homelessness, and on housing systems across the world. I examine the role ofglobalcorporations;the globalizationofhousing finance and real estate investment; the reordering of cities and slums; the idea of the minimaliststate; andthe effects ofprivatization.I examine the rise ofgovernance networks andhow they have creatednew patternsofmaking law; globalization'seffect on housingpolicy; and its effects on the movement ofpeople. Next I look to the idea of housing rightsandsome specific instances oftheirdevelopment through the UnitedNations,the CouncilofEurope,andthe European Union. These rightsmay offer the possibility ofmediatingthe excessesofneo-liberalglobalizationandpromote socialequality andinclusion. I conclude with a call to reconsidertraditionalliberallegal models and housing-as-propertyregimes,andrecommend the legalconcept ofthe \"home\" may bea more appropriatebase modelfor housing rightsin a globalizingworld.","DOI":"10.2979/gls.2008.15.2.397","ISSN":"10800727","journalAbbreviation":"Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies","language":"en","author":[{"literal":"Kenna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kenna, 2008). It is also reported that the unusual housing boom in relation to the incomes of these countries increases homelessness.
The issues arise through homelessness are mostly mental health related issues. Although if studied closely, it can be observed that various factors play a vital role in homelessness. Various economic forces contribute to housing insecurity and poverty situation both locally and globally. The major reason for homelessness is the economic crisis.
The reason for homelessness is similar worldwide which is an economic crisis that results in high unemployment and low wages which increases the homeless population both locally and globally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rM9G9f7c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Economics of Homelessness,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The Economics of Homelessness,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":459,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/YZGBM88P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/YZGBM88P"],"itemData":{"id":459,"type":"webpage","title":"The Economics of Homelessness","container-title":"Wharton Public Policy Initative","abstract":"Homelessness is commonly attributed to mental health and substance abuse issues. However, when one looks more closely, these factors only play a small role i...","URL":"https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/2594-the-economics-of-homelessness/for-students/blog/news.php","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Economics of Homelessness”, n.d.). As the forces of globalization concentrated wealth in major cities, which resulted in huge number of migration from small cities to big cities which increased the houses prices. In recent years, the major global concern is the lack of economic opportunities and expensive houses which resulted in homelessness.
Potential Solutions
One of the proven homelessness solutions was developed in the city of New York which latterly replicated globally and is named 'housing first'. The approach of housing first is based on constructing supportive houses. The main objective of this is moving homeless individuals who are affected by abuse and mental disorders to subsidized houses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ACh7Dm9k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Proven Solutions\\uc0\\u8212{}Coalition For The Homeless,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Proven Solutions—Coalition For The Homeless,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":461,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NNXK9RX6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NNXK9RX6"],"itemData":{"id":461,"type":"webpage","title":"Proven Solutions - Coalition For The Homeless","URL":"https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/ending-homelessness/proven-solutions/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,29]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Proven Solutions—Coalition For The Homeless,” n.d.). It is observed that people without a home, when moved to the apartments, experienced improvements significantly related to their health issues. The approach, housing first, is less costly as compared to institutional and emergency care which consists of shelters and hospitals.
One of the unsuccessful solutions for homelessness is 'Winter Night Shelter' because of strict policy it is not providing shelter to the victims of domestic abuse as well as creating issues for people with disabilities. Some of the clients also reported that the local authority is providing poor services.
As the major reason for homelessness is gaps in housing affordability, it is required that the government must reduce the prices for the people having middle and lower-income. It is required that the government must address the affordability gaps difference and should invest in affordable rental houses that help homeless individuals and families.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kenna. (2008). Globalization and Housing Rights. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 15(2), 397. https://doi.org/10.2979/gls.2008.15.2.397
Nooe, R. M., & Patterson, D. A. (2010). The Ecology of Homelessness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(2), 105–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911350903269757
People, I. of M. (US) C. on H. C. for H. (1988). Summary and Recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218243/
Proven Solutions—Coalition For The Homeless. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2019, from https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/ending-homelessness/proven-solutions/
The Economics of Homelessness. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2019, from Wharton Public Policy Initative website: https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/2594-the-economics-of-homelessness/for-students/blog/news.php
“Us and them”: What homelessness looks like around the world. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2019, from Topics website: https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/culture/article/2017/07/04/us-and-them-what-homelessness-looks-around-world
Wright, T. (2000). Resisting Homelessness: Global, National, and Local Solutions. Contemporary Sociology, 29(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2654929
