Political Theory

Political Theory

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Political Theory

Part One:

Q1. Ans: Political Authority is having a powerful influence on a government.

Q2Ans: According to Hobbes the best form of government is Absolute monarchy. Hobbes describes the political authority as the unaccountable sovereign. Leviathan represents the evil force that challenges the power of God.

Q3: Ans: According to Anarchist there should be no power to rule the country, and they demand moral autonomy. The Communitarian Anarchists want a revolution that takeovers the patriarchal capitalist states. Market Anarchists demand free market, and they want the government of the country should be demolished by giving a chance to the independent market.

Q4. Ans: Public good is the commodity provided to all the citizens without any profit in return. Public goods are created or protected by the government.

Q5: Ans: It is the political obligation to follow the laws and regulations defined by the government. Different philosophers call it as a moral duty.

Q6. Ans: It is the support we show to our institutions as, and in return, we are protected by those institutions.

Q7. Ans: Civil disobedience is disobeying the state laws openly. However, civil disobedience of unjust laws is justifiable, but in the case of democracy people choose their leaders. If a democratic society is not fulfilling the demands of people, then they can follow the civil disobedience trend.

Part Two:

Q1. Ans: It is because every person has a unique opinion or point of view. It is not necessary that people may agree on one point. As a result, a conflict in interests will arise between the people.

Q2. Ans: Political decision requires three levels which are factual information; people who prefer the choice that affect them, and moral principle.

Q3. Ans: Pluralism is the distribution of the Power. It denotes a system where more than one groups or states coexist.

Q4. Ans: The low levels of political knowledge or political interest is explained through low participation of the citizens in political activities like political campaigns, participation in elections. There are several reasons for it. One can be a lack of political awareness among the people.

Q5. Ans: Through moral ways, minorities can be protected from the majority.

Part Three:

Q1. Ans: Individual Freedom refers to the choice to think and act for their interests without any restraint or limitation. It also applies to be free from the oppressions or regulations imposed by the government.

Q2. Ans: The costs of goods or services do not allow people to act according to their will. IT is because here, their ability to purchase matters. If a person cannot afford a good no matter how much he desires he cannot act according to his will. Therefore, when the government increases the prices, it is taking away the freedom of an individual to operate independently. Likewise, if the government decreases the costs, then it is giving a chance to the individuals to perform according to their willpower.

Q3. Ans: Positive liberty is the ownership of the ability to act independently, and it is free from any internal restriction that limits a person to respond. For example, a person who is free from negative thoughts like greed and distrustful.

Negative Liberty is the freedom from intervention by other human beings. It is the absence of any external limitation on a person. For example, it is free from any form of law and order.

Q4: Ans. A government can increase the inner freedom of the citizens by giving them a chance to participate in political matters and provide them with an opportunity to raise a voice to resolve public problems. Secondly, the government can also protect the citizens through the provision of civil rights.

Q5. Ans. John Stuart was an influential British Philosopher of the 19th century. He said that everyone has the right to do whatever makes him or her happy. According to him, a person should be free from any state or social control while seeking happiness. According to him the role of the government is to provide freedom and rights to the general public.

Q6. Ans. Mills' principles of personal freedom ignore the code of ethics and social, moral standards. He did not discuss the consequences of individual liberty that may cause problems for society.

Q7. Ans. Human rights are all those rights that all human beings deserve regardless of class, race, gender, language, nationality, and religion. Human Rights include a right to live, express, right to education and right to work.

Part Three:

Q1. Ans. People in the cave are chained due to which they cannot move their legs or necks. They have only one capability that they can see their shadows. The source of light in the cave is the fire above and behind them.

Q2. Ans. The prisoners who are trapped in the cave have a belief that their shadows exist in actual.

Q3. Ans. When the prisoners of the cave saw sunlight for the first time, they felt pain in their eyes. It was genuine because they have not seen sunlight since they were born.

