No Title

Physical Science

Name:

Student Number:

Type your answers in the space below each question. Do NOT use the internet - use ONLY the textbook to create solutions in your own words.

Answer questions #1-3 based on the following scenario.

Scientists tested the effect of a fertilizer on the growth of plants. They had 2 sets of plants, Group A which gets fertilizer, water and sun and Group B which gets only water and sun (but in equal amounts to Group A).

Explain how this scenario is a controlled experiment and identify the manipulated variable.

It is a controlled experiment because scientists have made two different groups for observation and testing.

Group A which gets fertilizer, water, and sun, it a control variable

Group B which gets only water and sun, it is an independent variable.

If the scientists only performed 1 experiment but it supported their hypothesis, why can it not be considered a theory?

Hypothesis’s validity is tested by multiple experiments that show the same results. A single experiment is not enough to prove the validity of the hypothesis. Its validity demands repeatability and precision in results. A successful hypothesis then takes its voyage of becoming a theory.

The graph below was created showing the growth of the plant. How would you know that the y-axis is measuring the growth of the plant?

As time is independent quantity in this graph, so it will be placed in the x-axis of the graph. On the other hand, the growth of the plant is dependent on time, so it will be placed in the y-axis of the graph.

4. You make the following measurements of an object: 42 kg and 22 m3. What would the object’s density be? Show your work for credit and include final units.Given data:

Mass of an object= 42kg

Volume of an object= 22 m3

Formula:

Density of an object = Mass/VolumeSolution:

Density of an object = 42 kg / 22 m3

Density of an object = 2kgm-3

5. Explain why a chlorinated swimming pool water would be a homogenous mixture?

The chlorinated swimming pool will be a homogeneous mixture because it will have a uniform composition throughout. On visually seeing, we won’t be able to tell chlorine (solute) and water (solvent) apart.

6. Both slicing a tomato and a chemical change such as burning toast cannot be reversed. However, why is slicing a tomato still considered only a physical change? When we burn toast, it's physical, as well as its chemical nature is changed. But when the tomato is cut, only physical aspects are changed such unity or wholeness, and shape, etc. but the chemical composition of the tomato remains the same that is why it is considered as a physical change only.

7. If an ice cube melts at 0oC, but water also freezes at 0oC, what is the difference between melting and freezing in terms of (a) the energy involved in the phase changes and (b) particles of the substances during the phase changes?

Answer: (a) When the ice cube melts at 00C that means energy is being provided/absorbed, the kinetic energy of the molecules of the solid will go on increasing and they will start vibrating at their mean positions unless their kinetic energy will get high enough to increase intermolecular forces between them and ice will change its state into liquid. On the other hand, when water freezes at 00C that means that kinetic energy of the molecules is dropping, they become motionless, come close to each other by lessening intermolecular forces and align themselves in geometrical alignment.

(b) In melting, particles of H2O start vibrating at their mean position and their kinetic energy goes on increasing which increases intermolecular space between them, and they become able to move.

On the other hand, in freezing, energy is released by the water and low kinetic energy become responsible for the immobility of the molecules, and they come close to each other and align themselves geometrically.

For questions #8 – 9 use the following pictures:

B. C.

8. Which picture(s) would best represent atoms in the gas of a neon sign? Explain why.

It picture “B.” As the molecules are far apart from each other, moving here and there and colliding which is clearly a property of the gas.

9. Which picture(s) would best represent a rock? Explain why.

Picture C, as molecules are closely packed, motionless and aligned in a geometrical shape which represents the properties of a solid.

10. If measurements of a gas are 75L and 300 kilopascals and then the gas is measured a second time and found to be 50L, describe what had to happen to the pressure (if temperature remained constant). Include which law supports this observation.

Boyle’s law supports this observation as it describes the relation between pressure P and Volume V. V∝1/PPV = k (constant) Boyle's law states that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional to each other if the temperature is kept constant. It means if the pressure is increased, the volume of the gas will be decreased and vice versa. CalculationsGiven Data:

P1= 300 kPa

V1 = 75 L

V2 = 50 L

Formula: P1VI = P2V2

P2 = P1V1/V2

By putting values:

P2 = 75*300/50

P2 = 450 kPa

Increase in pressure decreases the volume.

11. Which statement matches the scientists to their research on atomic theory?

a. Dalton used gold foil; Bohr made the planetary model of atoms

b. Thomson used gold foil; Dalton believed atoms had no internal structure

c. Rutherford used gold foil; Thomson discovered electrons

d. Rutherford discovered electrons; Thomson made the planetary model of atoms

(c) Rutherford used gold foil; Thomson discovered electrons.

For question #12, use the following picture:

12. What element is this? How do you know?

Answer: This element is Helium which is a noble gas because it has: Number protons = 2

So,

Atomic number = 2

Number of neutrons = 2So, Atomic mass = Number of protons + number of neutrons = 2+2 = 4

And 2 electrons in valence shell which are fulfilling the duplet rule.

For question #13, use the following picture:

13. The picture is a model of a nitrogen atom. What is incorrect about the atomic orbital arrangement of electrons in this model and how should they be arranged? Mentioned model of the Nitrogen atom is incorrect because of its arrangement of electrons in orbits.

