To the study of public policy, it is logical to choose between two issues. The policy analysis is either support the issue or goes against it. While some of the policy thinkers have a clear position such as the Republicans got control of both the houses 115th Congress to replace and repeal Obamacare. However, there had been significant efforts for repealing Obamacare from day one. In fact, the issue of health care is complicated within the Republican Party, simply being for or against it. In such there were concerns between both the parties for repealing and replacing the policy with many reasons such as the cost of money and it may allow states to disagree with coverage. The point here is that the public policy frameworks are complicated in theory and application that may result in a binary choice.
Currently, the democracies are in a period of an exception of uncertainty and turmoil in terms of policy framework from its development to application. In this process of policy, problems are identified and brought to its application. But before theorizing about the public policy processes, it is essential to conceptualize that public policies do not occur in a vacuum. Whether it is a health policy or a security policy.
Policy Feedback Theory
The idea of Policy Feedback approach can be through the history of Political Science. But the theory has been slow to reach the mainstream political approaches. Over the past twenty-five years, scholars have developed a new approach of "Policy Feedback" suggesting that individual experience of the resources and messages carried by policy design affects their political behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BAmxhefc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible 2014). Over the last decade, feedback this approach has increasingly been tested and verified on social policy, participation, political trust democratic citizenship and behavior. However, the policy feedback approach proposes that policies can shift the political landscape in different ways. While, the current studies discern that the policy feedbacks do not occur every time, even when it is being imposed by the lawmakers, while its form differs significantly. To describe such variation, the advocates of policy feedback studies are called to draw political behavior systematically. In this regard: First, they theorize: that the feedback effects might be conditions, such as trust in government and the partnership ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hsnJzJqc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014). Second, the policy designs create preparing effects which might activate socio tropic motivations or self-interest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G5tjVYRJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014). Lastly, the feedback results effect both the policy burdens and the policy benefits and the relationship between them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zFLwbOW0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","plainCitation":"(Sabatier and Weible 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/GK39CMVL"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"book","title":"Theories of the policy process","publisher":"Westview Press","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sabatier","given":"Paul A."},{"family":"Weible","given":"Christopher M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sabatier and Weible, 2014).
Such expectations are being tested in a unique panel study and then the policy feedback effects are found in a variety of ways that are contingent on vibrant political behavior. In this view, policies are not only political objectives but also political forces the reconfigure the underlying concepts of power, deconstruct political identities, interests, understandings and reposition actors in political relations. Undeniably, to describe policy outcomes, the theory suggests that the actors intent to look at the political dynamics.
There are a variety of intellectual foundations build on contemporary scholarship. In this regard, Schattschneider criticizes that the new policies reconfigure the concept of pressure group conflict. Lowi, on the other hand, is of the view that political relations significantly depend on whether policies at issue are regulatory, redistributive or distributive. Marshal, however, claims that social rights are being institutionalized by policies. Starting from 1990, intellectuals tried to develop and connect policy feedback as a distinguished approach to political investigations.
Strengths of Policy Feedback Theory
Implementation of policy framework theory is central in the interplay of policy and politics with a substantial concern for the polity combine. Yet it has been rarely implemented in this viewpoint. Currently, however, two notions of politics prevail.
