Paper

Developmental Concerns and Proposed Interventions

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Developmental Concerns and Proposed Interventions

To care for adults and to provide them the facilities like healthcare services and rehabilitation facilities are essential for adults. The need for the care facilities to be provided to the adults would be increased in the coming years. This is because the aged population and deinstitutionalization has been increasing in recent years. There would be more adults in homes with chronic disorders because obesity and related cardiovascular disease are increasing significantly. The emotional and psychological health of people significantly depends on how they are treated in homes and healthcare facilities. Like the case study provided such as people living in depression and anxiety due to the failures of their life would need additional care and support for their well-being. Carlos needs special care and attention form healthcare providers to recover from his depression and to resolve his life issues.

According to an estimate, aged people prefer to receive care services from the people who pay attention to them. Chronic disorders such as hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes are on the rise because of sedentary lifestyles. People usually prefer to live in homes with their families when they get old ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ptFQBZIl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). They want to spend their time with people who understand them. Areas such as social environment and communities are equally important for aged people. According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, aged people feel relaxed, confident and safe with people they are attached to. Questioning and arguing with people who understand them would help them to gain energy as they will answer them in their favor.

Attachment with people such as friends and family members is important for children and aged people. They feel secure when they see are near to people they love. They feel insecure when they live strangers. Therefore, living with people who show intimacy to aged people would have a profoundly positive effect on the health of aged people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5ah7fm0B","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). Enabling and positive social environment helps adults to interact with people and communities. The recovery from chronic diseases would be fast in that case. Therefore, family and community contribution can effectively help adults and older people to recover from depression or anxiety.

Response 2

Piaget was a psychologist who has suggested different stages of development in his theory. Each and every person goes through these stages in the almost same manner. And these developmental stages are determined by their interactions towards the environment and their maturation level. No stage can be skipped in any individual but there are few differences in every individual regarding the rate of progress. And that can also happen to some individual may not be able to attain the next stage of development and retain on the same level. And also we cannot discriminate these stages on the basis of certain age limit but we can classify them on age level at which most of the children go through these stages mainly discussed four stages.

Sensorimotor Stage

This stage of development starts from birth to 2 years. And during this stage main objective is the understanding of things and events that happen around are independent of owns actions, and the understanding of things that are hidden still exists ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WUGOLn7p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). Like if we show a toy to some child and then hide it under some blanket, in the beginning child may behave that the toy is disappeared but later on he starts understanding that it still exists. If this stage of development is spent on constructive activities, then children will be able to resolve their problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TwxnIA5S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Therefore, adults and older people would be able to stay positive in their end stages of life.

Preoperational Stage

This stage of development starts from the age of 2 years until the individual got the age of 7 years. In this stage, individual start thinks symbolically and develop the ability to make some words, things or an object to stand for anything else other than its own. In this stage, some individuals may face the difficulty of taking others' viewpoints. The persons involved in the teamwork activities during this stage would also remain positive and pessimistic during their last stages of life. However, persons grown in an environment where they have the least interaction with social activities would be depressed and anxious in the late stages of life.

Concrete Operational Stage

This stage of development starts from the age of 7-years till the age of 11-years. This is the most important stage of child development because in this stage individual starts thinking logically and develop the ability to work out things in their heads like in this stage child start to conserve numbers, mass, and volume. Child starts understanding things that have different in physical appearances but stays the same. Individuals grown in an environment where they were supported and encouraged would be more positive towards life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lsFZhrGY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). Others would fail to regain positivity in the late stages of life.

Formal Operational Stage

This stage starts from the age of 11-years to approximately ends in adulthood. In this stage, individually develop his abilities to make concepts and think creatively and buildability to manipulate ideas and calculations in his hear rather than doing it physically, and using abstract manners to understand and imagine the outcomes of his own actions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TwxnIA5S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Whatever is learned in the early stages of life would stay with a person in their late stages of life. Pessimism and problem-solving attitude would encourage older people to stay positive and healthy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"baKqlEoR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Persons involved in such activities in which they failed to understand how to solve their problems, how to help others would spend their late stages in anxiety and depression. For example, Carlos has spent his life in failures such as divorce and depression. Therefore, early developmental stages are very important for the life of a person as whatever learned in this stage would stay with them throughout their life.

Response 3 Proposed Plan for Reminiscence

A potential therapy for older people is reminiscence therapy. This therapy improves the quality of life and wellbeing of older people. According to the research, older people often feel depressed and anxious because of their feeling that they are getting old ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TwxnIA5S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). In nursing homes, reminiscence therapy is usually provided to older people to improve their lifestyle and well-being. This approach involves certain therapeutic techniques that help them to recall important past events that help to regain energy for life. Older people need such therapies because it improves their self-acceptance and self-assurance. These therapies are provided in the form of groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sLSZMZEH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Older people used to tell stories with the persons about their pasts. It helps them to resolve their past conflicts.