Its placements need to be done in 2 orbits. As there is space of only 2 electrons in K shell (the first shell that is nearest to the nucleus), so 2 electrons will be placed in the first orbit. In L shell (second shell from the nucleus) maximum 8 electrons can be added in it, so remaining 5 electrons will be added in L shell.

For questions #14 – 17, write an equation for the reaction of magnesium chloride and sodium oxide to produce magnesium oxide with sodium chloride.

14. Show the formulas of the reactants.

Magnesium chloride = MgCl2Sodium Oxide = Na2O

15. Show the formulas of the products.

Magnesium Oxide = MgO

Sodium Chloride = NaCl

16. Write the balanced the equation for this reaction.

Balanced equation: MgCl2 + Na2O → MgO + 2NaCl

17. What type of chemical reaction is this? How do you know?

The reaction is double displacement reaction. As the negatively charged anions and positively charged cations switch their places to form products.

18. When is an atom unlikely to react and form chemical bonds?

When an atom has enough electrons in its outer most shell to fulfill its duplet and octet rule, and it has attained the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, atom gains stability and is unlikely to react and form chemical bonds.

19. What is the order of the types of nuclear radiation from lowest to highest energy?

Alpha particles <Beta particles <Gamma particles.

20. Which statement is false? Rewrite it so that it is true.

a. Fusion involves the combination of two smaller atoms into a larger atom.

b. Fission involves the splitting of an atom into smaller atoms.

c. Fission and fusion are two processes that release very little amounts of energy.

Statement “c” is false. Rewriting it as: Fission and fusion both are the processes that release a massive amount of energy.

21. What naturally occurring radioisotope is used as the fuel for a nuclear reactor?

Uranium-235 is a naturally occurring radioisotope that is used as the fuel for a nuclear reactor.

22. Magnesium oxide is a binary ionic compound. From its formula, MgO, how do you know that Mg is the metal?

MgO is an oxide. Oxides are those chemical compounds that house at least one atom of oxygen and one atom of another element. The oxidation number of oxygen in oxides us -2. Similarly, in MgO, the oxidation number of Mg is +2 and Oxygen is -2.

When we write formulas of binary ionic compound metal is always written first because of its positive oxidation number.

23. On the periodic table, there are two numbers in the block for the element potassium, K: 19 and 39.098. What are the names of the numbers and what do they measure?

These numbers measure the atomic number, and the atomic mass of potassium K. 19 represents the atomic number of potassium and 39.098 represents the atomic mass of potassium.

24. Element X has five valence electrons, element Y has one valence electron, and element Z has one valence electron. Which two of these elements are most likely to have similar properties? Explain your answer.

Y and Z have similar properties as both elements are of the same group. Elements in a group share similar properties because of the similar number of electron in the outer most shell — for example, sodium and potassium.

PHY101

Physics

Physics

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Physics

Introduction

In order to speed up the process of data acquisition, several coils are used in parallel instead of a single coil system. Employing several parallels and independent coil receiving elements reduce the steps of phase-encoding. Thus, spatial encoding to a certain amount that was originally achieved by gradients for phase encoding is now incorporated using data evaluation from multi-coil elements with sensitivity profiles of spatially different coils. In this process, a reduction in steps of phase encoding is achieved by sample density Δk reduction in k space1. Reduction of raw data can have a factor between 2 to 6 and can be typically achieved by employing parallel imaging in the same direction that is a combination of densities emanating from reduced sampling in two directions of phase encoding which is possible in 3D MRI that helps in reducing higher numbers of factors. The reduction of maximum factors is bound by MRI system separate receiver channels. One of the main in the parallel imaging is the introduction of the techniques such as SENSE (sensitivity encoding) and SMASH (simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics). In these sort of techniques, the position that is unique which arises from each tissue signal is both encoded by using the encoding of the traditional gradient (k-space) as well as using simultaneously coils from multiple receivers. By employing this, field of view (FOV) effective reduction is possible using each coil for the acquisition of data that reduces the rate requirement for Nyquist sampling of the k-space. SMASH and SENSE currently are the most parallel imaging prevalent techniques. Although both techniques employ receiver coil position in reference to signal to encode for the patients, SMASH generates directly the k-space missing lines before use of the FFT that is used in final image reconstruction. SENSE, on the other hand, uses the sensitivity profile of the receiver coil to do the same operation in space image after each coil recorded undersampled data is reconstructed into the aliased image2. In GRAPPA sampling only a small number of steps of phase-encoding is employed. All these techniques are used to aim at compromising the best way in minimizing artefacts of localized image and noise of the image.

End Notes

Griswold, M. (2005). U.S. Patent No. 6,841,998. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Sharif, B., & Bresler, Y. (2006, April). Optimal multi-channel time-sequential acquisition in dynamic MRI with parallel coils. In 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Nano to Macro, 2006. (pp. 45-48). IEEE.

Physics Of Ice Melting

GIFg bjbj 7(XvXvF@ 8X 0Z2

08

0

BB

Bt

B

Students Name

Course Title

Instructors Name

Date

Melting is the process of changing state from solid to liquid due to change in temperature. Ice melting is the process in which solid water called ice turns its state into liquid. The melting point of substances is the constant temperature at which pure solid substances change into a liquid. The alteration of state from liquid to solid is called freezing or solidification. Sometimes called casting. The freezing temperatures and melting temperatures of pure substances are equal (Ice Cubes Melting Process). Mostly freezing always cause a contraction in substances and melting causes expansion. In this case, water is an exception because the melting of ice leads to contraction and freezing of water to ice leads to expansion. The reason as to why ice always floats on water is because the density of water is maximum at 4 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, water is at its minimum volume.

