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Compare And Contrast Essay

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Up From Slavery by Booker T Washington and The souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Du Bois (Comparison and Contrast)

Both Booker T. Washington and WEB Dubois had some grounds regarding social justice. In this context, both opposed segregation and exploitation. The overall approach of Booker T. Washington made him prominent in the African-American community. In "Up from Slavery," he emphasized the significance of education, he believed that African-American could get their rights through education. Furthermore, he focused on integrating academic subjects with learning a trade which is a significant aspect of educational theories. Washington stressed that practical subjects were imperative to educate black people. According to him, education was imperative to get rid of discrimination and building good relations with white people.

In "Up from Slavery," the author gave the reader a picture regarding the life of slaves which was miserable before independence. Moreover, he strongly advocated equal rights for the Black community. He considered freedom as a way ideal life and discussed regarding the reunion of slaves with their families, and then there should be equal opportunities for employment for both African-Americans and White-Americans (Washington, Booker). Similarly, Dubois was of the view that poor education had weakened the African-American community. For Back community to get equal rights, education was the key for them (Washington, Booker). Dubois highlighted the issues of political and economic slavery, and he wanted social justice in the overall system of the country. Dubois called for an active demand for social justice, and for that purpose, he was not willing to settle on anything less than pure equality.

According to Washington, to gain equal rights, the priority of African-Americans should be to become equal economically, and then they should demonstrate that they are responsible African-American people, who have the ability to offer something to society. Further, they should focus on vocational training (Du Bois). In contrast to Washington, the political views of Dubois were a bit radical because both of them belonged to a different background. Also, Dubois spent his life in fear of being lynched as he had seen the lynching of many African-Americans. Unlike Washington, Dubois believed that African-Americans were in need of a strong from college-educated class. Only vocational education or training was not enough to earn equal rights for African-Americans (Du Bois).

In addition, Bois presented the concept of an elite/educated community of African-American guiding majority of African-Americans to be well-versed in different areas of study, and understand their rights. He was in favor of centralized leadership. This idea presented by Du Bois was “talented tenth.” Unlike Washington, Dubois was not the advocate of gradual change through vocational training; instead, he believed that Africans who got the education from White Americans' Institutions could play a significant role in bringing and gaining equal rights for the African-Americans.

Black Lives Matter movement began in the year 2013, after the release of George Zimmerman in the shooting of an African American (Rickford, Russell). Like Washington’s and Dubois’s approach, the movement was against the discrimination against African-American. The US is a multicultural country, and that is why the perception of the population differs according to the race. However, the concept of “All Lives Matter” came in response to movement of “Black Lives Matter," and it sounds more appropriate because it talks about the equality for every single individual irrespective of race, color, and religion. American society has evolved since the time of Washington and Dubois, now African-American have more rights compared to before (Brundage, William Fitzhugh). Yet, some discriminatory incidents may happen, and for that individuals must be held responsible not the whole White-community.

Works Cited

Brundage, William Fitzhugh, ed. Booker T. Washington and Black progress: Up from slavery 100 years later. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.

Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt, and Manning Marable. Souls of black folk. Routledge, 2015.

Rickford, Russell. "Black lives matter: Toward a modern practice of mass struggle." New Labor Forum. Vol. 25. No. 1. Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, 2016.

Washington, Booker T. Up from slavery. Simon and Schuster, 2013.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Compare And Contrast Essay

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Compare and Contrast Essay

Compare and contrast essay is useful to enhance your writing and critical analysis skills. It helps to observe the similarities and differences between the two things that acquire the same nature. For my essay, I have chosen the book "The Killer Angels" and the movie "Gettysburg" based on the book to compare and contrast. The Killer Angels were written by Michael Shaara in 1974. He got the award of Pulitzer Prize for fiction for this novel in the year 1975. The novel is based on the theme of civil war in America, and it covered three days of the battle story in detail. The main character of the story is Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, and the title of the book is based on this character. Gettysburg is based on the movie, "The killer angels." It was released in 1993. Although it did not adopt the name of the book it was named as Gettysburg as the movie was totally based on the battle of Gettysburg. Main characters of the movie were performed by Martin Sheen, Tom Berenger, and Jeff Daniels. It is one of the longest movies.

The book and movie are based on the Gettysburg Battle. It covers the historical event during the civil war, but the dialogues used in both are fictional. The story starts from the 29 June 1863, when Confederate army spy noticed the attitude and movement of the Union army. The spy told about the movement of the Union army to the general James Longstreet, but he did not respond the way he should. General Jeb Stuart who did not know about the situation, after getting information from the spy did not even try to inform other confederates. In both the movie and book, this scene was covered; they presented it almost in the same way. Also, this was the key point which shows the lack of coordination between General Jeb Stuart and General James Longstreet.

The next major scene was of July 1st. It was a rainy morning. It covers the situation before the war. The tension and worries of Gen. Robert E. Lee for the enemy position were covered. The book detailed the emotions and heart palpitations that he was feeling. Lee took the decision over the position and moved his troops towards Gettysburg. Longstreet disagreed to Lee’s decision. Lee was also frustrated with Gen. Richard Ewell, and he was new in command of Lee. The movie also portrayed all this part excellently. Rain, orders of Lee, argumentative decision of Longstreet, the introduction of Gen. Richard Ewellalong with the expressions, environment, and situation were well executed.

The Second day, i.e. July 2 covered the preparation to attack the union. Lee wanted to attack the union with full force, the very next day. Arthur, Fremantle, an observer of the situation believed that victory would be for confederates as union soldiers were rabble. He also believed that just like England, America has also failed in democracy due to the division of Southerners into a rigid social hierarchy. As Lee wanted to attack but later they came to know about the changing position of Union. It leads to extra marching for the troops who were already tired. Longstreet was ready to attack, but Hood argued that it would cause heavy loss as the union had already known their position. They attacked the Union and fight started. After the day when the fight was finished, Longstreet visited the hospital and found that most of the people blame him for the heavy loss. All these aspects were covered by the movie while in the book there is more detail, i.e., about the argument on Longstreet decision, Scenes of fights and the difficulty they faced while fighting, which was not posturized in the movie. Still, the part which can bring the story together was fully covered about July 2.

The third day, i.e. on July 3, Lee was adamant on the Longstreet decision about the frontal assault due to the previous loss. Longstreet held the charge of the central union on the order of Lee. Longstreet advised avoiding direct frontal warfare. This advice was again rejected by Lee. After all the strategies and planning when confederated, Longstreet felt so helpless. The closing scene was the feeling of Longstreet, who knew that his men would die. Lee was also ashamed and apologized. He agreed to his bad decision and poor planning. Lee then told Longstreet to withdraw all the troops ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xlMu3QRC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hardy)","plainCitation":"(Hardy)"},"citationItems":[{"id":113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/8S3BT763"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/8S3BT763"],"itemData":{"id":113,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The War Movie Buff: BOOK / MOVIE: The Killer Angels / Gettysburg","container-title":"The War Movie Buff","URL":"https://warmoviebuff.blogspot.com/2011/12/book-movie-killer-angels-gettysburg.html","shortTitle":"The War Movie Buff","author":[{"family":"Hardy","given":"Kevin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",12,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hardy). For future battle, Longstreet ordered to retreat. This part from the book was posturized in the movie withholding all the essence of the imagination one can collect while reading. Every role and scene was clearly explained in the story of the book.

Above were the similarities between the book and movie but there are many differences as well. For instance, the book focused more on the feeling and heart condition of the Lee due to the poor decisions and exhaustion. The movie did not focus on this context much. Some part of the movie is totally different from the book, i.e. book covers the death incident of the Reynolds on June 1. Also in the book, there was the situation when Lee sent his order to take cemetery hills. It created Lee's reaction to the complaint of Trimble about the weak initiative. It goes deep into these parts and discussed more details about the characters. Through the back story of the characters, it is known that the father of Chamberlain was referred to as the murdering angel. On the other hand, the movie limited its focus on the decisions, and conditions of Chamberlain and Longstreet. The title of the book "the killer Angels" came from this character and its back story.

The movie did not use the title of the book instead made the theme over the historical event of civil war. Perhaps it uses the phrase "the killer Angle" in between; Kilrain used the phrase in one of his dialogue. Just like Lee’s condition, Longstreet emotions were also discussed in the movie, especially of the moment when he lost his three children.

One major difference that anyone can notice is skipping the whole chapter of the book. In the book, a complete chapter is written which detailed about the discussion between Longstreet and Fremantle. Their talk includes the topic of trench welfare need, which was quite important for the story. The movie ignored all the part completely. They only selected the section of Trimble's rant. Fremantle was the character which was written in detail within the book, but in the movie, the role of this character is very limited. He claimed about England as a country with anti-slavery attitude. Book and the movie both expressed sympathy for the south and highlighted the argument of state rights ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gPzXDyKt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}From Page to Projector\\uc0\\u8221{})}","plainCitation":"(“From Page to Projector”)"},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/78M5DFX6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/78M5DFX6"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"webpage","title":"From Page to Projector: 'The Killer Angels' / 'Gettysburg'","container-title":"The York Daily Record","abstract":"The Battle of Gettysburg took place 151 years ago this month, the bloodiest battle ever fought on U.S. soil.","URL":"https://www.ydr.com/story/entertainment/books/blogs/book-buzz/2014/07/11/from-page-to-projector-the-killer-angels-gettysburg/31969491/","shortTitle":"From Page to Projector","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“From Page to Projector”).

Another difference between the book and the movie was about character Longstreet. The book went deeper and discussed the thought of Longstreet. This detail can help the people while watching the movie about the action and behavior of Longstreet. Individuals can understand easily about from where Longstreet is coming from. It does not mean that the movie is unclear as the movie also covers some of his thoughts. For instance, the scene in which he visited the hospital and noticed that everyone was blaming him for the damages in the fight. It told about the fact that Longstreet was not a big fan of Stuart. His expressions and feelings were very much cleared and similar to the book.

If we compare and contrast between the movie and novel, then it will not be wrong to say that both narratives line up identically. It is a common phenomenon that while making the movie, directors often change the story or add some extra element in trying to make their work more efficient. In the case of these two narrative movie makers tried to maintain their focus on the book. They avoid unnecessary edition or fictional facts to make their movie catchier. It is a masterpiece and remarkable work, the way movie sticks to the book material. If someone watches the movie after reading the novel, he will be glad to notice the main theme, dialogue, circumstances in the movie as they were in the novel — the story of the movie set up perfectly into the frame of the cinema. The condition of the battle in particular three days provides the excellent three-act structure of traditional Hollywood. Although the book emphasizes more on the character while the movie gave little more to the battle sequences, still it maintains the connection of the audience with the characters. The book went deeply about the war condition, the terror, killing, blood, and pain but the movie in comparison lessens the impact. They captured a good amount of blood and terrible condition of war through battle scenes and hospital conditions.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the movie and novel are almost identical. Movie makers have used the novel efficiently. The movie is the work, which have not carry outside materials and totally based on the storyline given by the novel. The main characters were Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Lee, and Longstreet. Both the novel and movie showed the event of civil war impressively. The similarities between the book and movie include the worries and emotions of the Lee at the very first day and the decision of the Longstreet, all regarding the civil war of America, the battle of Gettysburg. Then the movement of the troops toward the union and loss of lives in the battle on the second day were covered. Second-day there is the focus on the Longstreet who came to know that people blame for the bad decision which took a lot of life. His feelings and emotions were centered in the book and movie. The third-day related similarities include the Lee command, his attitude, and rigidity. Longstreet felt helpless as Lee was not considering his advice and at the end, they had to experience the taste of failure.

