Plastic Surgery

Plastic Surgery

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Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery refers to the surgical specialty comprising the reconstruction, alteration or restoration of the human body. Primarily, it is classified into two kinds as aesthetic surgery and reconstructive surgery including the hand surgery. It is essential to underpin various contentious elements, moral and ethical dilemmas pertinent to the framework of plastic surgery. A wide range of people deems the individuals aspiring to undergo plastic surgery as insecure, deprived and having low self-esteem. On the contrary, there exists dogma that plastic surgery is the potential source of sanctioning a person with self-esteem, confidence and it is the fundamental right of every human being to appear the in the manner wherein he desires. Meanwhile, the surgical procedures pose several ethical dilemmas for the surgeons as they have to be equipped with the experience and skill besides making the patient familiar with the risk factors and intricate aspects involved in the plastic surgery. Irrefutably, plastic surgery is a mean to enhance self-esteem and confidence, and the views of the cynics cannot eradicate the need for plastic surgery.

To begin, various reasons cause people to undergo the procedures of plastic surgery. Form the victims of car accidents to looking attractive, various manifestations urge people to change their appearance and looks. Since people have the fundamental right to decide how they should appear, plastic surgery is the appropriate option to accomplish the objective. They can change their body which is their own decision and it never implies they are succumbed by the lack of confidence or insecurity. The advocates of plastic surgery have advanced to underpin empirical evidence to illustrate the significance and the need for plastic surgery in the contemporary era. For instance, not every person aspires to replicate the looks of a pop star. People with uncommon features often utilize plastic surgery to accomplish the objectives in their life as the body and appearance of a person contribute significantly toward enhancing and restructuring their self-esteem.

On the contrary, the proponents of plastic surgery consider plastic surgery a radical practice as it highlights the insecure nature of a person. Most of the people even call the entrenched inclination of people to undergo plastic surgery as a psychological disorder. They nurture the extremist views that the practice of plastic surgery lies at the very heart of desecrating the fundamental human rights in true letter and spirits ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"W2RpHgt9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sterodimas, Radwanski, & Pitanguy, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Sterodimas, Radwanski, & Pitanguy, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":102,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MR426T2R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MR426T2R"],"itemData":{"id":102,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical issues in plastic and reconstructive surgery","container-title":"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery","page":"262-267","volume":"35","issue":"2","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery refers to a variety of operations performed in order to repair or restore body parts to look normal or to enhance a certain structure or anatomy that is already normal. Several ethical considerations such as a patient's right for autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and nonmalfeasance need to be given careful consideration. The principal objective of the medical profession is to render services to humanity with full respect for human dignity. Plastic surgeons should merit the confidence of patients entrusted to their care, rendering to each a full measure of service and devotion. They require an extensive amount of education and training. The increases in demand for aesthetic plastic surgery and the advocacy of practice in the media have raised concerns about the circumstances under which cosmetic surgery is ethical and permissible. Innovative research, and new technologies derived from such research, almost always raises ethical and policy concerns. Medical ethics regulate what is, and what is not, correct in promoting plastic surgery to the public. It is essential to create an educated and informed public about the ethical issues in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field. Plastic surgeons need to carefully evaluate the degree of deformity, physical and emotional maturity, and desired outcome of patients who request plastic surgery procedures. Science is a powerful force for change in modern society and plastic surgeons have a responsibility to shepherd that change with thoughtful advocacy and careful ethical scrutiny of their own behavior.","DOI":"10.1007/s00266-011-9674-3","ISSN":"1432-5241","note":"PMID: 21336881","journalAbbreviation":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sterodimas","given":"Aris"},{"family":"Radwanski","given":"Henrique N."},{"family":"Pitanguy","given":"Ivo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sterodimas, Radwanski, & Pitanguy, 2011). For instance, it is a plausible indicator of shallow people who prefer not to adhere to the natural spirits and instead cultivate radical and irrational ways to combat nature. The views of cynics cannot be nullified entirely but the aspect of desecration of human rights needs to be confronted. The fundamental human rights offer each person the prerogative to exercise their rational will independently. Plastic surgery thus ought not to be bashed in light of the provisions of free will in the charter of the fundamental human rights. However, the reality cannot be shunned that people often strive to change their appearance needlessly which supplements some of the views of cynics.