The diagram below shows the physical changes during the process of ice melting.

INCLUDEPICTURE https//i0.wp.com/www.miniphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/heating-curve.jpgresize3002C171ssl1 MERGEFORMAT

During the melting of the ice as a result of an increase in temperature, the particles of the ice absorb heat energy which is then converted into kinetic energy. The vibration of the ice particles increases as a result of an increase in the kinetic energy of the particles. When the ice particle has gained enough energy to overcome attractive forces between the particles, the ice begins to melt. At this point, there is no gain of temperature as the temperature that had been gained is used in melting hence the temperature is constant. The absorbed heat is as well used to weaken the forces of attraction between the particles and not the kinetic energy of the ice particles. This makes the particles to start moving away due to weak bonds and hence liquid is formed.

The melting point of ice can be altered by the addition of impurities and increase in pressure. Addition of impurities to ice reduces the melting point of ice while the application of pressure on ice lowers the melting point of ice. In cold countries, salt is added in the roads during the winter season to reduce the melting points of ice. To accelerate the melting of ice, its freezing point has to be lowered by sprinkling salt on the ice, and this will make it melt at lower temperatures than the normal. This is because pure solid ice contains only water and ice which are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. At the melting-freezing point of 0 degrees Celsius, the balance between the melting and freezing point can be preserved unless there is a change in condition that favors one of the processes. Therefore, the addition of salt alters the conditions of the processes because the molecules of the salt dissolve in the water part of the ice and do not easily pack into the cluster of the solid particles (Melting and Solidification Learn Physics Online). The rate of freezing consequently drops as a result of an imbalance between the water molecules and the ice. This is because the water molecules are fewer on the side of the liquid because it had been substituted with salt.

Some of the energy transformation during melting of ice include uptake and release of heat energy which in turn results in a change in the physical state of the ice. A slight increase in temperature more than 0 degrees Celsius makes the ice to start to melt. This is because the ice particles engross energy that makes its particles acquire energy to enable them to overcome the force holding them together, and hence they start to move away from each other. The distance of particles in liquids is smaller than those of solid. The liquid particles do not have a regular shape as those of solid, and they also slide past each other and this what happens when the solid ice changes into a liquid. Solid ice takes a minor area than when it melts because, when it melts, the compact atoms spread out taking extra space.

In conclusion, the melting of ice involves various energy transformation and physical changes. A slight change in temperature can trigger the melting of ice to take place.

Works Cited

Ice Cubes Melting Process.Sciencing. N.p., n.d. Web. 7May2019.

Melting and Solidification Learn Physics Online.Mini Physics. N.p., n.d. Web. 7May2019.

Surname PAGE MERGEFORMAT 4

Surname 1

45 3 4 unuuLh.hCJOJQJaJh.h7CJOJQJaJjh.hDuCJOJQJUaJh.hEjh.hEUh.htzCJOJQJaJh.hCJOJQJaJh.h.CJOJQJaJh.hCcCJOJQJaJ-h.h1CJOJQJaJfHq h.h_LCJOJQJaJh.hCJOJQJaJh.h1CJOJQJaJ/4d-DM gd1d-DM agd1dgd1dgdDudgd1 6V7PvvqbqbqbqbSqh.h.CJOJQJaJh.hdCJOJQJaJh.h

CJOJQJaJh.hp@CJOJQJaJh.hCJOJQJaJh.hCJOJQJaJ-h.h1CJOJQJaJfHq h.hCJOJQJaJh.hCJOJQJaJh.htzCJOJQJaJh.hSCJOJQJaJEFGIJLMOPRYZrssgTsTjh1h1CJOJQJUaJh1CJOJQJaJh1h1CJOJQJaJhEjhEUh.h16CJOJPJQJaJ h.hYHCJOJPJQJaJ h.h1CJOJPJQJaJh.h1CJOJQJaJh.h.CJOJQJaJh.h

CJOJQJaJh.hLCJOJQJaJEFHIKLNOQRvwa dgd1dgd1H0d-DM H0gd1d-DM agd1d-DM gd1stuvwxzh.h1CJOJQJaJh1CJOJQJaJhEh1h1h1CJOJQJaJ3jh1h1CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhOCJOJQJaJmHnHu wxdgd15 01hp1/ DdNa 2 SA https//i0.wp.com/www.miniphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/heating-curve.jpgresize3002C171ssl1heating-curveRS G@KWu_/ DF G@KWu_JFIFddC 

C ,QX(mZgp@C-)TR@)79 (oGUh57S0RDVovXW66MrN11c11YCeptMlEZ4nrt(i3k.59F.U,l6jysQ5nfha4r8v)Vfg@sJ(bcYrMP4ePk Yy5nrte)Z-cEv5Yskpb UP9FRi1bvQCi8d7yCx1(OqTje@JRtsNDs@NDs@L@snQsNx. 02713@APQUG41ccTv7vS3HCs/TP4uEv8_gbbKFc/YtoDAWRSJxtJ 87K0_CUB

