Dworkin Article

9Y bjbj .9 9 8999 5999995JSSS9S9SSSZS0S S S99S9999955S9999999 999999999 

Dworkin Article

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Dworkin Article

According to Dworkin, paternalism was taken into account from a legal perspective during the 1970s. Also, he was of the view that in the 19th century, social or corporate paternalism was thought to be protecting the interests of the influential class. In many ways, paternalism was perceived as unethical as it was not purely intended to benefit everyone. In addition, legal Paternalism has been under a lot of criticism since World War II for being invasive and assertive. Furthermore, paternalism was considered a threat to the overall freedom of an individual. It was also found that paternalism was challenging the fundamental rights to equality of people. With time, the ethical demands attributed to paternalism have changed and adapted to the new concepts (Dworkin, 1972).

The right to equality is the most significant elements of ones life, and that is the reason why paternalism was deplorable because it was associated with offensive practices of patronizing and intrusion. In this context, unfair inequality was also attributed to the concept of paternalism that emerged. Initially, paternalism was originated from the intent to fix inequality of luck, which refers to the inequalities that do not come in the way by choice. For instance, there is often no merit to become a director of an organization when an individual is born in a highly affluent and well-educated family during the 19th century, or if ones father owns the organization. On the other hand, it is immensely hard to get this position when someone is from a working-class family or an orphan (Dworkin, 1972). This particular aspect can be called hard luck. In this regard, the rich and highly educated class considered providing the underprivileged class with free education because they were the ones who were suffering due to their undeserved bad luck.

Although the idea seemed to be ethical and in the benefit of the impoverished class, it was not straightforward as it appeared. The response by elite or influential class was not appropriate. The people were given financial grants for their condition, but they were treated as lower humans. Those who gave financial compensation to economically struggling class, they used the act of endowment to endorse their superiority in the society. The main purpose of paternalism was to show the authority over financially weak class by imposing laws on them that undermined their freedom. Moreover, Dworkin argues that a prisoner does not know that he will no longer be free if all the doors were locked. In this respect, the information delivered regarding the doors is more important to the prisoner than anything else, the same way that order of dishes is significant for customers in a cafeteria (Dworkin, 1972).

The paternalism did not fully go to the benefit of the poor community as by its nature it was not based on the true welfare of the working class. Paternalism was considered immoral because it attempted to deviate from its true letter and spirit. The industrialists during 19th century constructed social houses, healthcare centers, and schools for their workers, but in reality, they were more concerned about the productivity and the profits of their organizations than the actual welfare of their workers. The concept of multiplying profits, and doing acts that directly or indirectly benefit businesses are the hallmarks of the capitalist culture where all the policies and practices of the business owners revolve around maximizing their profits and increasing their influence.

The question arises as to what is the actual concept of paternalism which is different from legal or normal paternalism according to Dworkin According to him, if the welfare of an individual is directly intended, and as a result, a working class gets the real benefit without sacrificing their freedom, then it will be classed as moral paternalism. In other words, he meant that the change in the condition should guarantee happiness, but if the help comes with dictation and too many conditions, then it would be considered immoral paternity. Also, the concept of the paternalism should be based on equality. However, paternalism has been illegitimate as it targets a particular group or category of population. Those who oppose paternalism, they come up with the argument that it is against the right to autonomy or self-direction. Besides, liberals are of the opinion that authorities or the governments can be intrusive in individuals freedom or decision-making process if they are involved in any dubious activities or pose any threat to the state else freedom is the fundamental right to every individual. Therefore, immoral paternalism cannot be justified by any means.

In my opinion, Dworkin rightly called paternal legislation or paternalism illegitimate. However, for paternalism to be moral, it needs to meet three standards respecting individual autonomy, considering equality, and being ethically encouraged. All these principles are associated with behavioral paternalism. In this regard, the first standard is the most significant. Before making any laws in the name of welfare the personal freedom of the individual must be ensured. Also, the element of equality is also important because all the citizens irrespective of their class must not feel that they are facing any kind of discrimination or inequality by authorities or people at the helm. Sometimes laws are made by a particular class to safeguard their own benefits, and that prove to be detrimental for whole society as it does not leave a good impact on all the citizens of the country, a particular class feels neglected. Similarly, there should be no hidden agenda by powerful individuals when they do some act of welfare for underprivileged class.

References

Dworkin, G. (1972). Paternalism. the Monist, 64-84.

