Psychology 102 Chapters 1-4

Psychology 102 Chapters 1-4

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Psychology 102 Chapters 1-4

Chapter 1&2

The basic question that is the heart of the nature vs. nurture controversy is that whether human beings emotion, behaviors, characteristics, and personality is shaped because of our natural capacity due to our genes or either these things are more dependent on the way we nurture these qualities throughout our life.

Some cohort difference between our parents’ generation and our generation is due to historical events and cultural shifts

The five basic steps that are followed in the scientific method are:

Observe a phenomenon of nature and make a question around it

Develop the hypothesis

Test your hypothesis

In case your hypothesis is true, find more evidence and counter-evidence.

Draw the conclusions from your hypothesis and repeat the process again.

The main difference between the Ericson and Freud stages is that according to Ericson, there are 8 developmental stages which are based on culture, age, and individual context. His theory revolves around the culture and family whereas Freud theory’s about development mostly revolves around the sexual urges.

According to Classical conditioning, animal actions are not based on the rewards and they repeat the action again and again while in Operant conditioning, learning can be made through the process of punishment and reward.

Maslow has defined the basic need of a person in five steps hierarchy which is as followed from 1 to 5 with five being the top on hierarchy.

Psychological needs include food, water, rest, and warmth.

Safety needs include security and safety

Belongingness needs include friends and intimate relationship

Esteem needs to require accomplishment feelings and prestige

Self-actualization which includes achieving persons full potential

Chapter 4

Genes that are passed from parents to the children if defected can cause defects to the fetus. Other problems result from the fault in the chromosome. For example, if one parent is a carrier, then the risk of getting a genetic disorder is low but if both parents are carriers then the chance of risk increases in the fetus.

The timing of exposure to a teratogen affects the fetus because processes of multiple developments occur on the same time span and thus a number of concomitant malformations occur as a result of interference with same embryonic time development.

People considered for hundreds of years that alcohol abuse and other drugs consumption is a moral weakness, a personality defect, or a social scourge. Now we know that this disorder is as biological as it is cultural disorder. The addictive pull is created by the genes that can be extremely weak, overpowering, or in between somewhere, as the biochemistry of each person reacts differently to alcohol.

The prenatal development stage is a fetal period stage which is from after conceptions’ ninth week until child’s birth. The heartbeat becomes stronger in the fourth-sixth month, the development of excretory and digestive systems occurs. Toenails, fingernails, and teeth buds forms and growth of hair took place (that includes eyelashes). Six times increase of brain took place in size and many new synapses and neurons develop.

The spinal column and brain, ears, eyes, mouth, and nose start to form. Along with them arms, legs, and heart also form. After that, the forearm, upper arm, palms, legs, webbed fingers, knees, webbed toes, and feet are developed.

Cause of baby low birth weight is if the mother is undernourished, underage, and underweight or if she smokes.

One sign of postmortem depression is euphoria feeling after birth that give way to sleeplessness and feelings of inadequacy and sadness. Infant care seems overwhelming or becomes a burden.

References

Stassen Berger, K. (2005). The developing person through the life span. Bedford, Freeman and Worth: New York.