@pWVPLzfN2eteRwLI3yo7fLIo2g 1mI9lGphnvC/kx)

8 dLMalLnY8( 4c(7RW bu7r5FX3Zz3Gz

7UrnjRR9CFIfcnH@ DOV7_fl6ffl6XVk7-dD- J1dugl5_w@M/_Nb,ug03tQX@GRsgzY96IFkbb0rX5nHy2yYZSbzhjZFE43/CxTaAYOpha)6hSsiMsinOpFImYe.kSkkkkT ,kTAL6201@AR PQTOSrPU6JUJKhfrZUOV6qwj9lzm_QvO

021Q A@R)C7C1foHhm6x@l1QPbff2bofgIYnn)SDr 2/v.jS3HcAYrfGIX)cG 1234AQq 0@atBRbCPSrraGX5I9NB_z_ETa4As1dUK)Uj@PyXQwEm6SaHVDOfY.i4KWKNO8vpkI-5. hRdACL)F4o0m 0,La37tOOh

4kXAbf0W( up_YlSU.21lk2eDofE,qTb8Lx79srIzK_QL/iNoo)fgkiBl/mqI/.2ZP2Mk6fwgHiD6Wtvr1CejIAkxbf1,sLs sN6Cqib-z M0-r),1zqOp

X.b8unuGbAcotG_)/JHj98Y2P @O69ASMSh@qbJf)koWC lvO_tajf1Khda-k

9_mqdgO2aUGQijnG4IEM(xKJ2

GNIOsdOaK

U8ZmSi9X6k8eIue16V2npeSI0F5P SJvv1.h3FN Sc/WG 8U2eBX@u7eC3j8/Z6x.)xMjKM) AI aGv6KYIOR

r4,8AD1Q6ONn8dz BCgP(XGLUks@SI30lm5)e/yjKTSKM(ylxciJVsFzYIOnv_G94b,A3-(

jvhybd, _MABu@O30Ur(yyaeIzrVWc3lmg

08ZXU,87@X.fu1p4VYmXD4JXF/P/2yXf18Fb3oTKrO3WMO,9R__M-4DNotyMK gjhM4o8lxc_8lxZ4o7SEuxxcxCqvi4o7SFgjhS2lqrLAi

qY@tTb9nNT1AQ aq0@PP4PBVMDfj2fh9f4wQ2Q VfyKK(h-PpTpRq,h(BE3KX AtSP)r/HX28/M_,QE@QEqqJPiWR-6ttuk@g,e _E M fm3@f1GWP BcA,( k1a@08fpPo8-(@LJ7/4 VJ_jTTkW hA3I01ZPfpa5ZphTsEl((4Yl)iO0,1Kxu5

(D@0 r@X_72j5ndpgkLhCcczw9T04)h EEDQ p6@B4bI)fYX7t .FCP R1X0f) _8mXuxH5Lw5A0CNbTpJmB72)ZNXeSDP Q UQ

Z S6 1R,XJB QiX.B5 IYi 1mBMSeR)HJTSSa(2a h.5FTjJ2E5bG0eo

J3zEab0y0psPGxt ( p8KNX6X, N7fj,RG eCRq3T6J(@ J)Sa(eFJ,GEY1A.ejio3tWf4k3Jysfqh3@brf5crOh3@f

O2lep2a3U-O2@8 KX0/@tP@03PC4jbTX z 10OC10A@aq QK(5 uKXTDZd))7uwUkA7t(nfg)EO 01QAaq @vh9Q(,CC,.PLa8ufPmJaE@uynh2KsL(It

XiSvH2

uILp8 I1d _1AQa q0@PK-Pu iZYg)v1ri@6_.@9Bb_dAYn//UBRC5iB6aGyCjrnd AIh50sK9i@zAStk0 KN F X0X(o6vt522p

2f4d LXWpN1p,@X6gv)@hJai-.C3SF/,)m n-PoZPxoiTBn24L_PMZr1yN

Y,7UvhqquDZVYx@q Ax(p

G )iA@jtTW177NHjbQr2g_cXC3C/S0 -Y

u

UiH(/h

7s ZXouNBzf6y,lMiV_,D d

Xd2iYk(ss@65e 9MAyvaDxL6Dgx Lb,NkIzOi8 E0CE)GFJP i7m D ugqdY1ukrX

8SUJ B,qb5wTBE.wR-

Jba(AUe /,PqPkZLtigg/bSa.lnwwJuV9MwtmVrc.3mFTla(sXLEJPLqTKN095.F5.-WLwfDAi@Eyy(RimKC_o.GSyU CWrul4f opmg VAQhD5(tXCPfK3/aajSwrarEEfF4E9PZ1(@@QFc8btO

Cu O/L2i8Y(B56/,ETlkVi

j3eY,Vb ccrdqQgyxC1BN@T7/.k7V,OMB X_( tenztq (PH @aijKs,xsv j5tTCEUr9 s666666666vvvvvvvvv6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666p626FVfv2(6FVfv6FVfv6FVfv6FVfv6FVfv6FVfv8XV 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ OJPJQJ_HmH nH sH tH JJNormaldCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA D