The major dissimilarities include that movie did not cover the thoughts of the Longstreet while the book has discussed it in detail. Secondly, the movie skipped the whole chapter from the book in which Longstreet talked to Fremantle. The movie lessens the part of battle and bloodshed while the book covered the battle situation in detail. The best thing about the movie is that it becomes unnecessary to read the book before watching the movie. It is because the movie has provided the deep essence and complete storyline within the 4 hours and 25 min movie. It is obvious that no movie maker can add all the theme and aspects of the novel in a movie, the thing which matters is that how much movie maker detract from the actual story, and in case of movie "Gettysburg”, move makers have done full justice with the novel “The Killers Angles”

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “From Page to Projector: ‘The Killer Angels’ / ‘Gettysburg.’” The York Daily Record, https://www.ydr.com/story/entertainment/books/blogs/book-buzz/2014/07/11/from-page-to-projector-the-killer-angels-gettysburg/31969491/. Accessed 9 Mar. 2019.

Hardy, Kevin. “The War Movie Buff: BOOK / MOVIE: The Killer Angels / Gettysburg.” The War Movie Buff, 4 Dec. 2011, https://warmoviebuff.blogspot.com/2011/12/book-movie-killer-angels-gettysburg.html.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Comparing And Contrasting Main Characters In The Old Men Used To Dance And To Da-Duh In Memoriam

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Comparing and Contrasting Main Characters in The Old Men Used to Dance and Da-Duh in Memoriam

“The Old Men Used to Dance” is a short story that is written by John Stewart in 1998, where a retired Trinidadian teacher whose name is Simon returns to his homeland as a tourist and visits all four corners of his homeland, Trinidad. While narrating the story John Stewart quotes "time changes, things change, people also change and all in time becomes the jettison of a drama taking place somewhere else". This quotation in the short story of John Stewart is a representation of internal struggle between both his and Paul Marshal short story “Da-Duh in Memoriam”. Both of the characters from these short stories are somehow trapped in their pasts where the life was simple, easy and beautiful. At first, it is shown in the short stories that both the main characters are ashamed of their place of birth. Like Simon is shown being humiliated by looking at the condition of the roads of his homeland and he compares those with the roads of the city he came from. Simon says that “the contrast between roads here at home and the roads on which I have toured abroad strikes me humiliating”. These themes of shames are quite apparent and clear in both the short stories because both of these short stories comprises of two main characters where they are coming back to their homes after spending almost a decade in Western America. Both of the main characters can be seen comparing their homelands with the culture, development and modernism of Western America and also they can be seen finding comfort in their past. Where the culture was lively, there was no technology and where the modern life didn’t overcome their originality.

In the short story “Old Men Used to Dance” Simon is visiting his homeland after many years. As he has been touring the western world for many years, when he finally comes back to his country he is disgusted to see that his country is lacking behind than most of the Western countries. By looking at the conditions of the roads, he is confused that how the western countries have maintained everything so well and why the condition in his homeland is bad? He can be seen expressing his views by saying that “why things cannot be orderly and well managed here”. The character feels anxiety when he sees all the flaws in his dear country. Simon also realises that he was oblivious to the condition of his country when all this was right in front of his eyes. In the story, the character can be seen stuck in a negative state of mind. He thinks that all his plans to visit his country will be failed due to the poor condition of the roads. But then he is relieved when he finally finds streets in good condition and also labelled. By seeing that he says to himself “this is how it should be”. It is evident from these remarks that Simon thinks that his country is underdeveloped as compared to the Western world.

Like Simon, the main character of "To Da-Duh in Memoriam" feels proud of his home in America. As she was born and raised in New York, she was quite irritated when she visits her grandmother house in Barbados for the very first time. Her grandmother when first time met her she described her as naïve and fierce. She was quite argumentative and opinionated while defending her home in New York and her grandmother’s home in Barbados. Both were deeply involved in an argument where they were trying to prove that their world is superior. Da-Duh was using the beauty of nature to defend her world, and the granddaughter was using technology and infrastructure to beautify her world. When Da-Duh heard her granddaughter saying this, she felt empathetic towards her granddaughter by saying “I felt her fear”. When they finally got back home, Da-Duh was comfortable, but her granddaughter wanted to go to her home in Brooklyn just like Simon who was longed to his smooth and well-established roads of America.

Although in both the stories the main characters can be seen comparing the Caribbean island with Western America, at the same time they also can be seen by catching comfort in the memories. Simon constantly reflects on the memories of his birthplace being a soothing and relaxing place. He observes that mobiles had completely taken over the lives of the people “These streets were made for walking, bicycles and for a time when my country was a more peaceful place". He refused to recognise his place by saying that time has completely changed his place. Just like Simon, Paul is also reminiscing her visit to Barbados, and even she was regretting not appreciating her Da-Duh’s love for nature and her homeland.

In summary, both the main characters of the short stories ‘Old Men Used to Dance" and "Da-Duh in Memoriam” are struggling with the concept of time that how it changes places and people and how it quickly takes over everything. Both characters are continuously comparing their homelands and Western America and feeling shame about that. While Simon was feeling ashamed by comparing the poor conditions of roads in Trinidad, and continuously recalls for a friendly place, Paule, on the other hand, feels the same emotion for not appreciating her grandmother's love for nature and herself.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY To Da-Duh, In Memoriam Summary by Paul Marshall

The Old Men Used to Dance by John Stewart

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Comparing Modernists

Comparing Modernists

Name

Institution

T. S. Eliot and Ernest Hemingway

Modernism is referred to as a philosophical movement initiated during late 19th and early 20th centuries; encapsulating massive alterations in cultural trends that galvanized the development of pervasive transformations in the Western Society (Pericles, 2000). Industrialization, urbanization and horrific consequences of World War- I collaboratively attempted to instate modernism. Modernists were exclusively philosophers that rejected the religious beliefs and many of them emphasized on the dark side of humanity.

T. S. Eliot and E. Hemingway were the modernists—sharing some commonalities and divergences in literary works and views. Both of them focused more on the situation of man as a sufferer of World War- I that attempted to shatter the hopes, optimism and resiliency of humans—they tried to make sense of the situation encountered by war victims. Both of them conjoined the war experiences with deteriorated mental health, feelings and consciousness based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud (Pericles, 2000). Both of them presented the textual depiction of fragmented self that allowed them to introduce identical characters with the synchronized flow of sensations that manumits consciousness from the consecution of rational constructs.

In the Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922) and Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises (1926), a super colossal emphasis is laid on the rituals for revitalizing the society through shaping distinctive consideration of identical and unifying senses beyond the incorporation of human rationality (Pericles, 2000). However, Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea (1952) and Eliot’s Four Quartets (1943) follow individualized patterns; one emphasized moral sense whereas the other one prioritizes religious solidarity respectively. Eliot thought of religion as a galvanizer of reinforcement to develop interrelation between society and individuals whereas Hemingway emphasized the moral entity as the basic and idealistic rationale behind interpersonal relationships (Pericles, 2000). Eliot and Hemingway occupy two distinctive poles of distorted reality experiences that make them distinctive of each other.

References

Pericles, L. (2000). Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel (Cambridge University Press), 38–39.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Comparison And Contrast Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

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Compare and Contrast Essay

This compare and contrast essay is based on two famous plays in the field of English literature, and it will highlight the major aspects of both plays. The comparison is between Long Day’s Journey into Night by Eugene O’ Neil and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. Both plays are focusing on the element of sadness and tragedy in different ways. In the play, Long Day's Journey the writer is focusing on how good time converts into something really painful, and he conveys a message that nothing in this world is permanent. The writer has depicted a series of events that struck the audience emotionally and makes them think that there is a fall to everything that rises. The main character in this play is a female with whom and due to whom all the tragedies mainly occurred. The second plays are depicting the sacrifices of a woman due to being a female, and the writer conveys a message that females are always asked to make sacrifices regardless of the fact that if they are financially sound or weak. This gender is always dominated and oppressed by society.

Eugene O' Neil is a famous American playwright and holds the honor of being a Nobel laureate in the field of literature. His plays gave birth to the essence of realism in the American drama industry. Apart from that, he is known to be the first one to write and introduce speeches in American English. Whereas Henrik Ibsen is a famous Norwegian playwright from the 19th century, his plays are also focused on moral that are related to realistic class issues of the society due to different reasons. He is entitled to be the father of modernism in the field of theatre and is known to be one of the most influential writers during his era. His dramas are considered to be the most practiced and read after the work of Shakespeare.

The play a long day’s journey into night is revolving around a noble family named the Tyrones. The family includes James Tyrone (head of the family). Mary Tyrone (Wife of James Tyrone), Jamie Tyrone (eldest son of the Tyrone family), Edmund Tyrone (younger son), Cathleen (maid of the house). The element of tragedy is mainly associated with Mary Tyrone due to her addiction towards the consumption of morphine, alcohol addiction of her sons, and a variety of other factors including financial tensions and other problems as well. Mary's arrival from the rehabilitation center is hope for the entire family that her morphine addiction is treated completely, but she is unable to get rid of that. Despite her addiction and illness, Mary and her husband are still keeping high hopes from their children that they will achieve something beneficial and great in life. However, due to the continuously increasing addiction of their sons towards the consumption of alcohol, their hopes and expectations are slowly diminishing.

The writer depicts how internal family conflicts can affect the communication process between family members. The Tyrone family members are witnessed to keep zero communication and when they do it's mostly in the form of fights and quarrels. The conflicts between the family members are also making their bond as a family weaker gradually. The two brothers of the Tyrone family kept a reluctant behavior towards each other until the ending scenes of the play when Jamie confronts his brother that he is jealous of him and wants to see him unsuccessful in life. On the other hand, James, as being the head of the family instead of making efforts to end the conflicts between the family members, is continuously seen as criticizing and making taunts on his sons. However, as being the head of the family, he never allows any family member to speak a word against him. His criticism and continuous taunting is a depiction that he is not interested in solving the issues of his family. Hence, all the family members are restricted to their own choices and do not prefer to show any leniency towards each other. However, Mary apart from being a drug addict as being a mother continued to keep high hopes towards her son but faced continuous disappointment.

The title of the Play A Doll's House is referring to Nora as the Doll of Torvald in his house, whom he admires, adores and spends time with when he wants. The play is mainly depicting sacrifices that women make as being a wife, lover, and mother. It revolves around Torvald Helmer, Nora (wife of Torvald Helmer), Krogstad (an employee at Torvald's bank), Mrs. Linde (Nora’s childhood friend), Dr. Rank (Torvald’s best mate), and Annie-Marie (Nanny). This play is a depiction of sacrifices that females make on different stages of life. The writer has included three different females to depict different stages in a woman's life. Nora apart from being financially sound is dominated by her husband, and as being the head of the family, his decision is compulsory to be followed by everyone in the family. Torvalds reaction upon reading the letter that opens the secret of Nora is extremely outrageous and angry, he insults her and calls her extremely abusive words. He claims that Nora's revealed secret is a disgrace to her and she is not going to be allowed to raise their children. However, his moods turn cheerful when he reads the second letter from Krogstad and declares to forget everything. The insults that he did struck Nora very deeply, and she confronts her husband that she was always treated like a doll in this house. She was admired, adored and loved by her husband when he needed her. She leaves her husband by stating that she will make sense of her own life on her own will power and interest. On the other hand, Nora's best friend Mrs. Linde sacrifices her own interest and joys of life for her brothers and parents. After the death of her husband she has been working to support her family financially, which was another reason to visit Nora as she wanted to get employment. Later on, she makes a sacrifice of her love for Krogstad by marrying a rich guy, who promised to support her family financially. Lastly, Annie Marie who has sacrificed her love for her children by abandoning them so that she can search for a job and earn her livelihood.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Crimnology

White Collar Crime

Author Note

Introduction

Money Laundering, corruption, and deception are some specific forms of white collar crimes. In all such practices, generally, public power is misused to earn private benefits. There is a dearth of literature about corruption and money laundering, and there are not many theories which have addressed the issue of White Collar Crime in a scholastic manner. There are very few studies available which talks about the basic types and forms of White collar crime and how it is conducted. The available literature about the White-collar crime overlooks the causes and factors responsible for such crime. The present study is therefore designed to trace thoroughly the cycle of white-collar crime and to fill the literary gap by identifying the factors which are responsible for the occurrence of White collar crime.

