Test 3

Test 3

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Test 3

Part 1 – Short answers

4. The general recognition is that there exists a positive, bilateral relationship between the thriving abilities of mind and language. The most basic apprehension in this regard is that whether a student achieves good grades on a test gauging verbal intelligence because of her command on language, or due to the verbal intelligence giving her an edge in the command on language CITATION San98 \l 1033 (Sandel, 1998). In many studies, a double dissociation is found in language and intelligence. For instance, the ability to communicate our intelligence with others in society through talking and writing is the provision of language. Simultaneously, the inherent intelligence of an individual also allows her to adopt and use a language to create and share meaning.

5. The fundamental thing which separates animals from humans is language. Human beings solely rely on verbal communication for their survival and existence CITATION Joh15 \l 1033 (Jose, 2015). Some of the similarities that can be pointed out among human and animal communication are the usage of signs, sounds and the expression of body language. Animals and humans depict the same form of body positions, i.e., cowering when they are frightened from their surroundings.

Key differences between animal and human communication are different manifestations regarding creativity, interchangeability, displacement, cultural transmission, ambiguity and variety. These differences show that a sign or sound uttered or displayed from an animal can have only meaning, or it can be ambiguous, but the same is not limited to humans. The modes of communication among humans can create and arrange words and symbols into an infinite number of meanings and ideas.

6. In speech perception, demonstration of the interaction between senses of seeing and hearing is known as the McGurk effect CITATION Ros19 \l 1033 (Rosenblum, 2019). This effect supports the motor theory of speech comprehension CITATION Mod19 \l 1033 (Modelska, 2019).

7. Unlike speakers of the English language, the Russians have two distinct names for two shades of the blue color, and it is a direct implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which maintains that language has an influence on reality CITATION Kay84 \l 1033 (Kay, 1984). In a recently conducted study, where the objective task delineated linguistic variations in color-perception, the Russian speakers were 10% speedy than their English counterparts in distinguishing between two shades of blue for which they have distinct names CITATION Rox07 \l 1033 (Khamsi, 2007). This verbal task disrupts the Russian speakers’ categorization because linguistic interference can make alterations to the effect of language CITATION Wit03 \l 1033 (Witthoft, 2003).

Essay question

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis revolves around the idea that language has power and can control how you see the world. Language is a guide to your reality, structuring your thoughts. It provides the framework through which you make sense of the world.

The Piraha culture supports the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis completely because the Piraha language lacks recursion in its innate grammatical structure which is otherwise a universal feature in all the global human languages CITATION Eve93 \l 1033 (Everett, 1993).

References (Part 1)

Everett, D. L. (1993). Sapir, Reichenbach, and the syntax of tense in Pirahã. Pragmatics & Cognition, 1(1), 89-124

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jose, J. M. (2015, December 7). The Difference Between Animal and Human Communication. Retrieved from Owlcation: https://owlcation.com/stem/The-difference-between-animal-and-human-communication

Kay, P. &. (1984). What is the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis? American anthropologist, 65-79.

Khamsi, R. (2007, May 1). Russian speakers get the blues. Retrieved from NewScientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11759-russian-speakers-get-the-blues/

Modelska, M. P. (2019). No ‘self’advantage for audiovisual speech aftereffects. . Frontiers in Psychology, 658.

Rosenblum, L. D. (2019). Audiovisual Speech Perception and the McGurk Effect. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.

Sandel, L. (1998). The Relationship between Language and Intelligence. Review of Historical Research.

Witthoft, N. W. (2003). Effects of language on color discriminability. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.

Part 2 – Short answers

1. Affective memory consolidation during stress is an example of an allostatic mechanism at work.

2. Owing to the fact that the sleep of animals depends on their eating habits, therefore animals eating low caloric food require less sleep than others CITATION All76 \l 1033 (Allison, 1976). This is the reason why animals in a herd, primarily the herbivores spend the greater portion of their day awake.

3. In diabetes, there is a lack of insulin whose function is to transport glucose in the cells. This lack leads to glucose accumulation in the blood resulting in cell starvation CITATION Ozo13 \l 1033 (Ozougwu, 2013).

4. A mild fever is beneficial because it stimulates the immunity of the body and fights off infections. Ectotherms cannot generate higher body temperature from within, but if they acquire some infection, they tend to move to warmer places to increase their body temperature and this phenomenon is known as "behavioral fever" CITATION Nik17 \l 1033 (Wilson, 2017).

Essay question

Bulimia Nervosa (This disorder is currently listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Definition:

A serious- life threatening eating disorder in which patients secretly binge on a huge amount of food and then purge to get rid of ‘extra calories’ they think they have filled in their bodies in an extremely unhealthy way.

Symptoms:

Pre-occupation with body-shape and weight

Fear of weight gain

Forcing the body to starve

Losing control over eating huge amounts of food

Peer-reviewed article:

Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Biological cause of the disorder:

Disturbance of the hypothalamic pituitary function, abnormalities in resting growth hormone and Plasma T3 CITATION Kap87 \l 1033 (Kaplan, 1987).

Methods and results of the article:

The effects of closely monitored semi-starvation on a group of volunteers were observed. The group consisted of all male individuals and demonstrated signs of bulimia nervosa.

Peer-reviewed article:

Towards a functional analysis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Social or physiological cause of the disorder:

Innocuous psychosocial stimuli which cause an individual to become extremely self-conscious about body image CITATION Sla82 \l 1033 (Slade, 1982).

Methods and results of the article:

Developmental model derived from research findings and clinical observation. Results depicted the social etiology to be a general dissatisfaction with body image and perfectionist tendencies.

Conclusion

The article demonstrating the social or physiological causes is more convincing based on the evidence presented.

References (Part 2)

BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, T. &. (1976). Sleep in mammals: ecological and constitutional correlates. Science, 732-734.

Kaplan, A. S. (1987). Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 645.

Ozougwu, J. C. (2013). The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology, 46-57.

Slade, P. (1982). Towards a functional analysis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 167-179.

Wilson, N. (2017, June 12). Why some cold-blooded animals can get a fever. Retrieved from BBC Earth: http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170608-why-some-cold-blooded-animals-can-get-a-fever