In addition, a wide range of research has offered an explicit illustration of the betterment in the quality of life (QOL) of the people who underwent the procedures of plastic surgery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YcGsP0yQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Flawed perceptions | APS,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Flawed perceptions | APS,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/N79YBU4L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/N79YBU4L"],"itemData":{"id":109,"type":"webpage","title":"Flawed perceptions | APS","URL":"https://www.psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2018/June-Issue-3/Flawed-perceptions","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Flawed perceptions | APS,” n.d.). However, it is worthy to mention that these instances involve cases which manifested in the desired outcome for the patient. There exist instances where patients shape unrealistic and irrational expectations from the procedure. For instance, getting the love of life or changing a relationship entirely are the common flawed expectations of people. When these expectations are not met after the procedure, they fell distressed and depressed which does not enhance the quality of life of such patients. The trend of plastic surgery is growing rapidly because of the improvement acknowledgment in the field related to the perfect execution of the surgery.

Moreover, the cost factor is often highlighted by the proponents as a waste of money in an unproductive venture. The critical procedures require spending an exorbitant amount of money and that too includes cases where the desired outcomes were not accomplished ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"78m7eBJJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nejadsarvari, Ebrahimi, Ebrahimi, & Hashem-Zade, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Nejadsarvari, Ebrahimi, Ebrahimi, & Hashem-Zade, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/T8UJNWGQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/T8UJNWGQ"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Medical Ethics in Plastic Surgery: A Mini Review","container-title":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","page":"207-212","volume":"5","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Currently, cosmetic surgery is spread around the world. Several factors are involved in this rapidly evolving field such as socio-economic development, changes in cultural norms, globalization and the effects of Western culture, advertising, media, and mental disorders. Nowadays the cosmetic surgery is becoming a profitable business, which deals exclusively with human appearance and less from the perspective of beauty based on physical protests and considering factors such as sex, age, and race. The morality of plastic surgery subspecialty has undergone many moral dilemmas in the past few years. The role of the patient regardless of his unrealistic dreams has questionable ethical dimension. The problem is the loss of human values and replacing them with false values, of pride and glory to a charismatic person of higher status, that may underlie some of the posed ethical dilemmas. Cosmetic surgery has huge difference with the general principle of legal liability in professional orientation, because the objective for cosmetic surgeries is different from common therapeutic purposes. To observe excellence in the medical profession, we should always keep in mind that these service providers, often as a therapist (healer) must maintain a commitment and priority for patient safety and prior to any action, a real apply for this service recipient should be present. Also, patient–physician confidentiality is the cornerstone of medical ethics. In this review, we study the issues addressed and the ways that they can be resolved.","ISSN":"2228-7914","note":"PMID: 27853683\nPMCID: PMC5109381","title-short":"Medical Ethics in Plastic Surgery","journalAbbreviation":"World J Plast Surg","author":[{"family":"Nejadsarvari","given":"Nasrin"},{"family":"Ebrahimi","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Ebrahimi","given":"Azin"},{"family":"Hashem-Zade","given":"Haleh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nejadsarvari, Ebrahimi, Ebrahimi, & Hashem-Zade, 2016). People can invest their money somewhere else or at least assist someone who is in dire need of surgery as the patients suffering from excessive burns. However, these views can be refuted by offering a rational argument supplemented with solid evidence. It is the very will of a person to spend the money the way he desires. If he feels it imperative to restructure his appearance, none can prevent him from spending the money he earned. Besides, the person may possibly be financially assisting someone else even after spending an exorbitant sum of money on the procedure. Therefore, the criticism established by the cynics on the financial grounds is shallow and lacks the substance to make it a convincing argument.

