Suhur Mohamed
Instructor Name
Art 101
12 December 2019
Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy
For global surrogacy, cost-saving potential can be negative by acting and thinking from a care point of view. Thinking and acting perspective can leads to low palatable choices for couples who do have a child all around the world. Numbers of childless couples travel to other nations to get assistant for their reproductive issues and to acquire reproductive technologies. Reproductive arrangements and compensation of surrogate mothers are additionally considered and promoted in wealthy countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RbrIEu0u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). They travel because of various issues in which saving money is major. A place that provides reproductive technologies in less money is favorable for such a couple like India. In India, costs associated with commercial surrogacy are fewer as compared to the European nations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vpBooLNC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). A caring approach can develop various issues this use of individuals to acquire cost-saving ends as it requires distancing oneself from the relations that are being forged.
Surrogacy and Ethical Issues
Commercial surrogacy is a phenomenon that is very commonly practiced among various countries including the United States and India. There are certain laws regarding surrogacy in countries that apply the compensation and reimbursement of services for surrogate mothers. Arguments and several ethical issues are surrounding the process of surrogacy. Liberal and legal issues are also present behind the legalization of surrogacy in the countries. Several arguments regarding ethical concerns are debated among researchers and ethicists. Several arguments including those that are linked with the harm and damage to surrogacy are particularly debated in the meetings of policymakers. This article specifically focused on the arguments that control the harm by placing the exercise of worldwide commercial surrogacy in the ethical views. It is also believed that the children raised in surrogate families need additional care as compared to other born in normal circumstances. It is suggested that Manji and other children raised in the practice of surrogacy required to progress the technology concerning assisted reproductive activities. It is true that if the families involved in the surrogacy think their practices with the lens of ethics other than an economic point will take it rationally. Ethical concerning the incidents such as if mothers or fathers got separated, the care of the children is objectionable, the country also needs other policies to be followed such as no objection certification or record of children in the country. In certain countries, the birth certificate and passport of the children are issued with the conjunction of the mothers. In the case of Manji, both mothers refused to take the custody of the children and hence children would be facing the issues of isolation or would be sent to limbo.
Concerning the debate on moral principles, several issues raised if the policies are made to abolish pregnancies and to legalize the surrogacy practice. Globally, it has been observed that policies are prepared and established however, surrogacy is a sensitive issue and various aspects can change the scenarios in seconds. Therefore, the effect of the legalization of surrogacy policies would need to be established by viewing all aspects. On the conflicting point, although some researchers argue that the worldwide exercise of marketable surrogacy agonizes from ethical difficulties, it would be suggested that investigating it the view of care morals might affect significant variations in what way it is largely observed and preserved. This modification in an ethical viewpoint might also influence how authorizing couples' opinions and methods the agreement pregnancies for which they are responsible.
Policies and laws are made to protect both parents, surrogate mothers and babies of these practices. Critique regarding liberalism to reproduction also does not recommend any theory to address the issue globally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7G3g0WlJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). On the contrary, Manji narrowly avoided the orphan status if a generous method could discourse the apprehension for juvenile relinquishment by arguing for strong and firmly compulsory laws that prohibit it. Entities could envision rules in contradiction of child relinquishment being protracted to surrogacy preparations, for example, ordering couples are apprehended answerable for the wellbeing of the infants-to-be, though if the partners' divorce or variation occurs at their status throughout the progress of the pregnancies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F6eVgJVr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parks)","plainCitation":"(Parks)"},"citationItems":[{"id":873,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/K4VSD7MK"],"itemData":{"id":873,"type":"article-journal","title":"Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy","container-title":"Bioethics","page":"333-340","volume":"24","issue":"7","source":"onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon)","abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","ISSN":"0269-9702","journalAbbreviation":"Bioethics","author":[{"family":"Parks","given":"Jennifer A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parks). Nevertheless though this generous method of contraction up surrogacy rules and defining errands (on a global level).
The ethics and laws should be prepared that deny the concept and policies of the parenting and relationship of mother to child and father to the child. Human relations are not merely the instrumental relationships therefore, they should be focused in terms of priorities. Also, in surrogacy policies, the relationships are not merely the instrumentalization type to ignore it. However, some ethicists argue that the worldwide exercise of marketable surrogacy agonizes from ethical difficulties, it would be suggested that investigating it the view of care morals might affect significant variations in what way it is largely observed and preserved.