Research Methodology

The proposed research will be qualitative in nature. Some primary literary materials i.e. journal articles, books, and interviews will be cited in order to get to develop the requisite literature. In addition to this, some existing case studies relating to the issue in hand would be referred.

Literature Review

The extended use of credit cards and the increasing trend of online shopping has provided a chance to hackers for transferring this digital money to their accounts illegally. Such scams came to the limelight not more than a decade ago. The fraudulent use of credit cards or e-money is a classic example of white-collar crime. This view has been shared by Renuga who argues that the use of digital transactions to such an alarming level might be made limited and people should feel urge to use other means to complete their banking transactions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yn2NI7rr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(RENUGA, RABIYATHUL, and Kamaladevi 2014)","plainCitation":"(RENUGA, RABIYATHUL, and Kamaladevi 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLGXUDQ4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/SLGXUDQ4"],"itemData":{"id":1109,"type":"article-journal","title":"FRAUD DETECTION IN CARD NOT PRESENT TRANSACTIONS BASED ON BEHAVIORAL PATTERN.","container-title":"Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology","volume":"61","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"RENUGA","given":"DEVI T."},{"family":"RABIYATHUL","given":"BASARIYA A."},{"family":"Kamaladevi","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (RENUGA, RABIYATHUL, and Kamaladevi 2014). He argues that the dearth of tracking such activities continues to provide an easy target to these hackers,

This view has been shared by Vivek Thakur, who has used a case study on American digital criminal system which elaborates that how illegal transactions have caused serious harms to the banking channels worldwide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KKWsD307","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Thakur, Chaudhary, and Sharma 2012)","plainCitation":"(Thakur, Chaudhary, and Sharma 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DCB35DQX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DCB35DQX"],"itemData":{"id":1111,"type":"article-journal","title":"Performance appraisal of economic offence wing of Chandigarh police: an analytical study","container-title":"ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal","page":"210–227","volume":"2","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Performance appraisal of economic offence wing of Chandigarh police","author":[{"family":"Thakur","given":"Vivek"},{"family":"Chaudhary","given":"Rouchi"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"R. K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Thakur, Chaudhary, and Sharma 2012). He goes on to argue that as like every other aspect of life is transformed due to the emergence of technology, crime has also experienced massive transformation. He considers the digital offenses as the most silent crime reported up till now. Sasha has also explored the same dynamic. She mentions that despite much personalization and customization of the digital technologies, there exists a space for the miscreants to enter in a system which holds crucial transaction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WEcf33w6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yadav and Jha 2001)","plainCitation":"(Yadav and Jha 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/RFB8DT9Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/RFB8DT9Z"],"itemData":{"id":1112,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Framework for Authorship Identification of Questioned Documents: Forensic and Linguistic Convergence","container-title":"MJAL","page":"1–7","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"A Framework for Authorship Identification of Questioned Documents","author":[{"family":"Yadav","given":"Sresha"},{"family":"Jha","given":"Smita"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yadav and Jha 2001). She mentions that despite many measures ion securing the transactional channels it appears that there exist some gaps which will keep on hinder the progress of the system.

Sutherland argued the emergence of White collar crime and its linkage with the technology in times when it was not a routine practice. His book offers great insight as to how the collaboration of these two could lead towards destruction of mega money transaction network ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DaX1ZJuK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sutherland 2017)","plainCitation":"(Sutherland 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/W42LH2LB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/W42LH2LB"],"itemData":{"id":1115,"type":"chapter","title":"White-collar criminality","container-title":"White-collar Criminal","publisher":"Routledge","page":"3–19","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Sutherland","given":"Edwin H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sutherland 2017). He argues that since there are many people involved in the transaction of heavy sums, therefore it is right to argue that in any way possible, this system might get hacked. He has also provided with a list of mercantile and mining corporations, which he argues could get affected directly or indirectly. Rensselaer takes forward the idea presented by Sutherland. In his book published after his death, he argues that technology might not be able to create a shield against those who will learn the art of working with digits. His description suggests that in many ways technology remains vulnerable to human errors. He argues that white collar crime is normal, affluent and well- adjusted. His recent book is, in fact, a revised edition of his previous book published in the late twentieth century. He also has taken another approach in making his readers understand the severity of White Collar crime. He argues that slowly the society will learn to live with such crimes, as they become a routine affair and many social norms will be readjusted with what the white crime will have to offer to the society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5LwX1ZTW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lee 2017)","plainCitation":"(Lee 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7HKJVZL3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7HKJVZL3"],"itemData":{"id":1117,"type":"book","title":"White-collar criminal: the offender in business and the professions","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"White-collar criminal","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Renssalaer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lee 2017).

Michel (et. al) have then taken the approach of white-collar crime from the digital world to how society treats this. They have completed an exploratory study on these crimes and have studied it parallel to the social behaviors of human. They have closely studied about how white-collar crimes could me made adjutant to general crimes of the society. Their findings suggest that since white collar crime is of technological nature and requires some much know-how of the internet world, therefore it will be impossible to categorize it as kind of a normal crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YETPujVb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Michel, Cochran, and Heide 2016)","plainCitation":"(Michel, Cochran, and Heide 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1119,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7RJKQJTA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/7RJKQJTA"],"itemData":{"id":1119,"type":"article-journal","title":"Public knowledge about white-collar crime: an exploratory study","container-title":"Crime, law and social change","page":"67–91","volume":"65","issue":"1-2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Public knowledge about white-collar crime","author":[{"family":"Michel","given":"Cedric"},{"family":"Cochran","given":"John K."},{"family":"Heide","given":"Kathleen M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Michel, Cochran, and Heide 2016). Their study also illustrates how white-collar crime is linked to societal conducts. Dervan (et.al) takes this approach forward and argues that the investigation and prosecutions related to the white collar crime take a whole new approach ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Pc5DFxcU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dervan and Podgor 2016)","plainCitation":"(Dervan and Podgor 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CCDHAILF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CCDHAILF"],"itemData":{"id":1123,"type":"chapter","title":"Investigating and Prosecuting White-Collar Criminals","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Dervan","given":"Lucian E."},{"family":"Podgor","given":"Ellen S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dervan and Podgor 2016). In a comparative study, they present how white-collar crime is different from many other traditional forms of crime. This handbook about White collar crime suggests that technology is just a facet or a tool in the occurrence of such crimes. There are many cases discussed in this handbook which suggests that legal definition of white collar crime might be different but it can be brought into the existing legal nexuses in order to prosecute any offender convicted of such malicious attempts. This handbook about White collar crime is a thorough study of the complete process involved in such activities.

In comparison to the legal aspects as discussed by Dervan (et. al), Benson argues that corporate crime is all together with a new field and distinctive to others. He argues that White collar crime is making its way because it is not characterized as a traditional form of Crime, which is wrong ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vWnBJKfb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benson 2016)","plainCitation":"(Benson 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/96US7QMV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/96US7QMV"],"itemData":{"id":1125,"type":"chapter","title":"Developmental perspectives on white-collar criminality","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Benson","given":"Michael L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Benson 2016). He has argued in the book that there are many areas in such crimes which still needs exploration. He maintains the point of view that nothing in its conduct is different compared to traditional forms of crime. The only difference in its conduct is the use of technology and much such wireless equipment (which with time will be normalized). The author has characterized the present form of the crime as a base and argues that this is evolving and therefore needs to be curbed at this very stage. His arguments are thorough but lack a sense of interpretation, they apparently are in conflict with the existing laws of America. Prechel has taken this notion more forward and has developed an organizational attire of such crimes and their conduct. He argues that White collar crime is not a separate field of study, neither can it be studied in isolation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1gCfD6zn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Prechel 2016)","plainCitation":"(Prechel 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1127,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NRYQFXGE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NRYQFXGE"],"itemData":{"id":1127,"type":"chapter","title":"Organizational Political Economy and White-Collar Crime","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Prechel","given":"Harland"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Prechel 2016).

He argues that the major mistake in curbing such crimes are studying and treating them in isolation. According to him, white crime has now grown up and has developed itself into a major crime. He goes on to argue that this crime is complementing many other crimes as well, therefore there is a dire need to study it in connection with all such crimes as it benefits almost every present crime. His book also covers many other perspectives related to corporate crime in this century. He argues that as the world is changing and is developing itself in a much-organized manner, therefore some proper and well- organized techniques are used to counter such perspectives. He has provided a framework of developing a converging framework of the corporate sector, development sector and energy sector for countering corporate crimes. He argues that this might help in dealing with a broad framework designed which will benefit many areas which are based on the usage of technology. He has referred to all this as an organizational way of protecting the political economy.

Yeager argues about the practical challenges of countering the White-collar crime. In his article, he has taken a very general approach in dealing with such crimes. He argues that since this notion of crime is different to all the established crimes, therefore there is a need to develop some more robust mechanisms to deal with this crime ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LxKirjdd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yeager 2016)","plainCitation":"(Yeager 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1129,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CTIZQKXE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CTIZQKXE"],"itemData":{"id":1129,"type":"chapter","title":"The practical challenges of responding to corporate crime","container-title":"The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Yeager","given":"Peter Cleary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yeager 2016). He opines that in dealing with such crimes, there could be different methods. For example, creation of a converged framework which is in a position to address the concerns of all related stakeholders, advanced training of the personnel involved in countering such crimes and the creation of a similar framework worldwide which can address the concerns of all countries. He also argues that since there are many people in the United States with expertise in such crimes, therefore it must take lead in the development of effective mechanisms of countering such crimes.

He mentions that such development will be beneficial for not just the United States but for many of its allies to. Payne has taken this notion forward and has argued about how countering such crimes will affect the existing criminal justice system, He has referred to some existing example of creating new frameworks for such crimes by referring towards some latest criminal frameworks related to such crimes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QcryFEpC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Payne 2016)","plainCitation":"(Payne 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1131,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PVRYWC9T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/PVRYWC9T"],"itemData":{"id":1131,"type":"chapter","title":"Effects on white-collar defendants of criminal justice attention and sanctions","container-title":"The Oxford handbook of white-collar crime","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Payne","given":"Brian K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Payne 2016). He argues that since media is involved in giving much attention to the people involved in white crimes, therefore it can be used as a starting point in the criminal investigations against such offenses. He has also pointed out many flaws in the existing criminal framework. He argues that since there is an absence of a general framework of countering such crimes, therefore, it might be difficult in the swift creation of a broad and overarching framework against such crimes. He has then finally pointed toward areas such as the personal identities, finances, economies, existing criminal justice system and mutual state affairs which can be at risk of being affected with the emergence of the new legal framework of countering such crimes.

