Research

Roseline Sylvestre Auguste

Purdue Global

PS504 Advanced Research Methods

Date

Introduction

Background

Thousands of children have not received qualified diagnostics and assistance. Autism is About 1 in 59 children have been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to estimates from CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. (Baio, Wiggins, Christensen, Maenner, Daniels, Warren & Durkin, 2018). No one knows the exact cause of Autism. Scientists have come to agree that there is a natural trigger that produces Autism. Science is developing - just as Autism is on the rise, so is the amount of scientific work.

Autism is a complex developmental disorder with a different perception of the environment, attention to detail, and social and communication difficulties. A child, in a way, expresses emotions. Despite medical advances, prenatal care, and testing, living conditions are improving - autism disorders are diagnosed more and more each year. After reviewing different studies, it is proposed that there are environmental and genetical factors behind the occurrence of Autism in Children.

Literature review

The concept of "autism" was first introduced by E. Bleyer in 1920 as a symptom in severe disorders of interaction with reality in adult patients with schizophrenia. Early childhood autism described by Leo Kanner (1943, Kanner syndrome). Then one of the definitions of Autism sounded like "a disconnected person from the outside world." This disease affects not only mental functions (speech, intelligence, thinking), but also affects the child's perception of a holistic picture of the world. The main problem of Autism is a misunderstanding, a person's non-perception of events happening around.

Collier et al. have pointed out that approximately 64 percent of females surveyed in the US have an infection throughout their pregnancies. It does not lead to Autism or any other neurodevelopmental disorder in most cases. (Amaral, 2017).

Besides, some diseases and abnormalities can contribute to the development of autistic traits. So, for example, with hearing, speech, attention deficit disorder, some chromosomal disorders (with Rett syndrome), signs of Autism accompany the primary pathology due to distortion of perception in the child. (Baio, Wiggins, Christensen, Maenner, Daniels, Warren & Durkin, 2018). More recently, it has been shown that about 5-10% of cases have minor genome changes (copy number variation) that can be detected with genomic analysis techniques. As with other multifactorial disorders, the risks of recurrence of Autism are based on empirical estimates, i.e., by direct observation of anomaly recurrence in several families.

Landrigan (2010) proposes in his study that, “Indirect evidence for an environmental contribution to autism comes from studies demonstrating the sensitivity of the developing brain to external exposures such as lead, ethyl alcohol, and methyl mercury.” Another study shows that Autism is also more common in males by a four to one ratio. (Amaral, 2017).

Proposed research

What are the causes of Autism?

At what age autism starts/occurs in children?

Is there any natural trigger that causes Autism?

How mothers of autistic cope with stress?

In the past, the International Health Classification (ICD) established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychiatric Association's Psychiatric Diagnosis and Statistics Manual (DSM) is autistic under the category of pervasive developmental disorders along with Asperger syndrome. The diagnosis of the symptom positioned. In DSM-5, published in 2013, the autism disorder name abolished and integrated under the autism spectrum disorder/autism spectrum disorder name. Symptom manifestation in classic cases of Autism and Asperger's syndrome occurs before age three and persists into adulthood. For example, it is common to have limited, or no verbal communication reduced the ability for social interaction and a repetitive behavioral pattern. Symptoms and degree of impairment vary, even when considering only one of the spectrum classes. About one-third of autism cases occur in association with other clinical manifestations, such as those resulting from chromosomal alterations or that are part of a known genetic disease.

In Autism, we experience marked difficulties in three areas: social interaction, communication, and interest. They have trouble getting in touch with others; they isolate themselves; in a group, we see them absent from others. Often their eyes are fleeing. Even when they are interested in others, they do so inappropriately and strangely.

Summary paragraph

The second reason is the dissemination of information about the disease. Those forms of the disease that were previously attributed to the "oddities of the child," shyness, isolation, introversion, and sometimes schizophrenic conditions, are now registered as ASD. Well, the third reason is overdiagnosis, especially from the side of parents. The reasons for the increasing incidence of Autism are unclear: "No one in the world has fully answered why Autism is on the rise. As with many causes of developmental disorder, the leading cause of Autism is that the brain develops differently during pregnancy than healthy children. The cells that are supposed to die at birth and become dysfunctional are redundant - not forgotten in Autism. There is no established cause that some of the circumstances would cause Autism after the birth of the child.

References

Amaral, D. G. (2017, January). Examining the causes of autism. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum

on brain science (Vol. 2017). Dana Foundation.

Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., ... & Durkin,

M. S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1.

Landrigan, P. J. (2010). What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution. Current

opinion in pediatrics, 22(2), 219-225.

Pellicano, L., Mandy, W., Bölte, S., Stahmer, A., Lounds Taylor, J., & Mandell, D. S. (2018). A

new era for autism research, and for our journal.