Q4. Ans. Plato's allegory of the cave tells us that everything we see in the actual world is just a misconception and a trick. It is not real. However, the reality is different.

Q5. Ans. According to Plato, the truth lies in knowledge and wisdom. In order to seek reality and truth, a person should gain knowledge. The more knowledge he will get, he will be able to know the truth.

Q6. Ans. I had an experience with a product. I saw a commercial of the product, and they were exaggerating the product as the best product in the world. There were people from the general public, and they were sharing their stories about the product. There were people of middle age, and they are speaking about the product with high confidence. However, when I bought the product, I came to know that the reality is very much different from what I saw.

Q7. Ans. If an individual had been living with an illusion in his whole life, there comes the point when he starts thinking of it as a reality. For instance, people who were chained in the cave thought that their shadows are for real. It is the same for the real life that individuals start thinking of an illusion as reality.

Q8. Ans. According to my opinion, the "cave" of Modern life is the television. It is very unrealistic, but still, people watch it. The stories, Dramas, and Films distort the reality and depict real life as a fairy tale. As a result, many of the people become the targets of the shows shown on television.

Q9. Ans. I agree with the Socrates that people complicate shadow with reality. There are many things which are not real, but people think of those as realities. For example, superstition fear is two of the examples.

Q10. Ans. Prisoners will be free when they change the way they think. For that, they need more knowledge and wisdom that allows them to feel out of the box by using their critical skills.

Part Four:

Q1. Ans. Rawl has represented Two Principles of Justice. The First Principle of Justice is about the individuals that every individual should have equal rights in a system and everyone should have equal opportunities for freedom. It is primarily concerned with the distribution of the rights and authorizations. On the other side, the Second Principle is about the arrangement of social and economic disparities in society. According to Rawl, there should be more significant benefits for disadvantaged people in the community. Secondly, there should be equal opportunities for all.

Q2. Ans. According to Miller justice must be equal for all and at this point, he agrees with Rawls' first Principle of Justice. According to him, Justice is something to do with equality.

Q3. Ans. Miller disagrees with the Second Principle of Justice. He emphasizes that justice is a process that treats each equal regardless of the poor or rich society.

Q4. Ans. Decisions based on the flipping coin is unjust because it does not offer equal opportunities for both of the parties. In this process, one has to win, and the other has to lose. However, justice is about giving an opportunity to win for both.

Part Five: Montesquieu

Q1. Ans. Montesquieu was a French Philosopher. He belonged to a wealthy military family. Montesquieu got his law degree from the University of Bordeaux. His interest in the daily activities of the parliament in Paris made him participate in politics.

Q2. Ans. In contrast to the ideas of Hobbes and Locke, Montesquieu believed that in the state of nature people are fearful that's why they prevented themselves from violence and war. He said that people who are afraid, want to live with others in society. The state of war occurs when people interact in a community, they do not fear anymore, and inequality arises. This inequality causes conflict.

Q3. Ans. According to him the primary purpose of the government is to maintain rules and law, political freedom, and people's property. The best form of government is the English government.

Q4. Ans. He misinterpreted the political power of England that power is concentrated in parliament. He thought he saw the separation of the powers of the government.

Part Six: Rousseau

Q1. Ans. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher and writer. He born in Geneva and belonged to a middle-class family. He got his early education from Geneva and also traveled to Italy for the sake of learning. In 1751, he wrote his first essay for a contest and won it.

Q2. Ans. According to him a state of nature brings freed, equality, peace, and happiness for the people. When the individuals started claiming the ownership of the property, disparity, killing, and conflict resulted. Rousseau argued in the social contract, the rich trick the poor to choose them as a leader.

Q3. Ans. The relationship between the social contract and the sovereign is that every individual in society is sovereign.

Q4. Ans. According to Rousseau direct democracy is ensured when all the citizens vote and obey the laws. At the same time, people must have political power. The religious view is that he thought God as part of the state.