Conclusion

The proposed research has highlighted many areas which are still away from the scholastic debate. Although there is much literature available regarding such crimes, still some areas still need exploration. The present study is therefore designed to elaborate on how technology is directly benefitting the conduct of such crimes and how this could be brought in the existing nexuses of the criminal justice system. The literature review presented covers all such aspects. Many research articles and journals have been concerned in order to sort out the most relevant material for this research. During the compilation of the literature review, it has been noticed that many studies related to the criminal aspects of the White collar crime present partial aspects and don't provide a thorough analysis, therefore considering such aspects the most thorough literature has been cited and referred. There is also another perspective which has been noticed in the existing literature which is the different frame of analysis regarding the studies relevant to the White collar and corporate crimes. Such issues have been kept in notice while compiling the relevant literature for this research.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Benson, Michael L. 2016. “Developmental Perspectives on White-Collar Criminality.” In The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime.

Dervan, Lucian E., and Ellen S. Podgor. 2016. “Investigating and Prosecuting White-Collar Criminals.” In The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime.

Lee, Rensselaer. 2017. White-Collar Criminal: The Offender in Business and the Professions. Routledge.

Michel, Cedric, John K. Cochran, and Kathleen M. Heide. 2016. “Public Knowledge about White-Collar Crime: An Exploratory Study.” Crime, law and social change 65(1–2): 67–91.

Payne, Brian K. 2016. “Effects on White-Collar Defendants of Criminal Justice Attention and Sanctions.” In The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime.

Prechel, Harland. 2016. “Organizational Political Economy and White-Collar Crime.” In The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime.

RENUGA, DEVI T., BASARIYA A. RABIYATHUL, and M. Kamaladevi. 2014. “FRAUD DETECTION IN CARD NOT PRESENT TRANSACTIONS BASED ON BEHAVIORAL PATTERN.” Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology 61(3).

Sutherland, Edwin H. 2017. “White-Collar Criminality.” In White-Collar Criminal, Routledge, 3–19.

Thakur, Vivek, Rouchi Chaudhary, and R. K. Sharma. 2012. “Performance Appraisal of Economic Offence Wing of Chandigarh Police: An Analytical Study.” ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 2(5): 210–227.

Yadav, Sresha, and Smita Jha. 2001. “A Framework for Authorship Identification of Questioned Documents: Forensic and Linguistic Convergence.” MJAL 3(1): 1–7.

Yeager, Peter Cleary. 2016. “The Practical Challenges of Responding to Corporate Crime.” In The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Critical Analysis On Odyssey

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Critical Essay on Odyssey

The meaning of the Greek word "andra" is a man and what it exactly takes to be a man in society. This word is significant as it refers to a man and conceals his identity at the same time. It also signifies the actions or intuitions of a person that sets him apart from the crowd and qualifies him as a heroic figure. Moreover, it symbolizes the journey of a man to find his name and identity in the world full of trials and misfortunes.

Similarly, the other word “polytropos” comes after the word “andra” and is used as an adjective to modify the noun man. It symbolizes human fate and his vulnerable nature in front of powerful Greek gods and deities. Likewise, these two words "andra polytroops", when used together, signifies a man's life which is full of twists and turns. The use of this term directs the narrative of the epic poem towards describing a man’s life journey and how his personality develops throughout his life because of his actions.

The epic poem Odyssey, describes the life of Odysseus taking many twists and turns, through his cunning nature, concealing his physical attributes and strategically planning his defense against the wrath of his powerful enemies. The character of Odysseus is portrayed as a man of intellect and he relies more on his intellectual abilities and his intuition. Unlike other heroes in Greek tragedies or poems, he is not portrayed as a heroic figure. He employs the techniques of persuasion and storytelling to persuade the God of the wind and the underground to help him in reaching his home. After the battle of Troy, he is stranded in the sea and is unable to reunite with his beloved wife and his son. For instance, his journey in the sea is a difficult one because he faces the wrath of Poseidon, the god of seas and he knows that he cannot avenge the powerful Gods through his strength. He conceals himself on a shipwreck in the sea and at another instance when he encounters Cyclops, he hides his identity and asks for a “warm welcome, even a guest-gift, / the sort that hosts give strangers. That’s the custom” (Odyssey 9.301-2). The desire for wealth and worldly gifts blind him and represents the flaws of his human nature. He tricks Cyclops and escapes from his cave however his human weaknesses of ego and revenge soon took over him and while escaping, he reveals his true identity.

Moreover, his urgency takes over his meticulous planning at an instance and he shows the gift of winds to his peers which results in more chaos as the winds blow in different directions. When he safely lands at the shores of Ithaca, he finds himself caught between misty clouds that are sent by Athena. He blames his hosts, the Phaeacians, and questions their loyalty "Not entirely honest or upright, were they?" (Odyssey 8, 192) whereas it is him who tricks them through his made-up storytelling techniques. He does not trust his peers and his friends such as Athena and Phaeacians and ask them to reveal their hidden intentions that might harm him. However, to protect himself and his interests, he shifts his physical attributes or changes the narrative of his tales. His personality traits are full of twists and turns as he plans his moves carefully and always put his interests first than others.

Due to Odyssey's twisted habits, his companions also do not trust him and ask for seeing the gifts too and as a result, the winds wreck their ship and they once again face trouble in reaching their homeland. When he reaches home, he once again disguises himself as a beggar and plans to kill the suitors of his wife, Penelope. He lies to Penelope and this action leads her to stage an archery competition to recognize her husband through his archery skills. Although archery is played through an arrow, it cannot be considered as a heroic sport and Odyssey is a master at archery. When he wins the competition, he kills his wife's suitors and shows his tyrannical side to the readers.

Homer has developed the character of Odysseus through these twists and turns throughout the poem. His fate is driven by circumstances but it is through his personality traits and cunning behavior that he invites more hardships throughout his journey across the sea and then in the cave of Cyclops. His introduction as a man of twists and turns justify the multiple identities that he shifts overtime to protect himself from the potential threats and test his companions. He also establishes himself as a cunning man who lusts after wealth and riches and tricks the holy deities through his storytelling techniques. Although he is not portrayed as a heroic figure, he still manages to blind Cyclops after breaking the host and guest relationship. In another instance, he cannot save the lives of his companions while passing through the cave and the spirits devour them in the guise of sailors.

On the other hand, these qualities also show his human weaknesses and fears. He is a non-heroic figure and his journey also serves as the development of his character as a storyteller, a trickster, and a careful planner. In the light of all the above events and instances, his character develops as a person who cannot be identified through one attribute of his personality and is a man full of twists and turns.

Compare & Contrast

Odysseus represents human weaknesses of lusting after wealth and mistrusting his companions because of the circumstances and similarly, Job shows pessimism and despair when he faces trials and tribulations. Both of them suffer the loss of their wealth, status and familial ties. Odysseus keeps on increasing his troubles through the twists and turns of his personality and his idiocy, he nearly escapes death during his journey towards Ithaca. The cause of his troubles is undoubtedly, his weak personality traits and cunning habits. However, Job is a good and moralistic person by nature and wishes good for everyone. The nature of his hardships is of a trial because God wants to test his patience and perseverance in times of hardship because he always thinks highly of God in his good times. He does not inflict this trial on himself like Odysseus.

Both the characters are described as humans and their heroic portrayal has not described in The Odyssey and The Book of Job respectively. The identity of Odysseus keeps on changing as he loses the sense of morality and honesty for his survival. He disguises his identity, curses his hosts and mistrust the actions of his peers. Likewise, over time Job starts complaining because of the agonizing pain and tries to rebel against God by not remaining more patient.

Moreover, with time, Job starts complaining because of the agonizing pain and when Odysseus faces trouble, he through his intellect creates a gateway from the potential problem. Trials remain a constant part of Odysseus's life whereas Jobs face miseries in only one day and neither hides his identity nor does he resort to cunning ways for his survival. He does not possess any special skills such as storytelling skills like Odysseus instead he prays to God. He tries to accept his fate and doesn’t do anything practical to make his situation better. Morality and God, both acts as absent figures in the life of Odysseus whereas these factors remain a central part of Job's life.

Odysseus's circumstances are although fate driven but he through his actions, inflicts the wrath of Poseidon over him whereas Satan's jealousy plays an important part in Job's trial. The former tests the patience of the God of Sea by blinding his son Cyclops. Satan views Job's virtue of patience as a challenge and persuades God to keep on increasing his miseries and pain until he gives up. Satan plays a major role in inflicting trial on Job because Job does not do anything to increase his troubles. Furthermore, God interrupts and ends his pain and illness whereas, Zeus helps Odysseus on the request of Athena. The former even trick the God of Wind through persuasion.

These trials also develop the character and personality traits of both the characters. For instance, Odysseus turns into a more domestic person after landing at Ithaca but he does not give up his cunning ways. Whereas Job realizes the importance of God's plans the hidden good in his trials. His personality develops into a more patient and forbearing person however, Odysseus, does not morally correct himself instead he kills many suitors out of his fears. Although both the characters reunite with their family, Odysseus still puts his benefits and wants first before the needs of his family. Fate plays a great role in the circumstances of Job, on the other hand, Odysseus 's fate keeps on getting worse because he is a man of twists and turns. Job does not value wealth and worldly riches whereas Odysseus can deceive people and his companions for getting favors and wealth.

Job's personality is linear as compared to that of Odysseus's and although both of them face tragedies but Odysseus's status even after deceiving the deities and killing the suitors remain more of a tragic hero. His tragic flaw is undeniably his nature and the cunning attributes that identify him as a man who lives in society without any sense of having one identity.

Works Cited

Homer, Robert Fitzgerald. The Odyssey. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Critical Reflection Essay

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June 08, 2019

Critical reflection essay

Racism and survival remain prominent themes in the novels, "Wide Sargasso Sea", "One Hundred Years of Solitude" and "The Secret River". The authors of these novels have tried to explore the realities of indigenous populations and their struggles against injustices. Social inequality contributed to towards the miseries of the minority populations. The authors have used appropriate writing techniques for adding meaning and transmitting social issues.

In the “Wide Sargasso Sea" challenges the identity of the mainstream culture and uncovers the concept of cultural superiority. Postcolonial themes remain visible throughout the novel. The way in which the characters understand their place in the west represents the broader issue of race. The portrayal of black characters is adequate for assuring the prevalence of social issues. Antoinette's questioning and struggles for exploration of self highlight the darker realities. The author captures the reality of the black girls by shedding light on the problems of gender, race and class. Irrespective of all her efforts Antoinette is unable to escape her reality.

The fiction captures the realities of biased parameters promoted under the influence of racism and oppression. The author emphasizes on the black character struggling in the circumstances of racial oppression. The struggles of these black girls like Antoinette are the result of social segregation existing on American cultures since history. The author tries to portray the events through his sociological eye. The black girl is entrapped in the difficulties due to the biased parameters created by race and social inequalities. Through personal autobiography and fictions, Rhys tries to transmit a common theme of the black girl's destruction. Racially segregated society encourages blacks to fight against colour. Wright is among the dominant authors who explored the racial realities of Harlem renaissance and its crippling impacts on the black people. The character of Antoinette in the novel recognizes race as part of her identity that influenced his entire life. The mental, state in the fiction represents the role of stereotypes and stigmas in promoting alcohol and drugs. The notion represents contradictions with the white perceptions related to alcohol abuse appearing in the fiction. The novel explains how oppression creates the identity of black making traditional paradigm of violence as immoral. It also displays the harsh retributive consequences of race and discrimination. The deprived characters created in the fiction is an attempt to portray the feelings of young Africans in America CITATION Sil09 \l 1033 (Cappelo).

