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Autonomy
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Autonomy
Case 4
Answer 1
Physician’s actions can be justified by defining ethics in healthcare, where ethics are termed as the standards of behaviors. These standards show how one should behave in a particular situation, to which a physician is exposed. This case is more like a professional dilemma because the doctors were split between two decisions, either to listen to the patients or do what is the responsibility of any doctor. In light of the ethical framework suggested by Gene, a physician should make the decision that is proposed or verified by a disinterested panel of the colleagues. In accordance with Gene Lackznaick’s golden rules, it is highlighted that the doctors would act in such a way, that the same behavior, the doctors can also expect for themselves. Also, as per the principle of proportionality, Garrote asserts that a single or minor evil can also be permitted either risk or willed if there is a proportionate reason to do it. Under the stance of these observations and theoretical frameworks, it is asserted that the action of the physician is justified ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xPeXKmmy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moss et al., 2020)","plainCitation":"(Moss et al., 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":366,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/MWDKINEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/MWDKINEC"],"itemData":{"id":366,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing","issue":"1","page":"5–11","source":"Google Scholar","title":"On Best Interests: A Case for Clinical Ethics Consultation","title-short":"On Best Interests","volume":"22","author":[{"family":"Moss","given":"Karen O."},{"family":"Guerin","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Dwyer","given":"Olubukunola Mary"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Celia E."},{"family":"Daly","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moss et al., 2020).
Answer 2
Yes, there are certain things that the physicians could have done so as to facilitate the patient. Firstly, the doctors could have made attempts to manage the pain. In addition, the patients are more concerned with scarring rather than the danger to life so the doctors should have given her proper counseling. This counseling can be in the form of different ways that can help her overcome or remedy the scars, either by plastic surgery or using some medicines. Also, it is highlighted that the doctor could have consulted any of her family members so as to get the consent. Also, psychiatric consultation should have brought good results. Furthermore, the inclusion of courts would have brought positive results ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7aItuzcv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moss et al., 2020)","plainCitation":"(Moss et al., 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":366,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/MWDKINEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/MWDKINEC"],"itemData":{"id":366,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing","issue":"1","page":"5–11","source":"Google Scholar","title":"On Best Interests: A Case for Clinical Ethics Consultation","title-short":"On Best Interests","volume":"22","author":[{"family":"Moss","given":"Karen O."},{"family":"Guerin","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Dwyer","given":"Olubukunola Mary"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Celia E."},{"family":"Daly","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moss et al., 2020).
Answer 3
No, it is not right to take away someone’s autonomy, however, there are some situations that may permit this, such as, some serious health concerns because of which a do-or-die situation is created. If the patient has mental instability, then autonomy can be shifted, also, when the patient is not having a stable mental condition, autonomy can be represented by the second person. Also, when there is a situation to opt for beneficence, autonomy is superseded taking into account that there are sufficient grounds to promote good and prevent harm to the patient.
In the case of court, the decision of the doctor can be rejected because the doctor's action will be considered as a deviation from the ethical laws ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QWvYi63G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Physician Assistant Clinics","issue":"1","page":"39–48","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Practical Ethical Decision-Making for Physician Assistants","volume":"5","author":[{"family":"Kanofsky","given":"Sharona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kanofsky, 2020).
Answer 4
If I were the healthcare worker, I would include the consent of any of the family members or someone who is close to the patient so that the stance can be justified legally. Also, I would have included social workers to help me make up the decision of the case. Any consultation from the ethics consultation would also have helped a lot. If I would have had a little more time, I would have also passed the case to the courts, to make a legal decision.
Answer 5
Moral judgments are the evaluation and options that are made with respect to some evaluations and opinions in order to analyze if the action is ethically correct or not. Hence, moral judgment is more like a standard of good that helps to justify the essence of ‘badness’ in the scenario or judgment. However, empirical judgment is an indispensable tool that can help to interpret circumstances and help make conclusions. It is more like exact conformity as is learned by the actual status rather than judgment framework ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d9HIvLUI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Physician Assistant Clinics","issue":"1","page":"39–48","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Practical Ethical Decision-Making for Physician Assistants","volume":"5","author":[{"family":"Kanofsky","given":"Sharona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kanofsky, 2020).
Answer 6
Yes, the decision is itself a moral dilemma because of the fact that there is no direction in which the physicians should proceed. On one side, the patient is ignorant towards her health and on the other side, the moral responsibility of the physicians pushes them to have her operated on.
Answer 7
As implication refers to the consequence of particular action or any proposed action, ethical implication refers to the consequences that are parallel to some ethical decision making or attitudes. Here, ethical implications are that of doing the surgery, with an aim to do good to the woman.
Case No 5
Answer 1
In medical connotation, there is no sound significance of “Cao gio”. It is just a treatment that is counted in the collection of one remedy that is used to treat flu-like symptoms. Taking into account the subject case study, the parent has a belief in the gain, by using this remedy, but the case is inverse in the perspective of the child. In fact, the child is harmed which is not acceptable. There are two major dimensions to consider here, firstly, all this treatment is given without the consent of the patient and then this new remedy is more abusive rather than progressive. So, this home remedy is useless, there is no apparent gain from it, keeping cultural respect aside.