There are three main modalities in the clinical settings for reminiscence therapy. One is a simple reminiscence, second is life-review therapy and third is life-review. Older people having good mental health conditions would be provided with simple reminiscence. It helps them to recollect their autobiographical events of life and it will generate positive emotions. Only positive and pessimistic memories are triggered in this approach.

In a life-review approach, negative and positive memories enriching the whole life span would be focused. In this modality, the intervention is to reach ego integrity and the life history of the older person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jr1KorPK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). These approaches are helpful for older people to recall their life events. Usually, persons recall those bad memories which cause conflicts and in turn, the therapy would be provided to resolve the conflicts.

The third modality is life-review therapy which is aimed to be provided to the persons suffering from mental health illnesses including depression and anxiety ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lovYa9KY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). This approach usually helps them to recollect memories of past events specifically negative incidents which in turn would be redirected in a positive way. This therapy would help older people to develop self-efficacy and skills to cope with their anxiety ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TwxnIA5S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). This therapy would help Carlos to recover from his anxiety and depression.

Reminiscence therapy is effective for older people when provided in the form of groups. The effectiveness of reminiscence therapy has been analyzed in various studies. Therefore, it is the most recommended therapy for old people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PA0trLuS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(McGrail et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/EM4L7YLD"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of medical Internet research","issue":"5","page":"e177","title":"Virtual visits and patient-centered care: results of a patient survey and observational study","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"McGrail","given":"Kimberlyn Marie"},{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Megan Alyssa"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Chad Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McGrail et al., 2017). Recollection of memories would help patients to stay active and confident. People with mental health disorders need to recall some important and positive moments of their life to develop self-assurance and self-acceptance. Problem-solving activities and certain teamwork activities would be part of the therapy as it will improve their social interaction. This therapy will improve their well-being, lower stress levels, and improved social connections.

Older people would be provided with virtual reality through important pictures of their past to recollect their memories. Regular group sessions would be delivered that would help them to improve cognitive thinking and resolve their conflicts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7KNoUtN0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Activities such as flipping through the photo albums, listening to the favorite music and conducting some mock interviews would be part of the therapy. Questions such as what was your favorite subject at the age of 15? What is your favorite thing in the nursing home? What was your first job? What is your favorite place? List some of your hobbies? These questions will help them to recall their memories and will ultimately take them to their past. The therapy would be utilized in a way that will help old persons to use their five senses as it is necessary for them. Flipping photo albums would be good therapy for Carlos. Mock interviews would help him to improve his social interaction and psychological condition. These people should not be left alone and isolated.

Recommendations and Suggestions

Old people want to spend their time with people who give them intimacy and love. Family interaction and contribution from friends would be helpful in this regard. Encouraging old people to involve themselves in gardening and petting would help them to spend their time effectively. Old people need additional care and esthetic services therefore, care of old persons in nursing homes, as well as homes, is essential ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AddjbxMM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Liang et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/PSZWV34K"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing","page":"0046958017724003","title":"The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"54","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Hailun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Junya"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangrong"},{"family":"Beydoun","given":"May A."},{"family":"Wenzel","given":"Jennifer A."},{"family":"Shi","given":"Leiyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Liang et al., 2017). Regular check-ups and follow-ups are also important for their well-being.

The plan of care should involve activities that improve the way of living of old people. For example, encouraging them to tell their stories to each other in groups would help to effectively spend their time. for example, Carlos needs specific attention and compassion form the society to resolve his conflicts with life issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UvHyMUPU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Williams et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/VQW8BJLV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/VQW8BJLV"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","issue":"10","page":"644-649","title":"Patient-centered care, glycemic control, diabetes self-care, and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Joni S."},{"family":"Walker","given":"Rebekah J."},{"family":"Smalls","given":"Brittany L."},{"family":"Hill","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Egede","given":"Leonard E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams et al., 2016). Other recommendations would be to provide a family environment at nursing homes for the old people as they would be happier in this way. Old people need care, love and compassion therefore, activities should be provided in a way that improves their interaction with nurses, family members, and group interactions.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Liang, H., Zhu, J., Kong, X., Beydoun, M. A., Wenzel, J. A., & Shi, L. (2017). The patient-centered care and receipt of preventive services among older adults with chronic diseases: A nationwide cross-sectional study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 54, 0046958017724003.

McGrail, K. M., Ahuja, M. A., & Leaver, C. A. (2017). Virtual visits and patient-centered care: Results of a patient survey and observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5), e177.

Williams, J. S., Walker, R. J., Smalls, B. L., Hill, R., & Egede, L. E. (2016). Patient-centered care, glycemic control, diabetes self-care, and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 18(10), 644–649.