Default Paragraph FontRiR

0Table Normal4 l4a(k (

0No ListTT1cpformatdddCJOJPJQJaJ.X .1@Emphasis64@410Header

H6/610Header CharCJaJ4 2410Footer

H6/A610Footer CharCJaJPKContent_Types.xmlN0EH-J@ULTB l,3rJBG7OVa(7IRpgLr85vuQ8CX6NJCFB..YTe55 _g -Yl6NPK6_rels/.relsj0Qv/C/(hO Chvxp_P1H0ORBdJE4bq_6LR70O,En7Lib/SePKkytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlM @w7c(EbCA7K

Y,

e.,H,lxIsQ ,jGW)E 8PKRtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYF/lMBql4F3 iCCiH/6MwFcd

4IsNXp xpop,

we.pC0pm 8MQoDBF1vtp.4IPaQ4qm0qnAy0bfULlRJ3TlNS)a)Cv.xys@oE@)xRe_-4PHI.rm3g--PP

Yu),j-BXRH8@I7E10(2O4kLEzqO2POuz_gx7svnB2,E3p9GQd H

xuv  0F,FKsO3wvfSVbsyX p5veuw 1z@ l,ib

IjZ29LZ15xl.(zmd@23ln-@iDtd6lB63yy@tHjpUyeXry3sFXI

O5YYS.7bdn671.

tn/w/t6PssL.JiN AI)t2Lmx(-ixQCJuWlQyI@

m2DBAR4 wnaQ

W0xBdT/.3-FbYLKK6HhfPQh)GBms_CZys

v@c)h7JicFS.NP

eI Q@cpaAV.9HdHVXAYrApxSL93U5U

NC(pu@d4)t9M4WP5flk_X-CwTB Y,

AoYezxTVOlp

/gTpJ

EG,

AozAryerb/Ch,Eoo.

YgJW____RVW/79AkWjZuk y_Zklc,bUvPK

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0woo5

6Q

,.aic21hqm@RNdo7gK(MR(.1rJT8VAHubP8g/QAs(LPK-Content_Types.xmlPK-60_rels/.relsPK-kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-Rtheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneyes

aclrMap xmlnsahttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main bg1lt1 tx1dk1 bg2lt2 tx2dk2 accent1accent1 accent2accent2 accent3accent3 accent4accent4 accent5accent5 accent6accent6 hlinkhlink folHlinkfolHlink/( 222Bs

wC,.B8@0( B S ),/3FHIKLNOQR),FHIKLNOQR33vEFZustzdp@EnIOSCcDu_LYHL.B71

FH@@UnknownGAx Times New Roman5Symbol3.Cx Arial7.@CalibriABCambria Math1huGuG4JP P_L2xxhphpOh0t 0

HTdlhpNormalhp2Microsoft Office Word@F@@l)@l).,D.,,hp

TitleT 8@_PID_HLINKSAZjhttps//i0.wp.com/www.miniphysics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/heating-curve.jpgresize3002C171ssl1 

(),-./012345789@ABCDEHRoot Entry FJData 1TableBWordDocument7(SummaryInformation(6DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjr F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q

Richard Feynman

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Richard Feynman

Introduction

An American theoretical physicist named Richard Feynman was an astoundingly familiar personality in the nineties and was the first to have discovered the quantum electrodynamics theory. He was also a Noble Prize winner due to his discovery on the quantum electrodynamics. Moreover, he was the first one to have developed the atomic bomb for the United States (Rhodes, n.p). Feynman has been a physicist most of his life and wrote two significant books about his accomplishments. Although, he was known to have a sexist personality and less regard for women his relationship with his wife, Arline was beyond magically. He had a playful personality as he liked tinkering with gadgets to discover something new. He loves telling stories about science and astrodynamics. His golden years were far more significant as he developed some truly extraordinary methods for calculating interactions in particle physics. He introduced two quantum mechanics and path integrals which quickly became advanced methods.

Discussion

Identification

His work has majorly consisted with theoretical physics which involved superfluids, gravitation, protons and neutrons, superconductivity, and partons. His hobby of tinkering with things until he reached into discovering something new was prominently visible. His proposal for quantum computing was very well known. He was a renowned lecturer who gave many students lectures at universities and seminars. The people who knew him intimately see that he had an agile mind with so much to influence. He taught most of his lectures at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) where students used to interact with him and learn. He always had a tendency never to provide solutions and either check the intellectuality of students. Thus, that s what made him a significantly separate and master lecturer then other educators and scientists. All of his lectures and work have been slightly introduced to students throughout the years, even after his death.

He had such amazing problem-solving tools which would acquire him to achieve almost anything in the scientific matter. He was recruited as the staff member of the U.S. atomic bomb commission and became a leader in the theoretical leader in the Manhattan Project. His job in the nuclear commission was to assess the amount of nuclear computation required when observing a detonation of the atomic bomb (Feynman, n.p). Although, he was not satisfied with his invention afterward when he realized what catastrophe his invention could bring on the world. He had five significant achievements throughout his life. The prominent one was correcting the formula of quantum electrodynamics theory, introducing simple diagrams, explain the behavior of liquid helium, the theory of weak force, and high energy velocity (Feynman, pp. 9). He was outstandingly intellectual and transcendent with his bold and colorful min. He could bring about any idea from thin air and present it as a critical discovery.