The deprived conditions of the Africans reflected in black segregation, poverty and financial instability developed negative feelings. They blacks received no recognition that provoked emotions of low self-worth, convincing many to search for their identities. The effect was more deep and adverse, encouraging many young blacks to escape their conditions of trepidation thus taking them to the dark world of crimes. Rhys illustrates the reasons behind black crimes and violence. In the struggle against racism, many lost their innocence and use their hatred to attain success through criminal paths. The book uncovers how race destroyed the futures of young, innocent blacks. Feelings of rejection have a more profound impact on the thoughts and minds of African Americans. Their inability to stand against race results in their fears, hatred and aggression that they often exhibit in the form of violence. The failure of blacks to attain equal rights is the outcome of racial stigmas controlling the attitudes of the whites. The desire of whites to feel privileged encourages them to treat Africans as secondary citizens.

Marquez in “One Hundred Years of Solitude” explores themes of indigenous culture and myths. Time, fate and humour are used for portraying the lives of human and their nature. Native identity and culture had been challenged in America due to that exhibit race. The author has criticized the extent of having external control over one's environment. The use of rhetoric tools has allowed Marquez to covey his ideas to the readers in an appropriate manner. The character like Arcadio aims at gaining control over external elements compared to Macondo’s tendency of gaining control over the environment. Multiculturalism is prominent in Macondo’s society due to the presence of native people. The author has captured the reality of new settlers bringing change to western culture. Immigration remains one of the prominent factors that contribute to multiculturalism. The resistance of the immigrants to assimilate into a new culture resulted in multiculturalism because they changed to their original identities. The hierarchical system adopted by the Banana Company manipulated the labour at Macondo. The character of Melquiades in the fiction bears to the elements of culture that are unknown to the people of Macondo.

Grenville in the novel “The Secret River” portrays confrontation between two races and its implications on the people. The problem emerged with the settlements of white people on the lands of Aboriginals. This created a complex situation for the native people who were forced to leave their lands. By creating aboriginal characters Grenville has attempted to transmit their history of sufferings. Lost memories are environed by enabling readers to obtain cultural and intellectual understandings of the past. William Thornhill is a protagonist who portrays the themes of poverty, injustice and inequality. He had to accept low paid jobs such as his work of waterman is for supporting his family. Despite all the hardships he is motivated to change his reality.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmad, Mustanir and Ayaz Afsar. "Magical realism, social protest and anti-colonial sentiments in One Hundred Years of Solitude: An instance of historiographic metafiction." Asian Journal of Latin American Studies 27.2 (2014): 1-26.

Cappello, Silvia. "Postcolonial Discourse inside the Sargasso Sea: Creole Discourse vs. European Discourse, Periphery vs. Center, and Marginalized People vs. White Supremacy." Journal of Caribbean Literatures 6.1 (2009): 47-54.

Corwin, Jay. "One Hundred Years of Solitude. Indigenous Myth, and Meaning." Confluencia 26.2 (2011): 61-71.

García Márquez, Gabriel. Cien años de soledad. Madrid: Real Academia Española, (2007). Print. González Echevarría, Roberto. Myth and Archive. Gambridge: GUP, (1990). Print.

Kossew, Sue. "Voicing the Great Australian Silence: Kate Grenville's Narrative of Settlement in The Secret River." The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 42.7 (2007).

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

D. Why Does War Happen, And How Does It Affect People Who Have Been Involved? Select A War Or Similar Conflict (Trojan War, American Civil War, WWI, WWII, Iraq War). Discuss How It Started And What Its Consequences Are/were, Especially For Those Who Fough

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Consequences of War

Current civil wars typically cost citizens more than government wars. This is due to the growing pattern in which soldiers have rendered a strategic goal for populations. A national dispute is indeed an open conflict arising from the use of military force among 2 entities, one being the authority of a state. The key challenges raised by intra-state conflict are the inclination of UN representatives, especially the strongest participant, to participate; the institutional capacity of the UN to react; and if the conventional concepts of maintaining peace should apply to intra-state conflicts. The consequences of war include massive urban devastation and have a long-lasting impact on the economy of a country. Military conflict has significant cumulative adverse effects on facilities, community health care, and social organization. This paper will give the reader an idea about the consequences of War through an account of the First World War.

Discussion

World War I

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, World War I started in 1914 and proceeded throughout 1918. Conflicts had already been stirring across Europe, particularly throughout the disturbed Balkan area of southeast Europe, for decades until World War I eventually broke out. A proportion of agreements concerning European nations, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and other groups had existed for decades. However, political turmoil throughout the Balkans (particularly Bosnia, Serbia, and Herzegovina) tried to destroy such arrangements. On June 28, 1914, the flame which triggered World War I hit Sarajevo, Bosnia, in which the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand who was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Together with his mother, Sophie, Princip, as well as other conservatives, fought over Bosnia and Herzegovina to overcome the Austro-Hungarian law. Franz Ferdinand's murder kicked off a rapidly rising cascade of events: Austria-Hungary, like so many countries across the world, placed the assault on the Serbian state and sought to choose the event as a pretext to settle the issue of Serbian nationalism immediately.

Nearly 9 million militants were killed in World War I while 21 million others were injured. Two highly impacted states were Germany and France. Both of them forced around 80 percent of respective male inhabitants aging between 15 and 49 years into combat. This initial World War managed to spread one of the worst global disease outbreaks, the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed nearly 20 to 50 million individuals. World War I was indeed known as the "first modern war." Several of the developments that we now equate with global conflict — automatic weapons, tanks, airborne warfare, and radio transmissions — were implemented on a large scale. Its extreme impacts that were caused by chemical equipment, such as mustard gas and phosgene, reinforced government and army perceptions against their constant use on troops and civilians throughout the First World War. The Geneva Convention Contracts, drafted in 1925, confined the utilization of chemical warfare in the field.

Conclusion

According to my views which are based on the film, "The Pianist," I conclude that Soldiers encounter war distinctly from civilians, even though they both suffer in times of conflict, but women and kids, in general, endure terrible atrocities. The legacy of these disputes is the pervasive distress created by such massacres and the deprivation of the civilian population, causing significant psychological and emotional trauma.

Works Cited

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Deconstructive Literary Analysis

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Course

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Deconstructive Literary Analysis

The Lynch law in America focuses on various issues that affect different sectors within the United States. The will primarily focus on the progressives as modern day democrats. They both pushing for all social changes such as gun control and a path to citizenship for immigrants, but does nothing about reducing poverty in our towns (Dray, np). Unluckily, most of the progressives were white and did not seem to care much for other people living in the United States of America. The lynch laws of America during those days were not helpful because they could not solve various challenges affecting members of the public.

As such, there is nothing against hanging people for heinous crime, but to accuse a black man due to discrimination because of his or her color is not appropriate. The white people have been the cause of problems since they are killing people randomly for fun (Godoy, 624). During this period, the justice system was white back then, so a man of color got no justice. According to most of the recent mass shootings, it is evident that justice was not prevailing in society. Also, most of those atrocities were committed by white men.

Furthermore, during this period, the white did not give other groups chances to express their views. The white people were looking down upon different groups of people especially the black men who were considered as the cursed groups. The white people are the uncivilized ones, not the man of color or nobody else. The poor Negros were not treated equally as others. They were oppressed and were discriminated from most services of the state (Sieder, 170). All ages from children to adults were treated equally, and no special treatment was given to any group. For instance, how can somebody be able to sleep at night for murdering a little kid just because they are different from you? The killing of a child is unexpected, and no human creature should do that. Even though such acts seem to be stories but they indeed happened, and their effects lasted in the mind of many people for an extended period.

However, these laws a long gone are not applicable in the United States of America any more. Additionally, black people were one-third of a citizen before the emancipation proclamation so they could not even get equal representation in a court case before slavery, or after slavery. It is true that the right to a fair trial no matters the circumstances, and if the man is guilty of their crime, they should be punished thoroughly by the law. But the justice system is a business, and most people never serve their full sentence thanks to plea bargains and ethical behavior (Sieder, 170). The rate of injustices was ordinary and many groups except white people could get the basic needs. For instance, the level of inequality was highly encouraged because law enforcers were not fighting for human rights. As such, every man was for himself or herself due to the inability of legal authority to safeguard and protect human rights.

The harsh treatment of the citizen was encouraged by lack of human right commission that could work to fight for the rights of the citizens to ensure equality among different groups of people (Sieder, 170). Furthermore, the rates of slavery were rampant where young and energetic were led to force hard labor without compensation. On the other hand, young women and girl were sexually harassed, and they could not seek justice due to the lack of transparency in courts and tribunals.

Works Cited

Dray, Philip. At the hands of persons unknown: The lynching of black America. Modern Library, 2007.

Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. "When “justice” is criminal: Lynchings in contemporary Latin America." Theory and Society 33.6 (2004): 621-651.

Sieder, Rachel. "Contested sovereignties: Indigenous law, violence and state effects in postwar Guatemala." Critique of Anthropology 31.3 (2011): 161-184.

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. Place of publication not identified: OUTLOOK Verlag, 2018. Print.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Depends On The Writer

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The Birthmark

American author named, Nathaniel Hawthorne, authored a short story “The Birthmark,” which depicts the obsession of the main character with human perfection. The main character of the short story, Aylmer, who is a philosopher, as well as scientist, gets distracted from his career when he marries Georgiana. She is perfect, except a little birthmark on her face. The husband who has faced a number of failures in his life becomes obsessed with the mark and wants to remove it. Being aware of the stress her husband has to face due to the birthmark, Georgiana allows him to carry out the experimentation of removing the mark. She trusted her husband and wanted to please him, however, his obsession took her life. The obsession of Aylmer with human perfection is depicted through the utilization of literary elements of symbolism, foreshadowing, and irony.

Aylmer's attempt at removing the birthmark of Georgiana is the symbolism of his obsession with human perfection. He had married Georgiana due to his love towards her and at that time, the birthmark on her face had not caused any trouble him. Aylmer is obsessed with human perfection and that is depicted through the symbolism of his attempt to remove the birthmark. He was flustered at the sight of the birthmark, shortly after their marriage and could not accept the fact that Georgiana, who was a perfect woman, had such a great flaw in her beauty. He wanted to make her perfect by removing her birthmark and his attempt symbolized his obsession with human perfection. Another symbolism in the short story is the career break of Aylmer from being a scientist and philosopher to concentrating on removing the flaw from his wife. His obsessions with human perfection are evident from the symbolism that he left everything to make his wife’s appearance perfect. At that point of his life, when he should have focused on progressing his career and ensuring a better future for his wife and the future family, he kept obsessing over the mere birthmark of his wife. The birthmark was the biggest flaw for him, as it made him conscious of the imperfection of his wife (Hawthorne).

Aylmer’s dream of cutting the skin and heart of Georgiana is the foreshadowing of the result of his obsession with human perfection. He was so obsessed with human perfection that the birthmark of his wife started giving him nightmares. He saw in his dream that he was cutting the skin of the birthmark from the face of his wife and that extended to her heart. This is actually the use of foreshadowing to reveal the impact of his obsession. The foreshadowing clearly depicted that the birthmark on the face of Georgiana was attached to her heart, which meant that her life depended on it. Another foreshadowing in the plot of the short story is the fainting of Georgiana after seeing the laboratory of her husband. Instead of being assured of his success and competence, Georgiana became nervous and scared of his laboratory, which foreshadowed her doomed fate. She would have become happy, if she had any confidence in her husband; however, her fainting reveals the lack of trust. The purpose of the whole process was to satisfy the obsession of her husband with human perfection and the author revealed the negative result of the obsessions through the utilization of foreshadowing (Gottesman et al.).

