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Introduction
Power is both slippery and elusive concept in the study of Political Science. In the international system these concepts of power, authority and force can be used as a successful approach. Some scholarships, in this regard, have claimed that these concepts can be used to analyze the global phenomenon in international relations. While some have defined these concepts as a means to end, and others as military forces of the states. Hans Morgenthau, the leading supporter of power views all the politics as a struggle for power ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5ksG7HmK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holsti 1964)","plainCitation":"(Holsti 1964)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":391,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/UX93G4WT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/UX93G4WT"],"itemData":{"id":391,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations","container-title":"Background","page":"179-194","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","DOI":"10.2307/3013644","ISSN":"0361-5448","author":[{"family":"Holsti","given":"K. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1964"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Holsti 1964). He further says that human nature as an instinct to acquire power and dominate others. Once they acquired power, the next step is to use it. Now they are moving towards dominating others by creating a security dilemma. As the process of securitization and de-securitization are interlinked. Security of one state or an individual is insecurity of others.
Discussion
Morgenthau, however, failed the concept for further examination. For example, he implies that power is the major policy goals behind any political action. In this regard, Woodrow Wilson criticizes this by saying that there is a difference between ‘power politics' and other forms of power. Moreover, he further discusses the relationship between a nation's socio-political institutions and their way of conducting foreign relations. Democracies, usually do not go for use force as they have tolerance, morality, and justice. While in contemporary international politics, some scholars view power in terms of physical asset that nations keep.
Previously, the states and governments did not possess foreign policy instruments, therefore, they had to rely on the violence and use of force were the most significant tactics. But at many places, violence was the only means to influence others. While the current advancement in technology and military affairs became an alternative to the use of force. They form the alliance to counter threats.
David Lake views authority as “equal form of power as it is easier to acquire compliance by obligating others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bAi2OyCl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lake 2013)","plainCitation":"(Lake 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"itemData":{"id":388,"type":"book","title":"Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"www.oxfordscholarship.com","abstract":"Despite its central role in theories of international politics, scholars have an impoverished conception of power. Focusing almost exclusively on material capabilities and coercion, scholars ignore and even actively deny the role of political authority in relations between states. I attempt to demonstrate the importance of authority for world politics by showing how the concept makes coherent previously problematic or incomplete theories of international relations and produces new insights for future research. After distinguishing between authority and coercion as two major forms of power, I show that authority is central to variations in sovereignty, hegemonic orders, the conflict between developed and developing states, and the current debate over failed states and international trusteeship. International relations cannot be explained only by material capabilities and coercion. We need to bring authority “back in” to the study of world politics.","URL":"http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4","ISBN":"978-0-19-933329-5","language":"en_US","author":[{"family":"Lake","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lake 2013). As the actors on the global stage are bound together in a divergent relationship. Therefore, the authority has significant importance in contemporary international politics. The observation of the concepts: power, authority, and force are difficult today because finding asymmetries are hard as they are everywhere ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RF8DJWoD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hurd 1999)","plainCitation":"(Hurd 1999)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":390,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/9NWKNEBR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/9NWKNEBR"],"itemData":{"id":390,"type":"article-journal","title":"Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics","container-title":"International Organization","page":"379-408","volume":"53","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[The idea that the legitimacy of international institutions affects state behavior is increasingly common in discussions of international relations, and yet little has been said about what the term legitimacy means or how it works. This is peculiar, since legitimacy is widely cited in domestic social studies as a major reason, along with coercion and self-interest, that actors obey rules. I examine the concept of legitimacy, defined as the internalization of an external rule, as it is used in domestic studies and in international relations, and find that the existence of institutions that states accept as legitimate has important implications for theories of international relations. Using the norms of sovereign nonintervention as an illustration, I compare coercion, self-interest, and legitimacy as three motivations for rule-following by states. Self-interest and coercion, alone or together, are insufficient to sustain the pattern of behavior we recognize as the system of sovereign states. The degree of settledness of borders, especially among states of unequal power, indicates that the institution of sovereignty owes part of its persistence to the widespread acceptance by states of the norms of sovereignty as legitimate. This is important for international relations because the existence of legitimate rules signals the presence of authority, which is inconsistent with the received image of the international system as anarchic. I conclude the article by charting a course of further research into the ideas of legitimacy, authority, and anarchy.]","ISSN":"0020-8183","author":[{"family":"Hurd","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hurd 1999). Yet, power is the glue that joins ideational factors and interests with policy outcomes. On the other hand, DNI Krasner overtly rejects the assumption that the use of force can be explained by interest in terms of US involvement between two world wars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zMVUDbLk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lake 2013)","plainCitation":"(Lake 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"itemData":{"id":388,"type":"book","title":"Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"www.oxfordscholarship.com","abstract":"Despite its central role in theories of international politics, scholars have an impoverished conception of power. Focusing almost exclusively on material capabilities and coercion, scholars ignore and even actively deny the role of political authority in relations between states. I attempt to demonstrate the importance of authority for world politics by showing how the concept makes coherent previously problematic or incomplete theories of international relations and produces new insights for future research. After distinguishing between authority and coercion as two major forms of power, I show that authority is central to variations in sovereignty, hegemonic orders, the conflict between developed and developing states, and the current debate over failed states and international trusteeship. International relations cannot be explained only by material capabilities and coercion. We need to bring authority “back in” to the study of world politics.","URL":"http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4","ISBN":"978-0-19-933329-5","language":"en_US","author":[{"family":"Lake","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lake 2013). He claims that these were the sociological and historical results of the US experience. David Easton also views this interaction in sociological perspective where authorities are binding to allocate norms and values and implement these values. As the political system has no capacity to permit all the demands in the system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AlbFvdtu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans 1970)","plainCitation":"(Evans 1970)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":392,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WMMN4QX5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WMMN4QX5"],"itemData":{"id":392,"type":"article-journal","title":"Notes on David Easton's model of the political system","container-title":"Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies","page":"117-133","volume":"8","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","DOI":"10.1080/14662047008447120","ISSN":"0021-9908","author":[{"family":"Evans","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1970",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Evans 1970).
Consent, however, is different from other forms of social influence, because it involves the process of coordination and bargaining. While the use of force, coercion, and bargaining offers threats of punishment and rewards. Moreover, Krasner views ‘consent’ as a fiction and international law has been understood as the basis of consent. In addition, the international organization both expressly and implicitly based on the approach of consent. Besides, he does not reject the notion of ‘structure realism', that defines the structure as hierarchical in nature. He also did not deny the role of treaties in international politics as ‘Pareto-improving', and there are regimes that have been affecting the international system. Therefore, international law is functional only sociologically and sovereignty as a state personality as a fundamental unit of observation in this anarchic international system.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, Michael. 1970. “Notes on David Easton’s Model of the Political System.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 8(2): 117–33.
Holsti, K. J. 1964. “The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations.” Background 7(4): 179–94.
Hurd, Ian. 1999. “Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics.” International Organization 53(2): 379–408.
Lake, David A. 2013. Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4 (April 11, 2019).