Conclusion

The aforementioned biography on the legendary physicist named Richard Feynman helped to understand his core attributes and contributions to the American astrophysics society. Even after his death, he became widely known for his scientific contributions, and the two titles he wrote. His technical accomplishments far exceed any other particular's accomplishments as he explained relativity and physics through an exceptional position. His biography urges readers to have an open mind about exploration, discovery, and science in particular. He inspired people to become intellectuals in their fields and jump across the boundary which holds us limited. Many educators in the institutions he taught still remember his lectures and contributions that he made to the schools. Students recognize his ways by expanding their personal experience on how he used to have such a significant influence on them.

Works Cited

Feynman, Richard P. "Interaction of Light with Matter–Quantum Electrodynamics." Quantum Electrodynamics. CRC Press, 2018. 3-22.

Feynman, Richard P. Feynman lectures on computation. CRC Press, 2018.

Rhodes, Richard. The twilight of the bombs. Books on Tape, 2010.

The Force Table

The force table

Student’s Name

Instructor

Course Code

Date

Abstract

The main purpose of the experiment is to obtain understanding of sector addition. This lab report put a lot of focus on analyzing difference forces to investigate the concept of vector and equilibrium. This is done by using the Force Table and different masses and three different experiments to get more complexity with the goal of getting necessary vector. In this lab experiment, vector addition was examined using a force table. In order to examine the vector addition, the equilibrant force was determined to balance other forces. However, in the real world application of vector addition, for example football players, and a GPS, the vector is applied for navigation form one point to another location, and creating of balance. It is therefore; important to point out that force table plays essential role in navigation of people hence it facilitates various activities in the real world.

Background

The vector quantities are regarded as physical quantities which are both direction and magnitude. Good examples vector quantities are the people playing football and the wind velocity. The wind can blow to any direction, at a certain speed.

EQUIPMENT & OUTLINE

Equipment

The equipments which are used to conduct the experiment are as listed below on the table

In Kit – Return to Kit!

In Drawer – Return to Drawer!

Available in the Lab

4x Force Table Pulleys

Protractor

Digital Scale

Rings & Strings

Compasses

Tables of Alloy Densities

3x Force Table Legs

Rulers

Triple Beam Balance

4x 50-gram Mass Hangers

Masses

Force Table Top

Torpedo Level

Center Pin

OUTLINE

Part A: Components of a Vector

In order to complete this experiment, a force table and the concept of equilibrium was used to demonstrate that a vector can be broken into component vectors.

Part B and C: Adding Two Vectors The algebra and geometry were used to calculate two vectors and then the force table was used to verify the experimental result. According to the setup of the experment vectors are the combination of direction and magnitude and therefore, they cannot be added the same scalars are added. Their direction must account and the magnitude as well. This can be done well using geometric and more proficiently by the use of algebraic method.

Setup

The force table was built using three legs and four pulleys (A through D) where the pulley was attached and tightened below not above the force table. After that, the center pin was inserted into the force table top. The feet located at the end of the legs of the table were then adjusted so that force table is level to the ground. The complete set of rings and strings was then weighed. The rings and strings were not dissemble and were also not allowed to entangle. The average mass was then calculated by dividing the set’s total by five (5) and the rounded to the nearest gram. In the experiment we ignored the mass of the string as its contribution is negligible. However, we included the large, central ring increases the average mass of a ring.

Diagram 1: Experiment table

PROCEDURES

In this laboratory experiment, different vectors and force table exercise was conducted in order to determine the impact of vector addition. An interaction task was performed where by the vector was manipulated to show that the wind speed was traveling at a speed of 10 mph and was going to the northeast direction. This was used to represent the force of magnitudes and this was done to achieve the addition of vector graphically. The answer was obtained by making the vector 45 degree north of east, while keeping the speed at 10 mph. In the second exercise the sensitivity of the force table. The arrangement was done where two pulley system were arranged at different angles 1 at 0 degree and the second one at 180 degree. In the pan 1 and 2, 50 grams we placed and then weight was continuously added to the second pan. In the part B, 80 grams to a 50-gram mass hanger & hang was added at 45 degree. Again 130 grams to a 50-gram mass hanger & hang was also added at 150 degree. And then it was called F2 & F3 respectively.

The weight was added continuously to pan 2 in order to determine the maximum mass which is required to get equilibrium.

RESULTS

Experiment 3: Obtaining a function

Angle

Mass of the pan system

10

215

15

210

20

200

25

198

30

195

35

180

40

175

45

169

50

160

55

155

60

140

65

90

70

85

75

70

80

60

85

45

Diagram 3: Resultant vs. Equilibrant

Conclusion

We managed to complete the experiment and the whole process was a great experience. We keep tightening the pan because the string kept tangled. But we figured out how to hold the force table so that it can rotate without interfering with tangling to provide accurate vectors. Calculation done in lab based on my data for experiment three indicates that the angle increases 5 to 80 degrees. It therefore, means that less mass is required to be used in pan 3 in the pulley system to get to the equilibrium. Furthermore, for the purpose of experiment one, it was discovered that the sensitivity of the instrument is 107 g. In the lab experiment two, applying the numbers which were generated for the two directions and masses, the system was set up for these values for success calculation and drawing of graphs. We discovered that 70g were required for pan 3 to be able to balance the system. For the success of experiment four the mass for A, B and C generated was use to decide on the absolute value of the y and x component. However, in vector D, we obtained 425.098 for the y component and 101.08 for the x component. It is also important to point that there could be some error obtained in the experiment. First, we could have simply used some wrong amount of grams on the pans. It could also be possible that we turned the pans wrongly or to a wrong degree which gave a different or wrong information. Nevertheless, it is in my belief that I have acquired an outstanding knowledge and understanding of vector addition and force tables as well at the end of the experiment.