Aylmer’s attempt at removing his wife's birthmark, instead of fixing his failures, is the irony of his obsession with human perfection. The author has used the literary device of irony in the short story by revealing that Aylmer who was obsessed with human perfection had a failed career. He had to face difficulties in establishing his career and was unable to prove his studies and projects. Then instead of focusing his attention on his failures and making the effort of reestablishing it, he focused his attention on removing the flaws of his wife. This is the greatest irony utilized by the author that a person who was a failure in himself, tried to make another human being perfect and took her life in the process. Another irony in the story is utilized by the author is the way that he has depicted Aylmer as an educated and intelligent human being, who had faced failure in life. He was an ordinary, uneducated man, who could not understand the fact that each and every person lacks something in his personality or life. Still, a little mark on the face of his wife made him unapprove, as well as question her beauty and made him obsessed with ensuring her perfection (Hawthorne).

The obsession of Aylmer with human perfection forced him to remove the birthmark of his wife, without caring about the circumstances of his actions. The author has used the literary elements of symbolism, foreshadowing, and irony, in order to present his point effectively. He has shown that a man who was imperfect in his own self tried to make his wife perfect and became the source of her death.

Works Cited

Gottesman, Ronald, et al. The Norton Anthology of American literature. WW Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1980.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Birthmark. Charles River Editors via PublishDrive, 2018.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Discuss The Relevance Of Genre For How We Interpret Literature

Writer’s Name

Instructor Name

Art 101

08 January 2020

Title: How we Interpret Literature

Genre is a word that refers to the art and entertainment including written or spoken, audio or visual music. Genre are changed over time and old ones are almost discontinued in recent years. Certain prose, poetry and drama are a part of literary genres. Fantasy is a form of magic or supernatural form of entertainment element of genre. Action or adventurous genre is represented in the form of crime generally. Thinking from a larger perspective, popularity is a form of artistically deadening element of modern life. Far various people seller auctions figures as certain kind of panoply in contradiction of censure, and think that the uppermost praise you can give an illustrator or artist is that their work “sells well.”

Francis Eagleton is known as a famous intellectual and literary theorist. He is one of the distinguished professor of all times ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FqKYopQ6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ray)","plainCitation":"(Ray)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1063,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"itemData":{"id":1063,"type":"article-journal","title":"Terry Eagleton, Materialism","container-title":"Chiasma: A Site For Thought","page":"140-145","volume":"4","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ray","given":"Jeff"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ray). He is known for his literary theory an introduction 1983, though he has wrote over forty books. The theory has helped readers to understand the context of ideas and methods in interpretation of history and literature. He has presented various approaches to show the relevance of unconscious factors and linguistics of texts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Hv0xxcZs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ray)","plainCitation":"(Ray)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1063,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"itemData":{"id":1063,"type":"article-journal","title":"Terry Eagleton, Materialism","container-title":"Chiasma: A Site For Thought","page":"140-145","volume":"4","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ray","given":"Jeff"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ray). Genre is another world with a complete description who helps a writer to communicate with the readers through specific codes, expectations and values. For example, a nonfiction prose is a form of literature which communicate its message through non-metrical language regarding reality such as science textbook. It is illogical to look down on popular genre else there is a reason behind that text.

Many popular books and literature has been written but it was not popular among people that much. It is not the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, however, the British Churchill wrote a description under the name Winston S. Churchill because the American Churchill was so well-known to evade misunderstanding. Although, the former is currently entirely overlooked whereas obscure-in-their-day generations of his like Franz Kafka are extensively read. In a good example of fiction, a writer or an artist always write things in a way that exactly correlate with the reader’s mind. Interpretation of genre depends mainly on opinions of viewers.

An interesting example of a social function is advertising for example, vast quantity of literature is advertised to promote genre of fantasy or crime. Theorists have suggested that use and consumption of advisements is unimpeded by the communal functions that the makers may have envisioned. Advertising indeed promote genre though readers and visitors are often confused by the purpose and quantity of pervasive promotion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4D0IZlRG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ray)","plainCitation":"(Ray)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1063,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"itemData":{"id":1063,"type":"article-journal","title":"Terry Eagleton, Materialism","container-title":"Chiasma: A Site For Thought","page":"140-145","volume":"4","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ray","given":"Jeff"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ray). Genres are determined based on advertising therefore, literature must be publicized by utilizing appropriate quantity of advertising. Advertisements only specify a part or a segment of genre and it may misinterpret the actual meaning of genre.

It has been observed that most of the literature is being presented in the form or retelling the actual stories however, many literature artists used false claims to retell a story ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tpBs8Dtx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ray)","plainCitation":"(Ray)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1063,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/2UAPN3CJ"],"itemData":{"id":1063,"type":"article-journal","title":"Terry Eagleton, Materialism","container-title":"Chiasma: A Site For Thought","page":"140-145","volume":"4","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Ray","given":"Jeff"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ray). Artists should use an actual story to retell readers about a story rather telling it with false claims in the form of action to fascinate and attract readers and audience. Classification of genre is a process of grouping different objects together on defined similarities such as purpose, subject, style and format. Classification of genre is a mean of managing information already established in music (jazz, folk, and blues) and text. The classification of genre is still hidden in ambiguity. In case of text, genre is not consider as a well-defined notion but well defined in arts and music. The automated tool of genre classification are in developmental stages and prototype genre classification tool considerably involve investigation into the relationship between different classes and feature types.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ray, Jeff. “Terry Eagleton, Materialism.” Chiasma: A Site For Thought, vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, pp. 140–45.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Does The Film “Adaptation” By Spike Jonze Have A Single, Coherent View Of Writing And The Process Of Adaptation?

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Literature

Although the film Adaptation was directed by Spike Jonze, the show is stolen by the screenwriter Charlie Kaufman. The plot structure is chiefly unconventional, and classic Hollywood rules were violated. In spite of its confusing structure, the biggest transgression committed by Kaufman and Jonze is that they did not strive to remain coherent in their fictional universe, which was entirely created by them. The writing style in the movie keeps on changing itself, giving an optical illusion of an endless stairway or an incessant path. The book from which the film is adapted, The Orchid Thief, has a great reliance on facts and coherent thoughts, Kaufman suffered from a major writer's block while adapting the book into a screenplay. Although the writer was well-familiar with all major theories on screen-writing, the screenplay was brimming with the intersection of fiction and reality. On the surface, the movie seems to be quite uncomplicated and straightforward, and at any given point of the run-time, the audience knows what exactly is happening with the main characters, but the writing style is hardly coherent.

The story of a screenwriter who is trying to create something different is the main theme of the movie. There is a lack of external forces in the book, which is filled by an internal force; in this case, the screenwriter suffers from a writer's block. No concrete event is happening in his life, and this abysmal fact is reflected in the idea of the film which he wishes to write. The plot of the film is repeatedly questioned by the critics as it continuously strives to distort reality, turning the movie into something which was not the initial intention. The writing style renders adaptation into an arch plot, which is designed classically. Ideas and abstractions revealing inconsistent realities lurk around the plot but are causally interlinked, which helps the viewer to grasp the basic themes of the movie. Adaptation, from its very beginning to the end, is an arch plot, but the incoherence in the writing style confuses the audience.

Different events in the plot leap from one event to another in the pursuit to create a vague sense of ludicrousness. The conventional and traditional needs of the screenplay are influenced by the life events of the characters in the film, paving the way for unruly content. Adaptation is unquestionably conceptual and ideational and fully reflects the amalgamation of art and Hollywood. The inconsistent process of adaptation from the book to film presents a didactic presentation of the platitudinous process which the screenwriters undergo while writing a fiction film or a screenplay. The screenwriter also deceives about the actual writing process in the film and plays with the divine concept of truth by employing humor in the film. Regardless of the inconsistencies exhibited in the writing style, the film still manages to portray uniformity and is identified as a specific mental state of the screenwriter. This subjective state of mind of a single person holds the film contents unified and together for the audience and makes it unique from other fiction movies. By imparting the narratives of conflicting sides, the film convulses predictable and casts a spell on its audience through a portrayal of an illusion.

In a quintessential post-modernist fashion, adaptation deals with life as a subject and how an individual thinks about living it and how he lives it. Adaptation is indispensably a powerful movie that makes the viewer think about those passions which trigger our best achievements in life and other instances, leave the viewer stranded with lesser proclivities and desires in life.

Works Cited

AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of the Book Being Referenced. City Name: Name of Publisher, Year. Type of Medium (e.g., Print).

LastName, First, Middle. “Article Title.” Journal Title (Year): Pages From - To. Print.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Does The Presence Of A TASER Or Other CEW Affect Officers Willingness To Use Force

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Date

Presence of Taser and the Use of Force

Introduction

The use of lethal force by the police force against the suspects, as well as the general citizens in the critical situations, has always been a very important issue, which raised concerns regarding the safety of the general public. It also raised questions regarding the status of the police force who are actually meant to provide safety and security to the citizens of any society. In the modern times, the lethal weapons of the police force have been exchanged with the less lethal TASER or CEW, which can help the police officers to control the suspects or criminals in the difficult situation, without hurting them physically or mentally. On the other hand, the excessive use of TASER by the police force has raised the concern that the police officers are more likely to use the force in the form of TASER, even in the case when the use of force is not required. The presence of TASER or other CEW may affect the willingness of the officers to use force.

Literature Review

Fatal and Nonfatal Incidents Involving the TASER

White and Ready conducted a research study in the year 2009, in order to examine the case of fatal, as well as nonfatal incidents which involved the use of TASER. The researchers described in their article that TASER is a less lethal weapon which can be used by the police force to control the suspects or criminals, in any given situation. The shot of TASER consists of a few volts of current, which can hinder the resistance or attack of the suspects, providing a chance to the police officers to catch the suspects. Its use is effective due to the reason it does not cause physical injury to the person on which it is shot. On the other hand, the researchers also shared the details that using the TASER multiple times can lead to the death of the person as well. Moreover, factors like the use of illicit drugs, as well as the mental and emotional condition of the person can also increase the chances of their physical or mental health injury after being attacked with TASER (White, and Ready, 885). So, it cannot be said that TASER does not cause any physical injuries and should only be used in case of emergency, with proper care.

Effect of Policy Changes on Police Use of TASER

The research conducted by Bishopp et al. highlighted the fact that police use of force has always been a cause of concern for the general society. This motivated the justice department to introduce more strict policies, which hindered the ability of the police officers to use the force openly. They had to provide the justification of the use of force and also received punishments, in case the use of force was not justifiable. The invention and excessive use of TASER changed the scenario for quite some time as it was considered non-lethal. However, the justice system has introduced strict policies for the use of TASER as well (Bishopp et al., 735). The researchers have explained that the fear of the strict policies motivates the police officers to limit the use of TASER and avoid any kind of disciplinary action.

Application and Use of TASER

The research conducted by DeLone and Thompson highlighted the application as well as the use of TASER by the Midwestern police force. The article highlighted that the police force used TASER against the white male suspects and it was quite effective. The use of force did not cause any kind of injury to the suspects as well as to the officers of the police force. The researchers also mentioned in their article that due to the limited number of cases, they were not able to find the connection between the injury and the use of force (DeLone, and Thompson, 421).