First, at the receiving end of politics subsists administration? In this view, the political forces establish bureaucracies and device policies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Dsvajg1R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(B\\uc0\\u233{}land 2010)","plainCitation":"(Béland 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":350,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"itemData":{"id":350,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics","container-title":"Administration & Society","page":"568-590","volume":"42","issue":"5","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Drawing on examples from the history and politics of Social Security in the United States, this article assesses early and more recent contributions to the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept before sketching a new research agenda on policy feedback. As argued, three new streams of policy feedback scholarship have emerged since the late 1990s. Because these new research streams have seldom been discussed together, this article makes a direct contribution to the ongoing social science debate about the nature and the role of policy feedback in advanced industrial societies.","DOI":"10.1177/0095399710377444","ISSN":"0095-3997","shortTitle":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback","journalAbbreviation":"Administration & Society","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Béland","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Béland). Moreover, governance may be delineated as a hierarchy of relationship, which shifts from politics to the performance by responding to the stakeholder, and citizens' interests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kGotjDMu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pierson 1993)","plainCitation":"(Pierson 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":351,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XA4Y2Z3M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XA4Y2Z3M"],"itemData":{"id":351,"type":"article-journal","title":"When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change","container-title":"World Politics","page":"595-628","volume":"45","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[As governmental activity has expanded, scholars have been increasingly inclined to suggest that the structure of public policies has an important influence on patterns of political change. Yet research on policy feedback is mostly anecdotal, and there has so far been little attempt to develop more general hypotheses about the conditions under which policies produce politics. Drawing on recent research, this article suggests that feedback occurs through two main mechanisms. Policies generate resources and incentives for political actors, and they provide those actors with information and cues that encourage particular interpretations of the political world. These mechanisms operate in a variety of ways, but have significant effects on government elites, interest groups, and mass publics. By investigating how policies influence different actors through these distinctive mechanisms, the article outlines a research agenda for moving from the current focus on illustrative case studies to the investigation of broader propositions about how and when policies are likely to be politically consequential.]","DOI":"10.2307/2950710","ISSN":"0043-8871","shortTitle":"When Effect Becomes Cause","author":[{"family":"Pierson","given":"Paul"}],"editor":[{"family":"Esping-Andersen","given":"Gosta"},{"family":"Hall","given":"Peter"},{"family":"North","given":"Douglass C."},{"family":"Skocpol","given":"Theda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pierson). Agendas are being imposed by political principles at random intervals. To control and oversee multi-sided networks, they often strive with mixed results. This model is the most enduring and widely deployed in the field.
The second source identifies politics as an environment which administrators direct to acquire goals. In this regard, the public managers need to approach creatively for securing support and legitimacy for their visualization of public good ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0MXUxTtl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(B\\uc0\\u233{}land 2010)","plainCitation":"(Béland 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":350,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/HJMSJ3X7"],"itemData":{"id":350,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics","container-title":"Administration & Society","page":"568-590","volume":"42","issue":"5","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Drawing on examples from the history and politics of Social Security in the United States, this article assesses early and more recent contributions to the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept before sketching a new research agenda on policy feedback. As argued, three new streams of policy feedback scholarship have emerged since the late 1990s. Because these new research streams have seldom been discussed together, this article makes a direct contribution to the ongoing social science debate about the nature and the role of policy feedback in advanced industrial societies.","DOI":"10.1177/0095399710377444","ISSN":"0095-3997","shortTitle":"Reconsidering Policy Feedback","journalAbbreviation":"Administration & Society","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Béland","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Béland 2010). The actively put their efforts by constructing bureaucracy. However, policy feedback does not ignore such insights. It combines them how administration matters for policy, politics, and society. Therefore, scholars need to specify how policies are being shaped for a political environment and how they develop a broader relation in the polity.
The implementation of a policy can be recognized by a power relationship in society by redefining the terms. When policies have become practical, they can bring new political interests and identities in democracies. However, there has been a little discussion about the consequences of public policy approaches for demicharacter societies in the study of Political Science. The contemporary attention to the policy feedback approach is both welcoming and challenging.
Conceptualization of policy feedback theory
In democracies, people’s behavior and attitude influence the future course of policies. While behavior and attitudes can be the consequence of the previous policies. In this regard, in European democracy, many countries have been facing difficulties in bringing their previous commitments. Their incentives and labor market policies and structures are constantly in flux. In this regard, there is a great deal to examine how democracies are being affected by political behavior. First, policies seldom generate their own support. Second, there exists a little reason the view that democracies cement partisan loyalties. And lastly, policy building is dependent on essentially different things. However, even when democracies pay a careful strategy and investment towards the anti-poverty program, the efforts potentially alter public opinion. In this regard, the Obama administration was noticeable by many structures that analysts argued to reduce the possibility of self-reinforced and policy generated dynamics. But one can possibly claim that it was difficult for them to legislate and allow democratic credit claiming.