A critical appraisal of the matters reflects that the importance of attractiveness is often overlooked in academic, scientific or philosophical discourse. The body of a human being cast immense impressions as the gesture, posture and even the manner to chew food speaks volumes about a person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EcP2FdsP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The Psycho-Social Impact of Facial Reconstructive Surgery \\uc0\\u8226{} theGIST,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2011)","plainCitation":"(“The Psycho-Social Impact of Facial Reconstructive Surgery • theGIST,” 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/TNJ2JWKN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/TNJ2JWKN"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Psycho-Social Impact of Facial Reconstructive Surgery • theGIST","container-title":"theGIST","abstract":"Clare Allely faces up to what it means to have a new face.","URL":"https://the-gist.org/2011/03/the-psycho-social-impact-of-facial-reconstructive-surgery/","language":"en-GB","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",3,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Psycho-Social Impact of Facial Reconstructive Surgery • theGIST,” 2011). All these values are the manifestations of the constructivism and materialism which is becoming pervasive in the society. Irrefutably, rich persons advance to undergo surgical procedures to look attractive and cherish an enhanced their self-esteem. It is imperative to highlight the intricate aspects involve in plastic surgery. The success and accomplishment of the explicit goals are not necessary in each case. This makes the surgical procedure doubtful and contentious. It is one of the most threatening risks of plastic surgery in addition to other complications ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AKXQjJ2N","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(JAVANBAKHT, NAZARI, JAVANBAKHT, & MOGHADDAM, 2012)","plainCitation":"(JAVANBAKHT, NAZARI, JAVANBAKHT, & MOGHADDAM, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":105,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/9XS3PJNI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/9XS3PJNI"],"itemData":{"id":105,"type":"article-journal","title":"Body dysmorphic factors and mental health problems in people seeking rhinoplastic surgery","container-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica","page":"37-40","volume":"32","issue":"1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"There has been increasing number of requests for cosmetic rhinoplastic surgery among Iranian people in different age groups in recent years. One risk for people who undergo such plastic operations is the presence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which can complicate the result and decrease the rate of satisfaction from surgery. This study aimed to investigate mental health problems in people seeking rhinoplastic surgery. In this case-control study, the scores of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and DCQ (Dysmorphic Concerns Questionnaire) were obtained from 50 individuals who were candidates for rhinoplasty, and the results were compared with a normal control group. The total GHQ score and scores in anxiety, depression, and social dysfunction sub-scales were higher among the study group. This was the same for the DCQ score. However, the scores of somatization sub-scale of GHQ were not significantly different between the two groups. Psychiatric evaluation of candidates for rhinoplasty seems necessary for prevention of unnecessary and repetitive surgical operations.","ISSN":"0392-100X","note":"PMID: 22500065\nPMCID: PMC3324957","journalAbbreviation":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital","author":[{"family":"JAVANBAKHT","given":"M."},{"family":"NAZARI","given":"A."},{"family":"JAVANBAKHT","given":"A."},{"family":"MOGHADDAM","given":"L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (JAVANBAKHT, NAZARI, JAVANBAKHT, & MOGHADDAM, 2012). None can aspire to spend an immense amount of money in an attempt to look ugly or worse than before. Here, the primary onus lies on the doctor or surgeon to reveal the risk factors and complexities involved in the procedure. Various other ethical dilemmas rise amid these critical circumstances which are essential to be deliberated thoroughly.