Answer 2
The physicians should stop any cultural practice that is bringing harm to the child. This harm refers to permanent damage or serious threat to the health of the child. In this practice, the outcomes can be very serious. In the case of tonsils, the pain would be due to the action of removing something that would be an additional and unwanted growth and there would be permanent relief from having something painful removed. Also, in medical concepts, there are several treatments to the pain as well.
Answer 3
No, the physician should not be concerned about alienating the mother and the other people of the same ethnicity from modern medicine. As a physician, people would not be segregated from their ethnicity, in fact, medical scenarios assert an ethical principle which asserts justice. This justice should be universal without any discrimination of race, culture or socio-economic values. But, if the parents will be open to my suggestion then I will tell them to be careful while imposing and practicing their beliefs on their children because it might be harmful.
Answer 4
It doesn’t sound acceptable that the physician should report the mother. The mother is taking care of her child as she was taught and the child is also well known to the mother. Mothers can feel the pain of their children. Here, in this case, the mother should not be reported, in fact, she should be taught to deal with the child and ensure that the wrong repetitive actions can cause harm to the children. If the practice does not work well for the first time, she should have consulted the doctors. Here, the severity of the case is not as extreme as to be reported ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N1o3dW60","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Physician Assistant Clinics","issue":"1","page":"39–48","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Practical Ethical Decision-Making for Physician Assistants","volume":"5","author":[{"family":"Kanofsky","given":"Sharona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kanofsky, 2020).
Answer 5
No, the physicians should not report the mother, because reporting would have been acceptable in the case if the child is abused. He is just harmed, besides also being eligible for speaking or rushing away from the mother if it would be so unpleasant. Then, the mother only needs to be trained about the treatment with the child and with cultural beliefs as well, because if the mother keeps on applying the same treatment, there should be some sort of obviously harmful effect but if the action is not fruitful, it needs to be considered. There are no sound ethical and moral implications that need to be analyzed or counted. The moral case of the student invited attention towards the training of mother regarding how she should treat the child and ethical implications demand that the mother should be stopped from practicing the cultural treatment on the child.
The moral dilemma lies in the fact that cultural practices are very important for an individual to survive, but in the same instance, ethical implications are prominent where a child is hurt because of the “mythical or hunch-based” practices of the mother. It is so, because the child might feel it as abuse and it may incorporate disrespect for the mother due to the improper treatment of the sentiments of the child, which might be traumatic.
Case # 6 (Euthanasia)
Answer 1
No, life is very precious. The stance of allowing someone to decide their fate in terms of life or death is more like degrading the significance of life. In the same way, euthanasia is more like a splash that eradicates worth associated with life. The women should not have the right to make choices regarding life, particularly in the case of ending her life. It is not moral, neither acceptable to opt for death through any such means, it is more like murder. Euthanasia is not an exception in her autonomy, in fact, it is a threat to the significance of human life.
Answer 2
Yes, there is a great deal between the ideas, dying within six hours or dying after that, or in a couple of days. Either she lives of 6 days or a year, ethics should be followed and it never justifies euthanasia. This distinction is drawn on the basis of the idea that there is no question to "miracles” and there is a possibility that her family are too loving to her and she could leave undenied guilt on the edge of the family members if she would be killed by euthanasia.
Answer 3
No, I don’t see it as a right that the other people have to make decisions in place of her. It is a humiliation of the patient’s self-determination that someone is pressurized by the caregivers or family members to opt for death. However, it would be more positive if the caregivers or the family members will be taught to aid women so that she can spend a good life and can spend happy moments with her loved ones. They can also encourage her in a positive way, in contrast to the death impositions by using caregivers because it will cast a negative impact on the mental state of the women as well.
Answer 4
Money is just a resource and it is not at all precious to be compared with a life of someone. Also, life is something divine and money is a worldly thing. Money can be a source to preserve health because people, in fact, everyone earns for a living. However, the idea that legalizing euthanasia will help people is totally false. Firstly, the legalization of euthanasia is in itself a conflict between morality and being scientific. Euthanasia might create conflict for the patients and doctors because if ending life will be too easy, then people will not struggle for it and it might even eradicate the underlying meaning of life. Then, the doctors might get used to their mistakes and it will also make people have dangling faiths and beliefs which might be destructive ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FYp2IXgg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Kanofsky, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/8D7GVZHY"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Physician Assistant Clinics","issue":"1","page":"39–48","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Practical Ethical Decision-Making for Physician Assistants","volume":"5","author":[{"family":"Kanofsky","given":"Sharona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kanofsky, 2020).
Answer 5
If I were the physician, I would have encouraged the woman to live her life. Pain is the part and parcel of life, at least she can spend the days she has by living happily. Also, there is no dark edges for miracles or scientific innovation that can bring her back to normal life. Passing on to the other doctors will not free me of the ethical obligations.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kanofsky, S. (2020). Practical Ethical Decision-Making for Physician Assistants. Physician Assistant Clinics, 5(1), 39–48.
Moss, K. O., Guerin, R., Dwyer, O. M., Wills, C. E., & Daly, B. (2020). On Best Interests: A Case for Clinical Ethics Consultation. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 22(1), 5–11.
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