The researchers have argued a generous, rights-linked outline that highlights the autonomy of sensible persons to do an agreement for shared advantage fails to discourse the multifaceted relations that ascend in association with the exercise of worldwide profitable surrogacy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N4oFIhMB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Though lawful and dogmatic subjects are of highest prominence when seeing this system of trade or reproduction at cross-border. Scientists believed that they have engrossed on the policies to the fact of overlooking the pertinent ethical apprehensions. Through a way of compelling an ethical and moral care method, one highpoint particular ethically disturbing features of the exercise that are then concealed. Aimed at, like numerous other procedures of females' care and facility work implementation of relationships of humans and children arrangements are then left aside.
Arguments
It is believed that individuals to individual and family to a family we all are linked and connected like what we eat, drink and have in life are all concerned and connected internationally. There several mothers that left their children to serve and care for children of others. Sometimes it is also believed that surrogacy is more linked to ethics and moral values than it is linked with the economic or financial situation of families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HQLAuUTu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). However, the practice has been implemented globally to take advantage of the condition and also provide families with financial support. There are several cases like Manji, that are not ended up in a fruitful condition and are left unattended whereas, these phenomena have highlighted the organizational policies at the national level.
Several feminists believe that legalizing surrogacy should be supported and promoted. However, it would be a normal practice for sacrificing children to earn money and become financially strong. Some researchers are of the view that it should be prohibited in communities. However, if the prevention can stop the production and proliferation of the families. For example, allowing the restriction of the surrogacy would also prevent the families that cannot build their families through normal pregnancies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n42asJrV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Therefore, the debate is long and another argument such as my body my choice would also support the concept of allowing families to join the surrogacy.
Other aspects include such as hiring a surrogate mother for a particular purpose will later sometimes come up with a new concept. For example, if policies are redefined such as allowing it legally to practice surrogacy then it would interfere with the policy of courts to restrict the practice. In case parents are divorced then biological parents failed to give a name to the child and therefore the option left for the child is to live with a surrogate mother. However, the practice of financially become strong would discourage the practice. Does this mean the practice is related to the concept 'my body my choice' that the decision is only left with females to donate her body according to her will? Does this represent that the female body is used for the profit? The concept of the arguments are somewhat true but the liberalism in various countries allow this practice on the decision of mothers.
Approach oversees the duties that these new global social connections carry with them. The care approach is not as bad as it discourages couples to find out reproductive technologies. However, reproductive travel can be inevitable but the overall procedure for its practice is not completely recognized. If the variation in the thinking of the individuals regarding the relationship under capitalism globally influences eroding reproductive commerce among nations based on rich and poor, then the care approach should be considered. On the other hand, this objection raised in contrast to an ethic of care is not an argument, however, it shows a required consequence of taking this moral perception.
Another objection is for the surrogates of the female to whom the appointing couples fulfill the care duty. Here argument arises that the female member that is hired by the foreign couple may not get agree to the intrusion of the couples. They can demand privacy and surety for less communication with them and may surely not want the care and distress of the couples. This can be the issue due to various factors like the contrast in the culture and language barrier. The language barrier is one of the major reasons that this female can avoid foreign couples as much as possible. The basic reasons for these women from nations like India to a surrogate is a financial issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gnPopicv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf ({\\i{}CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library})}","plainCitation":"(CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library)"},"citationItems":[{"id":871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/QLQSFF7U"],"itemData":{"id":871,"type":"webpage","title":"CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library","URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library). Due to poverty and the need for money, they get ready for the procedure which highlights the moral issues. Therefore, the care of the commissioning couple can increase irritation and unknown fear which may result in more of a burden than a benefit.
Conclusion
The arguments have shown that the issue concerning surrogacy is an ongoing debate. The concepts involve ethical views and moral values that are concerned with the surrogacy. The counter-arguments have suggested that moral and ethical concerns are more significant for defining the policies of the surrogacy. Also, it is true that if the families convoluted in surrogacy think their practices with the lens of ethics other than an economic point will take it realistically and rationally. Because ethics concerning the occurrences such as if mothers or fathers got divorced, the children are vulnerable to societies. Therefore, the country needs other policies to be followed such as no objection certification or record of children in the country. In certain countries, the birth certificate and passport of the children are issued with the conjunction of the mothers. To avoid the circumstances of the complications, the decision should be left to mothers and females who want to have their babies and those who devote their bodies to provide hope to others.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY CARE ETHICS AND THE GLOBAL PRACTICE OF COMMERCIAL SURROGACY - PARKS - 2010 - Bioethics - Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x. Accessed 12 Dec. 2019.
Parks, Jennifer A. “Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy.” Bioethics, vol. 24, no. 7, Sept. 2010, pp. 333–40. onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Atypon), doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01831.x.