Impact of Tasers on Police Use-of-Force Decisions

Research conducted by Sousa, Ready, and Ault examined the two groups of the police force in the controlled situation. One group was provided with TASER, while the other group was not provided with it. The purpose of the research study was to examine the decision making of the officers when faced by resisting suspects. The results of the research study highlighted that the officers carrying TASER were more likely to use it, instead of other non-lethal force like the batons, etc. (Sousa, Ready, and Ault, 47).

Effects of the TASER on Cognitive Functioning

The research conducted by White et al. highlighted the fact that there has not been enough research in the field to observe the impact of TASER on the cognitive functioning of the person being attacked. The research also highlighted the fact that cognitive functioning of almost twenty officers was checked before using TASER on them. Their cognitive functioning was then again checked after the attack, as well as after twenty-four hours. The results highlighted that the cognitive functioning of the person gets disturbed for twenty-four hours, after being attacked, which raises a question on the use of the TASER (White et al., 276).

Changes in TASER Use Policy Affect Police Officer Injury Rates

Womack, Morris, and Bishopp highlighted in their research study that the purpose of introducing TASER was to control the injuries as well as unfortunate incidents of excessive use of force towards the suspects. With the passage of time, the justice department made the policies stricter regarding the use of TASER, as they came to know its harmful effects. The research also highlighted the fact that the strict policies also helped the police officers to avoid injuries related to TASER (Womack, Morris, and Bishopp, 428).

TASER has emerged as a non-lethal mean of force; however, it is also not perfectly to use. The excessive or multiple uses of TASER can disturb the heart functioning of the individual, resulting in death. Moreover, it also has a tendency to impact the cognitive functioning of the individual, even if it is used once. The strict policies of the justice department keep a check on the activities of the police force while motivating them to not cause any kind of harm to the innocent citizens or the suspects.

Works Cited

Bishopp, Stephen A., David A. Klinger, and Robert G. Morris. "An examination of the effect of a policy change on police use of TASERs." Criminal Justice Policy Review 26.7 (2015): 727-746.

DeLone, Gregory J., and Liddie M. Thompson. "The application and use of TASERs by a Midwestern police agency." International Journal of Police Science & Management 11.4 (2009): 414-428.

Sousa, William, Justin Ready, and Michael Ault. "The impact of TASERs on police use-of-force decisions: Findings from a randomized field-training experiment." Journal of Experimental Criminology 6.1 (2010): 35-55.

White, Michael D., and Justin Ready. "Examining fatal and nonfatal incidents involving the TASER: Identifying predictors of suspect death reported in the media." Criminology & Public Policy 8.4 (2009): 865-891.

White, Michael D., et al. "Examining the effects of the TASER on cognitive functioning: findings from a pilot study with police recruits." Journal of Experimental Criminology 10.3 (2014): 267-290.

Womack, Valerie G., Robert G. Morris, and Stephen A. Bishopp. "Do Changes in TASER Use Policy Affect Police Officer Injury Rates?." Police quarterly 19.4 (2016): 410-434.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Edgar Allan Poe Stories

Edgar Allan Poe

The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe that was first published in The Pioneer in 1843. It’s an old gothic tale about a man who kills his friend because he feared his eyes which reminded him of a vulture’s eyes. Edgar Allan Poe builds up the elements of suspense through the darkness that is inside his character's mind and heart. He establishes the theme of guilt and its relation to the madness of the narrator. Guilt is present in the heart of the narrator but he is unable to admit his illness or madness and his obsessions are offered through imaginary events.

Edgar Allan is famously known for his poems and tales of mystery and horror that provoked interest among readers. The-Tale Heart is a story about a psycho man who is also the narrator and protagonist of the story. He murders his old friend because he is afraid of his "evil eye" and his “beating heart”. The story deals with a man’s mental disabilities and madness and focuses on the narrator’s obsessions but the narrator does not accept his illness or insanity that leads him to kill his friend ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pasNOhUA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Amir, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Amir, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":17,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/NZE5PX5G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/NZE5PX5G"],"itemData":{"id":17,"type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of the Short Story \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" by Edgar Allan Poe","page":"596","volume":"II","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"The TellTale Heart\" by Edgar Allan Poe is a short story written in the genre of horror. It describes the committing of murder and then confessing it due to being tormented by guilty conscious. The paper aims to analyze the story thoroughly including its themes and literary and rhetorical devices. The methodology used for the paper is discourse analysis which essentially reveals socio-psychological characteristics of the protagonist who is an unnamed person, telling a tale about a crime he committed to prove that he is not insane. The paper discusses in detail various aspects of the story which are directly or indirectly connected to the motives and psychological impulsions behind committing the crime by the protagonist. The paper concludes that the story has been written to provide a study of paranoia 1 and mental deterioration. Introduction:","author":[{"family":"Amir","given":"Shamaila"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Amir, 2018). For instance, the narrator at one point says, "If still, you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body". Instead of accepting his crime, he describes his abilities to kill the man and tells the skills of hiding the dead body. His paranoia is replaced with superiority when he says in the story that, “no human eye- not even his-could have detected anything wrong”. But his guilt of killing the man puts him into despair and continues to fall deeper and deeper. He believes that the guilt that he is feeling is not because of the murder, rather it’s a disease given to him by the evil eye, an “eye of a vulture”. He is so much afraid of the eyes that he uses words like “hideous, damned, and vultures” while describing the eye.

Thus, this gothic tale silently talks about the illness and guilt of a man who is not ready to accept his crime but at the same time, he is guilty of attempting murder of his close old friend.

The Black Cat is another famous short story with deep psychological elements which was published in 1843. It is a story of a man who has a loving wife and a pet Pluto. The story has a smooth start but as soon as he gets into drinking, his life changes. It is shown that Alcohol is a major reason for disturbance in his life and a reason for his mental breakdown. The narrator is fully aware of his mental illness and understands what he doing with his wife and with his cat. He also notices the changes that are occurring inside him because of drinking alcohol. Alcohol is the foremost reason for his life upheaval ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t6ExVcna","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buday, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Buday, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":15,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/PFJ5FMC6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/PFJ5FMC6"],"itemData":{"id":15,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychoanalyzing “The Black Cat”: The Journey from Emotional Transference to Displays of Psychopathy","container-title":"English Matters","page":"11-15","volume":"5","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"This article discusses a novel approach to the possibility of interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe’s narrative “The Black Cat”. It offers an interpretive model of the narrative on the basis of the psychoanalytical approach with the focus put on anti-social behavior coupled with the psychological phenomenon of emotional transference. The analysis of the story’s narration focuses on the unreliability of the narrator with respect to the transparency of the events unfolding during the course of the story. It also uncovers the element of the social realm of human experience within the story which asserts itself as a pivotal part of the narrative.","title-short":"Psychoanalyzing “The Black Cat”","journalAbbreviation":"English Matters","author":[{"family":"Buday","given":"Maroš"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",12,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buday, 2014).

In ‘The Black Cat’, the narrator cannot control his anger after drinking and losing his mental ability to behave properly. Poe gives a detailed description of the narrator's illness before and after drinking alcohol. He not only kills his wife, but his cat also comes under his inhumane behavior. Like in the story, the narrator says, "I grew day by day moodier, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others". The narrator behaves nicely with his wife and his cat when he does not drink and once the narrator gets drunk, he commits multiple heinous crimes under the influence of alcohol. Later he takes full responsibility for his deeds at the end of the story.

Poe has successfully portrayed the ill behavior of the narrator and the effects of alcohol in his life. It is important to understand the overuse of drugs as the story suggests to be careful of alcohol because it can not only destroy relationships but also can make a person insane.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Amir, S. (2018). Analysis of the Short Story “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe. II, 596.

Buday, M. (2014). Psychoanalyzing “The Black Cat”: The Journey from Emotional Transference to Displays of Psychopathy. English Matters, 5, 11–15.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Emotional Intelligence In The Parallax

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Emotional Intelligence in the Parallax

Rickert’s Poem

In ‘The Parallax’ the author has made use of similes, metaphors, and symbolism to engage the readers into self-discovery and improve personal effectiveness by increasing emotional intelligence. ‘The Parallax’ by Rickert depicts the story of a couple who pass through some catastrophic events while celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary that causes them to see things and situations differently. The poem by Rickert reveals the memories of the couple before their interaction with certain unpleasant events that changed their opinions and lives. With this therapeutic imagery, the writer accesses buried memories and tries to bring relief and resolution. The writer uses metaphors to describe what the life of that couple has become. He connects the prevalence of feelings of guilt, pain, regret, and grief to the disconnected shadows in these words, “regret, guilt, pain, and grief drift over you like disconnected shadows.” Another use of metaphor for the Parallax is, “…nurtured by remorse left like crumbs along a darkened path.” Here he talks about the power of memories and power of time that can take a person to places where he can never think of going.

The Twin Towers

The twin towers were collapsing and burning on the television. They symbolize the different perspectives and ideas of Frank and Sarah. The reactions of both of them were different about the situation. Sarah was full of emotions but Frank was thinking just about the hiking trail. The symbolism of the twin towers is the different opinions running in the minds of Frank and Sarah, “Images of the collapsing towers continued on the television in an unrelenting loop. I couldn’t believe we were talking about hiking boots when so many people had died. “Yes, those are our Kraines. Why?” another symbolism of the collapsing twin towers can be the death of Frank’s father as he told that the towers reminded him of his Dad, “When I saw the towers fall, I thought of my dad.” Frank blamed himself for the death of his father and the trauma of collapsing towers seemed the same to him as that of his father’s death.

The Muted Television

The author has described the scene of the muted television as a symbol of silence and tranquility between the relationship of couple. Their understanding has developed much opposite ideas and opinions to each other after all the chaos that happened to them.

“Sarah tossed the phone onto the sofa. “Isn’t she supposed to land soon? Do you…”

“Damn.” I pounded my fist on the end table, accidentally slopping whiskey out of my glass. I’m a cop. I needed to be in control, but there was absolutely nothing that I could do. I looked at Sarah and then at the muted television.”

It also shows the disconnection of Frank with his wife’s illness and fathers’ death. It symbolizes the sufferings of people when they fail to grasp or understand the perspectives of others and only focus on their own views.

My Connections

The Parallax is a beautiful story within a story that teaches many new things and arouses complex feelings inside the readers. Communication seems an important and powerful tool in human life. Many people suffer because they are not ready to accept the opinions and ideas of others and remain stick to their own views, such as Frank does. He causes unnecessary suffering to himself and to others because of his inability to see and respect the views and perspectives of others around him. The part that made me feel connected to the story was Frank’s description of his father’s death and his feelings of guilt about that.

“My Dad died because of me.”

“You’ve always told me that his death was an accident.”

“That’s what everyone said, but I know it was my fault.”

Emotional Intelligence

The Emotional Intelligence is very important in a patient centered care as it is an effective way for taking care of a person. Mostly the healthcare professionals or doctors complain about poor communication with the patients. According to them, the quality of diagnosis and treatment is hugely influenced by discriminatory emotions. The ability to understand the emotions of patients is an important skill that can enhance his centered care.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Phd, Donald R. Rickert. The Parallax: See Yourself with New Understanding. Abbott Press, 2011.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 2 Words: 600

English

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Expository Writing: English

Comparison of Two Novels

Literature is a vast field. There is a wide variety of pieces of writing that explore a variety of interesting themes. The pieces of writing that will be explored in this essay are two novels, "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee and "The Kite Runner" by Khaled Hosseini. The theme of racism is common to both novels. The world has come to a lot of progress and achievements; still, there are many social issues that people are facing every day. Racism has always been a major issue in every society, and it leads to hatred and mistrust among people. The problem of racism is not only common to American society; in fact, it is a grave issue in other societies and communities as well.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

“To Kill a Mockingbird” has been written by Harper Lee in 1940. The issue of racism has been highlighted in this novel. The hypocrisy, prejudices, and conflicts between people on the basis of discrimination and racism are depicted in the story. The ill relation between blacks and whites because of racism and discrimination is shown in this novel. The blacks have always been victims of wars, jails, and crimes in American society. They have always been held responsible for every wrong act or situation. One of the main characters in the novel Atticus says, “As you grow older, you’ll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it, whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash.” According to him, it is common in America that the black people are treated ill and unfair by the white people. The whites consider on one else good other than themselves. Therefore, the blacks are always dehumanized by the white Americans on the basis of their race. A terrible injustice is seen in the story that destroys the lives of blacks by the whites. This book provides a deep insight into the concept of racism and is a lesson for society to stop racism and let people live in peace.

