Response Paper

Name

Professor name

Subject

June 23, 2019

Response paper

Chapter 4 discusses the growing contradictions of the rise and fall of apartheid. The chapter explains that laws and regulations were developed for separating races. The collapse of the apartheid system resulted in the formation of the racialized society. The authors have explained, "socially sanctioned grounds of inference and action that people use in everyday life, and which they assume that other members of the group use in the same way” CITATION Cla \l 1033 (Clark and Worger). The general argument presented in the chapter is that Africans were treated differently and due to the discriminatory attitude of society. The set of rules were also adequate for drawing line between whites and Africans. The systems encouraged society to classify people according to their race and ethnicity. The formulation of apartheid laws was the result of nationalist political incentives. The African youth learned that they could only survive with the statuses of secondary citizens. They were never accepted as Americans that made them feel inferior and subservient to native Americans. However, the African leaders emerged to criticize the unfair laws and demanded equality for their people. The reason for South Africans to move to America was to avail better opportunities of earning profits and growth. The rigid totalization and black segregation was also the result of strict and different laws for blacks.

Chapter 5 highlights the collapse of apartheid by identifying the factors that influenced race-interactions and people of South Africa. the collapse of apartheid occurred when President Botha emphasized on the significance of blacks in 1984. The reforms presented by the president stressed on providing security and safety to the Africans. He argued for the first time to give voting rights to Africans and considering them as American citizens CITATION Cla \l 1033 (Clark and Worger). A new constitution was suggested under the efforts of Botha and Klerk's political sense of giving identity recognition to blacks. State Security Council was also established that emphasized on providing equal rights to the blacks. The ANC leaders and anti-apartheid activist promoted the campaigns for raising awareness about African rights. The activists faced strong criticism and rivalry from the white leaders. Botha system of local government was also attacked by the protestants who were against the ideology of giving rights and recognition to blacks. The Africans faced challenges and threats in their struggles of standing against black segregation.

Whitehead in the article talks about the impact of the interaction between people of a different race, gender and class on Africans. The relationship of Africans with native Americans exhibited themes of inequality and injustice. For centuries blacks continued to fight for their independent rights and for gaining recognition. America only gave them secondary status by making them feel subservient to white Americans. Political systems and laws contributed to black segregation and racial discrimination. Several activists groups emerged to fight for the rights of blacks. ANG government followed the agenda of providing a better living place and opportunities of survival to Africans. The data collected by Whitehead reflects a high level of interactivity among racial groups. The interactions of south-Africans in post-apartheid influenced the campaigns and agenda of the activists. Whitehead highlights the prevalence of a wider gap between rich whites and poor blacks. The Africans managed to attain low-level jobs only due to racial segregation. The political and legal systems of post-apartheid further contributed to struggles for blacks in America. The overall discussion in the article uncovers different factors that contributed to the rising and fall of post-apartheid.

Work Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, Nancy L and William H Worger. South Africa The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. Routledge, 2013.

Posel, D. (2001). Race as common sense: Racial classification in twentieth-century south Africa. African Studies Review, 44(2), 87-133.

Whitehead, Kevin A. "Race-Class Intersections as Interactional Resources in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Social Inequality and the Politics of Representation: A Global Landscape (2013): 49-63.