Topics

(There are three different styles of rock deformation: brittle, ductile, and elastic. Can you identify various common objects (e.g., foods) that show these styles of deformation? The chocolate bar shows brittle property i.e. hard but can be broken in pieces. A chewing gum can be ductile i.e. can be stretched. While a rubber band is an example of elastic.)(The lithospheric plates move around the surface of the Earth, but the surface area of the Earth has not changed over geological time. If a new spreading center (divergent plate boundary) were to develop, what other plate changes might also occur at the same time? In case of new spreading centre, the temperature of the surface of the plates needs to be high. This will also lead to deep earthquakes and tremors.)(Ancient mythological and religious tales often ascribe catastrophic events to the anger of God or the gods. Do you think any of these catastrophes might actually be natural events? Which ones?. I believe that almost all of these catastrophes are natural events occurring because of natural causes. For instance, the flash floods are caused by extreme rain on surface with poor absorption.)(Waves are discussed in the context of earthquakes and music. Identify other wave phenomena with which you are familiar, and describe the wavelength and frequency ranges characteristic of these phenomena. Waves occur because of obstructions as well. For instance, in a river the presence of a boulder makes waves around it. The frequency and wavelength of the waves depend on the size of boulder and flow of water.)(If you had to evaluate a novel method for short-term earthquake prediction, what criteria would you use? In other words, how well or poorly should the method perform before you judge it a reliable method or a failed method. Observing the tectonic movements, specially around fault lines can help predict or identify the high-risk areas because of earthquakes. I believe that this method can be accurate to a certain level.)(Which would be the better of the following two bad scenarios for Los Angeles: a magnitude 6 earthquake on the Newport-Inglewood fault running through the heart of downtown Los Angeles, or the “Big One,” a magnitude 8 earthquake rupturing all of the southern San Andreas, but occurring more than 50 km from the city center? Why?. The first scenario will have more casualties and damage of urban infrastructure as the earthquake will hit the high population and developed areas. While the second case might not have much urban damage.)(You are an urban planner for the city of Seattle. What information would you need in order to plan for safe future growth of the city? What criteria would you use to decide whether development should be encouraged or restricted in a particular area of the city?. As an urban planner, my focus will be on the strength of the surface to withstand the development of high rise building and the behaviour of the surrounding water bodies. Overloading the construction can lead to greater damage in future.)

Turning Greenhouse Gasses Into Fuel

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Physics]

[Date]

Turning Greenhouse Gasses into Fuel

Introduction

In the modern industrialized world, climate change is a serious issue due to the high prevalence of global warming. Burning of fossils fuel leads towards the excessive emission of greenhouse gases that are polluting the overall atmosphere. Majority of scientists and politicians strongly believe that greenhouse gases are the major reason behind global warming and climate change. However, some politicians are not willing to accept that human-induced changes are the leading factor in climate change. In order to combat the entire scenario of climate change, researchers at Rice University are developing a catalytic reactor to use emitted greenhouse gases in an effective manner. Here, the focus is to evaluate the work of Rice University’s researchers to turn greenhouse gasses into fuel.

Discussion

The catalytic reactor produced by the researchers of Rice University uses greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide as its feedstock. The basic purpose of this catalytic reactor is to re-purposes carbon dioxide as purified formic acid (Srinivasn para 2). Researchers have developed a solid-state electrolyte and a two-dimensional bismuth catalyst. In order to overcome the issue of salty water due to the production of formic acid, these solid electrolytes are used. Sulfonic acid ligands are used to coat the solid electrolyte that stabilizes the catalyst. It is notable to mention that the reactor takes less time in order to introduce water in the product chamber, which makes it more efficient and concentrated. It has been observed with the help of X-ray absorption spectroscopy that the reactor has the potential to run continuously for more than 4 days, which indicates its effectiveness (ScienceDaily para 13).

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the development of catalytic reactor by the researchers of Rice University demonstrates promising results regarding the conversion of greenhouse gases into fuel. The presented proposal by the researchers of Rice University justifies itself with the help of various principles of physics such as the use of solid electrolyte to overcome the issue of salty water during the entire reaction. Efficient shreds of evidence of prototype make it a potential source to overcome the issue of climate change and atmospheric pollution.

Works Cited

Rice University. (2019). "Reactor turns greenhouse gas into pure liquid fuel: Lab's 'green' invention reduces carbon dioxide into valuable fuels." ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190903084035.htm

Srinivasan, Ashwin. (2019). Turning greenhouse gas into fuel. Thetartan.org. from http://thetartan.org/2019/9/9/scitech/greenhouse-fuel

Unit 5 Project: Modern Physics

Student Name:

Roll Number:

Subject:

University Name:

Modern Physics

Part A

When a quarter, a nickel, a penny, and a dime are spun on a tabletop, what characteristics allow you to identify the type of spinning coin?