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini

“The Kite Runner” has been written in the year 2003 by Khaled Hosseini, a famous Afghan-American writer. In this novel, theme of racism is presented, but this racism is not of whites and blacks, but of the ethnic groups. The social conflict between the Hazara and the Pashtuns in Afghanistan is presented. The Pashtuns and Hazaras are two different groups having separate social statuses, religious beliefs, physical appearances, and cultural practices. The extreme hatred for other ethnic groups is seen throughout the novel. This hatred is caused by socio-psychological factors and social structural factors. When Amir’s father asks him to become friends with Hassan, Amir shows pride in his ethnic group and says, “I never thought of Hassan and me as friends either. Not in the usual sense anyhow. Because history is not easy to overcome, neither is religion. In the end, I was a Pashtun and he was a Hazara, I was Sunni and he was Shia and nothing was ever going to change that Nothing.” This shows Amir’s pride and his ill thoughts about the other group. He reflects upon the history of Afghanistan the way it has been delivered or presented to him. He further elaborates that history has taught him not to respect the beliefs and ideas of other groups and put them under shoes. Hassan considers Amir his friend and his brother, but Amir uses him like a servant and mistreats him. The Hazaras are disrespected and are referred to as garbage in Afghanistan. There is no value in the life or blood of a Hazara. When Amir is explained about the murders of Farzana and Hassan as a result of the Taliban rule, the sheer discrimination of ethnic groups is reflected, “The Taliban moved into the house,” Rahim Khan said. “The pretext was that they had evicted a trespasser. Hassan’s and Farzana’s murders were dismissed as a case of self-defense. No one said a word about it. Most of it was fear of the Taliban, I think. But no one was going to risk anything for a pair of Hazara servants.” The racial discrimination in this novel is seen to be causing many psychological and social problems for the people. In terms of group-based principles and standards, the people judge each other, which causes negative impacts on the communities or societies.

Conclusion

Racism has been a common social issue for a long time and is still present in many societies of the world. In both novels, the primary issue is racism that is presented by the authors. The novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” has been challenged for using the racial epithets and has been subject to many campaigns for its removals from public classrooms. “The Kite Runner” has been a very successful novel. It has been appreciated for resonating people who belong to different cultural backgrounds by showing their religious, gender, cultural, and racial gaps.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hosseni, Khaled. Full Text of “The Kite Runner PDF.” 2003, https://archive.org/stream/TheKiteRunnerPDF_201805/The%20Kite%20Runner%20PDF_djvu.txt.

Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. p. 149.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

English

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English: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

In Tennessee Williams’ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,” Brick, his wife Maggie, and his father Big Daddy, all bring up the uncomfortable topic of the possible homosexuality of both Skipper, Brick’s best friend, and, possibly, Brick, himself. Brick is the main hero of the play, regardless of not being in the title. The character Brick is representing the homosexuals of the 1950s and the stigma surrounding them. The life that the character is leading symbolizes the difficulty and crisis surrounding the homosexual culture of the mid-century. It is ironic that the word “homosexuality” is not mentioned once throughout the play. However, the term queer is used a good couple of times.

There are certain lines from the play that emphasize the notion of homosexuality. For instance: “it is gently and poetically haunted by a relationship that must have involved a tenderness which was uncommon (Williams, 1).” Williams does not even state the fact that Straw and Ochello were lovers. The relation between Ochello and Straw is described as a tenderness which was quite novel. This makes it obvious that Williams is aware of the fact that homosexuality is seen with the eye of disgust by society. Further, by doing so, Williams in a way is honouring Brick's wish to portray his affection for Skipper as pure and clean. For Brick, the main focus is the bond and true love that his friendship with Skipper carries. There is no sexual element to the relationship that the two characters hold.

Brick: “One man has one great good true thing in his life. One great good thing which is true!—I had a friendship with Skipper. — You are naming it dirty!” (Williams, 27). In this particular line from the play, Brick is reacting to Maggie's remarks about his relation with Skipper. Maggie believes that there is a sexual element in the two characters' relationship. However, Brick believes that sexuality is disgusting, and he does not equate his feelings to that.

Maggie: “You two had something that had to be kept on ice, yes, incorruptible, yes!" (Williams, 27) Maggie again pinpoints the nature of Brick and Skipper's relationship. However, this time, she is deeming it to be incorruptible. Maggie wants Brick to realize and accept that there is a relationship between him and Skipper. However, Maggie's words suggest that the relationship that the two characters Brick and Skipper carry must always stay hidden from society.

Work Cited

Williams, Tennessee. Cat on a hot tin roof. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 1 Words: 300

English

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[Subject]

[Date]

English

In Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, Lena, also called Mama, wants to move out of the all-black south side of Chicago. The play starts with the main lead Mama and her children who are waiting to get the insurance money of $1000 from their deceased father’s life insurance policy. Every member of the family has their plans on how to utilize the money. Mama wants to buy a house as it was her’s and her deceased husband’s dream. However, Walter the son of mama wants to invest in a liquor business which is against the religious values of Mama. Due to this reason, she is prohibiting her son not to invest in this business and instead buy a house to secure their future. However, this does not go well with Walter and he violently reacted and said “No! ‘Cause ain’t nobody with me! Not even my mother!” (Hansberry Act I) because he thought that no one understands his point of view. On the other hand, Mama’s daughter Beneatha desperately wants money to pay her medical school fee. Walter is not happy with Beneatha’s decision on which she sarcastically taunted her brother and ask him to forgive her for having a dream by saying that “Well – I do – all right? – thank everybody! And forgive me forever wanting to be anything at all! (Pursuing him on her knees across the floor) FORGIVE ME, FORGIVE ME, FORGIVE ME! (Hansberry Act II).

In the play, Mama is the only character who is thinking about her family while others are just thinking about themselves. The reason mama wants to buy a house in the all-white neighbourhood is due to the lower price of a house. However, she had to face lots of struggles. When people in the all-white neighbourhood find out that Mama and her family are moving in their neighbourhood they send Mr Linder from the society improvement association to offer money to the Youngers so that they can stay away. This racial prejudice Portrayed by Mr Linder does not stop Mama from buying a house. Hence, she refused the deal by standing firm on her decision. Surprisingly, Walter also agrees with Mama and tell Mr Linder that

We have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. We don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbours. And that’s all we got to say about that. We don’t want your money (Hansberry Act III).

The play ends with Mama and her family finally moving into a new house while preparing themselves to face all the struggles lying ahead together as a family. 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: A Drama in Three Acts. Random House, 1959.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 1 Words: 300

English Final Essay:Thematic Interpretation

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[Date]

English Final Essay: Thematic Interpretation

The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper" is written by the author Charlotte Perkins in which she highlighted the issue of mental illness while offering a critique of traditional gender roles that were defined during the Victorian period in the late nineteenth century (Stetson). The historical context of the story and patriarchal structure of nineteenth-century household was depicted by the story of a man named John, a physician, and his wife, the narrator of the story. In the story, the narrator's brother was also a physician, but her sister-in-law was a housekeeper. The story "The Yellow Wallpaper" is the depiction of how gender roles played a vital part in society. According to the author, the defined gender roles hinder the chances of women to attain higher education or be independent; rather, it was considered ideal for women to stay at home. In contrast, men were admired and expected to continue attaining higher education so that they could start a career and ultimately support their families. Although, in the time mentioned in a story, there were a few women who were allowed to attain higher education, yet they were limits in their profession. Gender roles made it difficult for women to be in certain careers. The story also highlighted how narrator and her husband were trapped in a relationship in which gender roles were defined and how these roles doomed their relationship.

The story also focused on the issue of mental illness and how people neglect this issue by discussing the narrator's nervous condition as she gradually lost the sense of reality and was misunderstood and misdiagnosed by her husband. According to the narrator, "If a physician of high standing, and one's husband, assures friends and relatives that there is nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression—what is one to do?" (Stetson 3). While analyzing the issue of mental illness from the historical perspective, it was evident that nineteenth-century medical establishment was not familiar with the issues that women were facing and were therefore unable to understand how to treat a woman with mental illness. The author also highlighted that despite treating the mental illness with therapies and medication, the only solution physicians had was to let the patient rest so that a patient can regain control over a situation that they did not comprehend. In recent years there has been a lot of research conducted on postpartum psychosis, yet in the past, people used to consider this illness as hysteria. Likewise, the author's husband also thought that his wife had hysteria.

After reading the passage, the symptoms of the postpartum were clear as the narrator remarked that "It is fortunate Mary is so good with the baby. And yet I cannot be with him; it makes me so nervous" (Stetson 6). The narrator also raised awareness regarding the issue that most of the women in the nineteenth century were facing. According to the narrator, male doctors never listened to their female patients that were the major cause of misdiagnosis. With the aid of her story, the narrator is patronizing attitudes that she was fighting against by illustrating the ways by which gender roles had impacted both women and men. In the story, John, the narrator's husband, was a respectable doctor whose opinion was considered worthy and was taken seriously. On the other hand, the narrator was presented as an overemotional woman whose opinions were not worthy enough to be taken seriously.

The author Conrad Shumaker in his critical analysis of the story “The Yellow Wallpaper," also discussed that in the story the word imaginative was used to depict narrator's condition, and the word can be considered as decidedly gendered that depicted women as weak and her opinions as less worthy (Shumaker 583). In the story, as well, when the narrator was wallpapering her room, her husband stopped her as, according to him, she could recover early and would take charge of her roles as a mother and wife if she could control her creative urges. This depicted how men used to suppress women by making women believe that they were favoring them. As the narrator of the story, after listening to her husband's advised accepted that she was ill and said "I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already". The story also highlighted that in past men were supposed to function as decision-maker and as a thinking partner in marriage while women were supposed to function as a caretaker. Due to this reason, the narrator's husband never let her speak and think for herself. When she asked for anything or shared her views regarding anything, John ignored her and called her by names such as "Blessed little goose," and "Little girl" (Stetson 2). He also used to say, "I am a doctor, and I know everything" (Stetson 12). This is because the narrator's husband identified himself as a rational and intelligent partner in the marriage and assumed that he was more aware of his wife’s condition.

However, if John listened to his wife rather than being overconfident, he might be able to help his wife. Due to gender roles, the author was forced to assume that her husband knew everything, and therefore, she questioned herself instead of him. Her condition worsens day by day due to John's neglect, and at the end of the story, both husband and wife faced the consequences of being trapped in fixed gender roles developed by the stereotypical thinking of the people in our society.

Works Cited

Shumaker, Conrad. "Too terribly good to be printed": Charlotte Gilman's" The Yellow Wallpaper." American Literature 57.4 (1985): 588-599.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Stetson, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.

Subject: Literature

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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