Policy Feedback Approach and Contemporary Public Policy Issues
The “welfare regimes” of Esping Andersen is the most common tool for understanding the policy feedback approach. The study has intensely asked scholarships who “go beyond welfare regimes” and involves several things. The supposition of a uniform policy impact is one on point concerns. Typically, policies are targeted to a specific individual or population group. Therefore, it is important to know how an individual or specific group responds to the policy such as considering the processes generated aggregate outcomes at an individual level. Whereas the empirical application of micro-macro relationship will easily be determined along with their theoretical foundlings.
People within a democratic society encounter very different experiences while studies also conceptualize power relations are impacted by policy and institution features. This is the result of a promising approach in explaining political trust and political participation. Moreover, policy feedback principally coincides political behavior based on a survey by assuming a central role in comparative politics. Policy feedback studies proposed to deal with one dependent variable at the time usually isolate each other. Such as policies are assumed to endow individuals and groups with interests and resources. Likewise, some policies may be good at increasing perception of distributive and procedural fairness, that might shape normative policy support and evade demobilization and stigmatizing effects. Another example is the expectation and norms by adopting policies to help institutionalization.
Policy Feedback Framework and Contemporary Public Policy Issues
The contemporary public policy problem suggests the question of what makes a policy public policy issue for the society. Apart from this, it also suggests another question how would problems be solved through public response. However, public policy issues are vital to the study of policy studies, if not for the use of that there is a substantial probability for political authorities to produce policies without the appearance of problems. Such as, public policy issues occupy an important position among current theoretical approaches of public policy including Policy Feedback itself. The formulation of public policy issue is at the heart of the Policy Feedback since the evaluation of the feedbacks pursues transformative policy changes. Policy Feedback Framework undertakes that contemporary policy structure the creation of policy issues while shifting the existing policies. The ways in which people see particular subpopulations or subgroups dictate the understanding of policy issue and application of instruments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4SCsdwbm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marier 2017)","plainCitation":"(Marier 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":352,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/5GVBUY7F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/5GVBUY7F"],"itemData":{"id":352,"type":"article-journal","title":"Policy Problems","container-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","source":"oxfordre.com","abstract":"We frequently employ analogies such as a leaking roof or finishing last in a ranking to illustrate that there is a serious problem requiring attention. Unfortunately, policy realities are far more complex and less obvious since policymakers do not benefit from objective measures or clear signals akin to having water dripping over their head to indicate the presence of a problem. In fact, they face a plethora of policy actors constantly engaged in defining policy problems for them based on competing frames of references.The term “policy problems” evokes questions of what makes a social issue a policy problem, but it also raises questions regarding whether problems can actually be solved via a public response and how. Policy problems occupy a crucial role in policy studies, if not for the simple reason that political authorities are unlikely to alter or create policies without the presence of problems. As such, policy problems occupy an important place in popular theoretical frameworks frequently employed in the field of public policy. The formulation of policy problems is at the heart of the punctuated-equilibrium theory since these can result in the creation of new political coalitions seeking transformative policy change. In the social construction of target populations approach, the ways in which the public perceives particular subgroups or subpopulations dictate our understanding of policy problems and the types of instruments to deploy. Frameworks for policy feedback assume that current policies structure the formulation of policy problems along the lines of altering existing policies. In the multiple-streams theoretical framework, policy problems are part of a toolkit used to validate the use of already made solutions by policy entrepreneurs seeking the right opportunity for implementation.A thorough treatment and analysis of policy problems exist within the policy design literature. Scholars operating within this tradition have emphasized the individual characteristics of policy problems and, as importantly, how these matter when it is time to enact solutions. Characteristics of problems, such as causality and severity, are key elements in the identification and formulation of policy problems and their likelihood to feature prominently in the policy agenda of governmental actors. Additional elements, such as the divisibility of policy problems and the extent to which these problems can be monetarized, matter in assessing the possibility of enacting solutions.This raises the fundamental question of whether policy problems can actually be resolved. Mature policies are the norm in industrialized countries, and these are increasingly subject to international agreements. Consequently, there are, for example, many more interdependencies, which have led to the reemergence of wicked-problems analyses. However, a substantial number of contributions have associated complexity with wicked problems, raising questions surrounding their intrinsic qualities and the danger of conceptual stretching.","URL":"http://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-130","DOI":"10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.130","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Marier","given":"Patrik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,29]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marier). Public policy issues are part of a toolkit that is used for validation of prior developed solution for acquiring the right opportunity and its implementation.