The time is taken by the coin, sound produced by the coin, the area of spinning taken by the coin.

The average mass of an atom of an element is known as ?

Atomic Mass of the Element

The currently accepted model of the atom is that of ?

Schrodinger and Heisenberg Model

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the nucleus are known as ?

Isotopes

The smallest particle of an element which can take part in chemical reactions and may or may not exist independently is the .

Atom

Part B

Based on Thomson’s Plum Pudding model, how did Rutherford expect the alpha particles to behave when he shot them at the gold atoms?

Rutherford expected the alpha particles will pass out from the gold foil without any disturbance.

Why did he expect this?

It was expected because the atom was considered to consist of positive and negative charges. The negative charges are stuck in positive charges according to the Plum Pudding Theory.

What did he observe instead?

Rutherford observed that the majority of the α-particles passed out from the gold foil. While few reflective and refracted at different angles.

Based on his observations, what inference did Rutherford make about the distribution of positive charge in the atom?

The atom has a dense tiny center with a positive charge. It also consists of large empty spaces.

Work Cited

Hentschel, Klaus. "Atomic Models, JJ Thomson's “Plum Pudding” Model." Compendium of Quantum Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009. 18-21.

Heilbron, John L. "Rutherford–Bohr atom." American Journal of Physics 49.3 (1981): 223-231.

Model, Plum Pudding, and Discrete Charge Dielectric DCD Model. "Modernizing Electrostatics: 111 Years of Plum Pudding Atoms."

X-ray Spectra And Medical Uses Of X-rays

X-RAY SPECTRA AND MEDICAL USES OF X-RAYS

by

John Buckmaster

(Class)

(Name of Professor)

(University)

Characteristic X-rays

Characteristic X-rays correspond to the type of X-rays which are emitted when the vacancy of the inner shell of an atom is filled by the outer shell electrons. The X-rays released during this process are such that they are characteristic to each of the elements. These rays are produced when high energy particles, such as photons i.e. ions or electrons, are bombarded with particles of higher energy. When an electron, which is bound in an atom, is struck by an incident particle, there is an ejection of the target electron from the atom’s inner shells. After the ejection of the electrons, the atom is left with a vacant energy level, which is also called the core hole. The electrons of the outer-shells fall in the inner shells, which emits the quantized photons with the energy levels which are equivalent to the difference in energy between the lower and higher states. Different set of energy levels are constituted by every element, hence the transitioning to the lower from higher energy levels produce the X-rays with the frequencies which are characteristic to every element ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YWSbmt0A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Campbell {\\i{}et al.}, 1985)","plainCitation":"(Campbell et al., 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":381,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PwL0F8bO/items/QYR7D7GG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PwL0F8bO/items/QYR7D7GG"],"itemData":{"id":381,"type":"article-journal","title":"Analytic fitting of monoenergetic peaks from Si (Li) X-ray spectrometers","container-title":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","page":"71-79","volume":"9","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Campbell","given":"J. L."},{"family":"Millman","given":"B. M."},{"family":"Maxwell","given":"J. A."},{"family":"Perujo","given":"A."},{"family":"Teesdale","given":"W. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Campbell et al., 1985).

The particular element emitting the Characteristic X-rays can be identified by studying the X-rays which are produced by the element. This process is utilized in several techniques, which includes the particle induced X-ray emission, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Bremsstrahlung radiations

Bremsstrahlung radiations relate to the electromagnetic radiations which are generated as the charged particle decelerates while deflected by another charged particle, which is particularly an electron by the nucleus of an atom. There is a loss of kinetic energy by the moving particle, converted in to a photon, hence keeping up with the law of conservation of energy. This type of radiation has a spectrum which is continuous, becoming more and more intense with the intensity of the peaks shifting towards the frequencies which are higher, with the greatly changing energy levels of the decelerated particles.

Bremsstrahlung radiations can also be known as the radiations which are produced by the deceleration of the charged particles, including the cyclotron radiations in which the photons are emitted by a non-relativistic particle, synchrotron radiations in which the photons are emitted by the relativistic particles and the emissions of positrons and electrons during the beta decay ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iEPBwzNW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gruia, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Gruia, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":383,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PwL0F8bO/items/DQN5KCCS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PwL0F8bO/items/DQN5KCCS"],"itemData":{"id":383,"type":"article-journal","title":"MICRO-TOMOGRAPHY AND X-RAY ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES","container-title":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY SERIES A-MATHEMATICS PHYSICS TECHNICAL SCIENCES INFORMATION SCIENCE","page":"42-49","volume":"18","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Gruia","given":"Ion"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gruia, 2017). Bremsstrahlung radiations are sometimes known as the free/free radiations. This term refers to the fact that it relates to the emissions which are caused by the particles which are free and not part of any molecule or atom, an ion both after and before the deflection which is caused by the emission.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Campbell, J. L. et al. (1985) ‘Analytic fitting of monoenergetic peaks from Si (Li) X-ray spectrometers’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 9(1), pp. 71–79.

Gruia, I. (2017) ‘MICRO-TOMOGRAPHY AND X-RAY ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES’, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY SERIES A-MATHEMATICS PHYSICS TECHNICAL SCIENCES INFORMATION SCIENCE, 18(1), pp. 42–49.