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The goals of State and Federal practitioner laws have grown over time, following the White Bulger and Al Capone cases. The amendments in these laws were related to the decision pertaining to punishments. In American history, there are many instances which have influenced the decision and punishment charging processes. Similarly, from the early 1900s to late 1900s, there were different cases which influenced this process. Both Mr Al Capone and Mr White Bulger were charged with committing serious offences within a period of 1920 to 1931 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FozAl64p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kobler and Cannon 1971)","plainCitation":"(Kobler and Cannon 1971)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":316,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XCLZDX8X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/XCLZDX8X"],"itemData":{"id":316,"type":"book","publisher":"Putnam New York","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Capone: The life and world of Al Capone","title-short":"Capone","author":[{"family":"Kobler","given":"John"},{"family":"Cannon","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1971"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kobler and Cannon 1971). The crimes they were charged with included bootlegging, gambling, prostitution and many different forms of aggression.

Both White Bulger and Al Capone were charged with tax evasion, drug trafficking, racketeering and murders of their gang rivals as well. There is no doubt, technology is playing a vital role in the ways crimes are being committed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lCqH8NUZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Knapp and Hauptly 1991)","plainCitation":"(Knapp and Hauptly 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":313,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/4L2MIMLG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/4L2MIMLG"],"itemData":{"id":313,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"UC Davis L. Rev.","page":"679","source":"Google Scholar","title":"State and federal sentencing guidelines: Apples and oranges","title-short":"State and federal sentencing guidelines","volume":"25","author":[{"family":"Knapp","given":"Kay A."},{"family":"Hauptly","given":"Denis J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Knapp and Hauptly 1991). Therefore, the implementation of different means related to technology has forced legislators to apprise laws in synchronization with the latest criminal methods. Such modifications of laws narrow down the space for criminals and broaden the concepts of crime, with a pretext to Constitution and certain relevant laws ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ejJSQU8a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Knapp and Hauptly 1991)","plainCitation":"(Knapp and Hauptly 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":313,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/4L2MIMLG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/4L2MIMLG"],"itemData":{"id":313,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"UC Davis L. Rev.","page":"679","source":"Google Scholar","title":"State and federal sentencing guidelines: Apples and oranges","title-short":"State and federal sentencing guidelines","volume":"25","author":[{"family":"Knapp","given":"Kay A."},{"family":"Hauptly","given":"Denis J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Knapp and Hauptly 1991). This practice of modernizing laws with reference to technological use in crime has brought American laws on par with laws of other countries.

I believe that training is another factor which has played a vital role in alteration of laws. White Bulger and Al Capone employed traditional methods in committing crimes, these traditional methods were less lethal and were targeted against a certain opponent. The criminal activities being carried-out today, are different in nature and require ample training ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vKchjUnX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cullen and Murphy 2013)","plainCitation":"(Cullen and Murphy 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/23FF8KRJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/23FF8KRJ"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"book","publisher":"WW Norton & Company","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Whitey Bulger: America's Most Wanted Gangster and the Manhunt that Brought Him to Justice","title-short":"Whitey Bulger","author":[{"family":"Cullen","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Murphy","given":"Shelley"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cullen and Murphy 2013). Similarly, crimes related to tax evasion and money laundering is being carried via more sophisticated channels. This all demands for strict laws to be adopted so crimes related to cash inflows become more severe. Similarly, there are other areas of criminal activities as well which require that laws be amended and a more holistic framework of legal actions should be adopted to curb criminal activities.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cullen, Kevin, and Shelley Murphy. 2013. Whitey Bulger: America’s Most Wanted Gangster and the Manhunt That Brought Him to Justice. WW Norton & Company.

Knapp, Kay A., and Denis J. Hauptly. 1991. “State and Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Apples and Oranges.” UC Davis L. Rev. 25: 679.

Kobler, John, and John Cannon. 1971. Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone. Putnam New York.