Contemporary public policy issues are a matter of choice under constraints. But policy issues are not always constraint by material issues, some are political while others are social. It has all to do with the willingness of people and what the particular policy brings for them. On the other hand, ideational is another source of an issue. For example, why public housing complexes were dangerous places and were it a commonplace for nobody or everybody ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zyyA9H8T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011)","plainCitation":"(Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":343,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BWZHE23U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BWZHE23U"],"itemData":{"id":343,"type":"article-journal","title":"Overview Of Public Policy","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Political Science","source":"www.oxfordhandbooks.com","abstract":"This article examines a story of the limits of high ambition in policy studies and policy making. It looks at the way those limits have been appreciated and how more modest ambitions have been made. The article also examines the difficulties of modest learning and reveals some of the most basic truths: policy and policy making is mostly a matter of persuasion and policy is not only about arguing, but also about bargaining. Networked governance, choices under constraint, and democratic politics are some of the other topics covered in this article.","URL":"http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-043","DOI":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0043","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Goodin","given":"Robert E."},{"family":"Rein","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Moran","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",7,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Goodin, Rein, and Moran 2011). Among Scholarships, no one is defending, protecting or monitoring that common space. Though, more often, public policy-making is educated by “off the shelf” notions. Infrequently, new policy notions born with creative policy specialists.
Modern policy-making necessities a matter of instrumentally rational fittings from means to ends. But most often, means come prior and get applied. It does not matter what comes with the means and may remotely fit. Moreover, definite forms of means develop a "good fit" indefinite conditions. While the largest modern policy issue is by which public policy issue operates, the pure selfishness of rooted interest with adequate power to those interests in indefensible ways. In this regard, politics in contemporary democracies is finally about interest and power relationship. Indeed, public policy issues are not immutable, for one it is an issue while for another it is an opportunity.
There subsists another side of the story for those who hitherto motivated by democratic ideals: Policies change because people want them to change as they are subject to those policies. There are pressing groups for bringing reforms in those policies such as civil society, religious minorities, and gender equality. The common reason is lack of authority and to speak with authority for a public policy issue.
Conclusion
Policy study theorists have different views regarding the relationship between the stages of policy and citizens who are the target of that policy. On the other hand, many believe that citizens require protection from the government in democratic societies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QqIWiCbq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ingram and Schneider 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ingram and Schneider 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":348,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BU574HEA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/BU574HEA"],"itemData":{"id":348,"type":"chapter","title":"Conclusion: Public policy theory and democracy: The elephant in the corner","container-title":"Contemporary approaches to public policy","publisher":"Springer","page":"175–200","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Conclusion","author":[{"family":"Ingram","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Anne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ingram and Schneider, 2016). In addition, others insist on educating society so that they could express their concerns and priorities. Another framework holds that cities need to be engaged in enacting and engaging policies.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Béland, Daniel. 2010. “Reconsidering Policy Feedback: How Policies Affect Politics.” Administration & Society 42(5): 568–90.
Goodin, Robert E., Martin Rein, and Michael Moran. 2011. “Overview Of Public Policy.” The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-043 (April 8, 2019).
Ingram, Helen, and Anne Schneider. 2016. “Conclusion: Public Policy Theory and Democracy: The Elephant in the Corner.” In Contemporary Approaches to Public Policy, Springer, 175–200.
Marier, Patrik. 2017. “Policy Problems.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. http://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-130 (April 8, 2019).
Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change” eds. Gosta Esping-Andersen, Peter Hall, Douglass C. North, and Theda Skocpol. World Politics 45(4): 595–628.
Sabatier, Paul A., and Christopher M. Weible. 2014. Theories of the Policy Process. Westview Press.