Despite the vigorous advancement of technology, surgical procedures can still prove to be detrimental for the patients ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qL0Pr0aO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rashid & Brennen, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Rashid & Brennen, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":107,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/3NL2CBAE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/3NL2CBAE"],"itemData":{"id":107,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychiatric assessment of patients with self-inflicted lacerations to the wrist and forearm admitted to a nonpsychiatric ward: The experience of a regional plastic surgery unit","container-title":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery","page":"266-271","volume":"59","issue":"3","source":"www.jprasurg.com","abstract":"<h2>Summary</h2><p>In 1984, the Department of Health (DoH) recommended that all patients with deliberate self-harm (DSH) must have a mental assessment before discharge. DSH patients, especially those with lacerations to wrist and forearm, are a regular source of admission to plastic surgery units. In Northern Ireland, the regional plastic surgery service is provided at the Ulster Hospital, which does not have an on-site psychiatric department. Consequently, it was often difficult to arrange a psychiatrist assessment for these patients on the ward even when the assessment was required urgently.</p><p>The objective of this study was to develop and validate a protocol that would ensure that these patients were assessed and followed up for their mental health as recommended by the DoH. In the absence of clear guidelines from the DoH and utilising the existing arrangement between Accident and Emergency (A&E) and the psychiatric services, all referring A&E departments were instructed at the time of referring patients with DSH to wrist and forearm to arrange a psychiatric examination before transferring the patient to the plastic surgery unit.</p><p>Data were collected retrospectively (August 2002–October 2002) and prospectively (November 2002–October 2003) and comprised demographic features, previous history of self-harm, conduct of the patient in A&E and the ward, length of stay in the hospital and various aspects of psychiatric assessment and follow-up.</p><p>In total, 42 referrals were made during the period studied. The average age was 28 years with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The average hospital stay was two days. Despite difficulties, our practice was found effective in ensuring psychiatry assessment and follow-up without risking the patient's physical health. The study also highlighted the need for collaboration between plastic surgeons and psychiatrists to improve services in regards to DSH patients.</p>","DOI":"10.1016/j.bjps.2005.09.013","ISSN":"1748-6815, 1878-0539","title-short":"Psychiatric assessment of patients with self-inflicted lacerations to the wrist and forearm admitted to a nonpsychiatric ward","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Rashid","given":"A."},{"family":"Brennen","given":"M. D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rashid & Brennen, 2006). Many ethical considerations as the patient’s right to autonomy, beneficence, informed consent and non-malfeasance need to be critically assessed. Since the primary purpose of the medical profession is dispensing the services to humans by honoring their dignity, plastic surgeons ought to render each patient an extensive measure of care, devotion and attention. The surge in the demand for aesthetic surgery and the widespread advocacy of the practice in mass media have enhanced the concerns related to the instances where cosmetic surgery is permissible and ethical. New technologies and innovative research have emphasized the need for addressing the policy and ethical concern in detail. In these circumstances, the medical ethics promulgate the rightful and wrongful in promoting and spreading the practice in the public ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FuCW1oKc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lee, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Lee, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":97,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/G6JJ2AUM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/G6JJ2AUM"],"itemData":{"id":97,"type":"article-journal","title":"Research, Plastic Surgery, and Archives of Plastic Surgery","container-title":"Archives of Plastic Surgery","page":"359-360","volume":"44","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","DOI":"10.5999/aps.2017.44.5.359","ISSN":"2234-6163","note":"PMID: 28946715\nPMCID: PMC5621814","journalAbbreviation":"Arch Plast Surg","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Won Jai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lee, 2017). In addition, it is essential to sustain an informed and educated public about the ethical issues in the paradigm of reconstructive and plastic surgery. The plastic surgeons should critically evaluate the physical and emotional maturity degree of deformity and the desired results of patients who are willing to take the plastic surgery procedures. Science is a potential tool for changing the modern society and surgeons assume an instrumental role to shape the change through ethical scrutiny of their acts and thoughtful advocacy. In the contemporary era, scams and frauds have approached the procedures of plastic surgery where photo shopped pictures are shown to the patients as their own work. Such radical has been the implications of deviating from the ethical code of conduct in the dimensions of plastic surgery.

To conclude, contrasting views are presented on whether or not plastic surgery is a rational viable or irrational and radical practice. The proponents term such patient as suffering from several mental issues and in some low self-esteem. The fundamental human rights are deemed to be desecrated by reconstructing the natural body and shape of a person. On the contrary, the advocates negate these irrational arguments through a logical explanation. For instance, it is the essential right of each human being to exercise the will independently. They can resort to plastic surgery to alleviate their long-term worries and can have the outcomes which can enhance their self-esteem and make them succeed in all ventures of their life. Moreover, the exorbitant sum of cost is paid by the patient and as long as he is paying from his own account, it should not be a concern for the cynics. Another critical element involved in the practice of plastic surgery is the role of the surgeon to enlighten the patient about the intricate and complex matters involved in the process. The seasoned specialist ought to be experienced and should never keep the patient in the dark. The bottom line is that plastic surgery is a potential mean to enhance the self-esteem and equality of life of a person potentially.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Flawed perceptions | APS. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2018/June-Issue-3/Flawed-perceptions

JAVANBAKHT, M., NAZARI, A., JAVANBAKHT, A., & MOGHADDAM, L. (2012). Body dysmorphic factors and mental health problems in people seeking rhinoplastic surgery. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 32(1), 37–40.

Lee, W. J. (2017). Research, Plastic Surgery, and Archives of Plastic Surgery. Archives of Plastic Surgery, 44(5), 359–360. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2017.44.5.359

Nejadsarvari, N., Ebrahimi, A., Ebrahimi, A., & Hashem-Zade, H. (2016). Medical Ethics in Plastic Surgery: A Mini Review. World Journal of Plastic Surgery, 5(3), 207–212.

Rashid, A., & Brennen, M. D. (2006). Psychiatric assessment of patients with self-inflicted lacerations to the wrist and forearm admitted to a nonpsychiatric ward: The experience of a regional plastic surgery unit. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 59(3), 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.09.013

Sterodimas, A., Radwanski, H. N., & Pitanguy, I. (2011). Ethical issues in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 35(2), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9674-3

The Psycho-Social Impact of Facial Reconstructive Surgery • theGIST. (2011, March 16). Retrieved April 27, 2019, from theGIST website: https://the-gist.org/2011/03/the-psycho-social-impact-of-facial-reconstructive-surgery/