PAGE

PAGE 5

PHILOSOPHY

PAGE 1

Running head PHILOSOPHY

p G y j q ./K

Gzvh@FhIhIHhIh9hthK-hVJhhNhj5hkhgJhgJhgJhbhKhBhQhhXhOPhuh3/hHhHHhHh2hhxVhh)mh)mh)mh.0pqrstuvwxyzagd)mgdagdy KacdfgdgdgJagdNNgdUngd)mgd4rv89HJKO6Zzvrnh-hhIh9hUKhhHhhQhQhmWhh)mh)mh)mh_h1lhAhshh2hu2hbhMhh2hwh9hqshhF5hZ 5hWhfhSh@FhgJhgJ)-kA/9 qZ_abdeghjh50JUh3jh3UhgJhgJhgJhNNh(hh4qh hvhUnhshh_h AhhNh-hG1hhhhhhAThlhMhid0hnpqrstzhgJhgchgc0JmHnHuh3hjh50JU h0JgqrsgdgJ hh hhhh9 0P1hp5/ s666666666vvvvvvvvv6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@Pp2( 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp8XV 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@_HmH nH sH tH NN5NormaldCJ_HaJmH sH tH XAX5 Heading 1@a5KH JaJ BB5 Heading 2@a aJJJ5 Heading 3@5JaJBB5 Heading 4@

56aJ@@5 Heading 5@

6aJDAD

Default Paragraph FontRiR0Table Normal4 l4a(k (

0No List4@45Header

4 45Footer

.)@.5Page Number6U 65 HyperlinkBphC25Body Text Indent2BB25 Body TextxHRH5Title@aKHJaJ PKContent_Types.xmlN0EH-J@ULTB l,3rJBG7OVa(7IRpgLr85vuQ8CX6NJCFB..YTe55 _g -Yl6NPK6_rels/.relsj0Qv/C/(hO Chvxp_P1H0ORBdJE4bq_6LR70O,En7Lib/SePKkytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlM @w7c(EbCA7K

Y,

e.,H,lxIsQ ,jGW)E 8PKRtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYF/lMBql4F3 iCCiH/6MwFcd

4IsNXp xpop,

we.pC0pm 8MQoDBF1vtp.4IPaQ4qm0qnAy0bfULlRJ3TlNS)a)Cv.xys@oE@)xRe_-4PHI.rm3g--PP

Yu),j-BXRH8@I7E10(2O4kLEzqO2POuz_gx7svnB2,E3p9GQd H

xuv  0F,FKsO3wvfSVbsyX p5veuw 1z@ l,ib

IjZ29LZ15xl.(zmd@23ln-@iDtd6lB63yy@tHjpUyeXry3sFXI

O5YYS.7bdn671.

tn/w/t6PssL.JiN AI)t2Lmx(-ixQCJuWlQyI@

m2DBAR4 wnaQ

W0xBdT/.3-FbYLKK6HhfPQh)GBms_CZys

v@c)h7JicFS.NP

eI Q@cpaAV.9HdHVXAYrApxSL93U5U

NC(pu@d4)t9M4WP5flk_X-CwTB Y,

AoYezxTVOlp

/gTpJ

EG,

AozAryerb/Ch,Eoo.

YgJW____RVW/79AkWjZuk y_Zklc,bUvPK

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0woo5

6Q

,.aic21hqm@RNdo7gK(MR(.1rJT8VAHubP8g/QAs(LPK-Content_Types.xmlPK-60_rels/.relsPK-kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-Rtheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-

theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneyes

aclrMap xmlnsahttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main bg1lt1 tx1dk1 bg2lt2 tx2dk2 accent1accent1 accent2accent2 accent3accent3 accent4accent4 accent5accent5 accent6accent6 hlinkhlink folHlinkfolHlink/. 111ZZhg188@0( B S ZgpsZgpsZgpsdymW92 M3s0fl)sy 3/ 9K-60G1L2h2u2Z 5F55S)mGIgJUKOPQxVSBX_bgcidUnqs9xHHAQNVJ-AT2tKMWQ1l4qbI8q_ A)NN2sw@FkuAj5v(NA@@UnknownGAx Times New Roman5Symbol3.Cx ArialABCambria Math1hqq4PP3P P)2xxFull Title of Your Paper HereDeGeorgeMorningOh0 , LXd

p Full Title of Your Paper HereDeGeorgeNormalMorning3Microsoft Office Word@@@z@P.,0hp

SWORPSPFull Title of Your Paper HereTitle 

(,-./02345678Root Entry FZ1Table WordDocument.SummaryInformation()DocumentSummaryInformation81CompObjr F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q