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[5 April 2019]
To what extent globalization increase or decrease transnational crime
Globalization is a process by which there are an increased exchange idea, technology transportation, and other cultural ties. With these developments, globalization has increased the internationalization and diversification of crime and affected global governance. The global crimes include drug-trafficking, smuggling of migrants, cyber-crimes, organized crimes in urban areas, money laundering and piracy. Despite these global threats, there exists a lack of cooperation among the key globalized institutions. Williams is of the view that globalization, in fact, has eased the international trade but at the same time it has increased the difficulty to regulate the global trade and economy; therefore, smugglers have been manipulating this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9cOzHNN6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":296,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/J48FKNW7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/J48FKNW7"],"itemData":{"id":296,"type":"webpage","title":"How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime","container-title":"Council on Foreign Relations","abstract":"With drug legalization increasingly debated by world leaders, CFR’s Stewart Patrick and Phil Williams of the University of Pittsburgh discuss the explosion of transnational crime in a globalized world.","URL":"https://www.cfr.org/explainer-video/how-globalization-affects-transnational-crime","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime,” n.d.). There is an increase in global inequalities that has been causing people for organized crimes.
The Transnational Organized Crimes (TOCs) have coordination across the borders which involve a group of individuals and networks for executing illegal and illicit activities with systematic corruption and violence. Such type of crimes has significant benefits from globalization. Moreover, globalization has intensified global social interactions by affecting the socio-political and economic structure. Most of the TOCs start from one continent and end at other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NO4ZsxYe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010)","plainCitation":"(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":301,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/SZUZT6LV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/SZUZT6LV"],"itemData":{"id":301,"type":"book","title":"The globalization of crime: a transnational organized crime threat assessment","publisher":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","publisher-place":"Vienna","source":"Open WorldCat","event-place":"Vienna","abstract":"In The globalization of crime: a transnational organized crime threat assessment, UNODC analyses a range of key transnational crime threats, including human trafficking, migrant smuggling, the illicit heroin and cocaine trades, cybercrime, maritime piracy and trafficking in environmental resources, firearms and counterfeit goods. The report also examines a number of cases where transnational organized crime and instability amplify each other to create vicious circles in which countries or even subregions may become locked. Thus, the report offers a striking view of the global dimensions of organized crime today.","ISBN":"978-92-1-130295-0","note":"OCLC: 654315644","shortTitle":"The globalization of crime","language":"en","author":[{"literal":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010).
Insurgent and terrorist group completely rely on illegal activities. The social theory of Globalization suggests that globalization has affected the process of policing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OYtfwL4j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MEd, 2006)","plainCitation":"(MEd, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":298,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TNDR96YT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TNDR96YT"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Social Theory of Globalization and Terrorism","container-title":"Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations","page":"49-63","volume":"6","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"This paper explores the social theory of Globalisation and its effects on policing in general and the education of crisis negotiators in particular. This paper provides an introduction to the theory of globalisation discussing its various forms, and their implications and linkages to terrorism. Throughout this paper the relevance of these issues for the education of police negotiators is considered.","DOI":"10.1300/J173v06n02_04","ISSN":"1533-2586","author":[{"family":"MEd","given":"Rob Kennett"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",6,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MEd, 2006). The twenty-first-century terrorism relies completely on electronic communication. The contemporary wave of international terrorism can be categorized by unprecedented and unpredictable threats from the non-state actors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"44jyrfaA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Li & Schaub, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Li & Schaub, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":308,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/8WEDYRJN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/8WEDYRJN"],"itemData":{"id":308,"type":"article-journal","title":"Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis","container-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","page":"230-258","volume":"48","issue":"2","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"The effect of economic globalization on the number of transnational terrorist incidents within countries is analyzed statistically, using a sample of 112 countries from 1975 to 1997. Results show that trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and portfolio investment have no direct positive effect on transnational terrorist incidents within countries and that economic developments of a country and its top trading partners reduce the number of terrorist incidents inside the country. To the extent that trade and FDI promote economic development, they have an indirect negative effect on transnational terrorism.","DOI":"10.1177/0022002703262869","ISSN":"0022-0027","shortTitle":"Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Quan"},{"family":"Schaub","given":"Drew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004",4,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Li & Schaub, 2004). While the US response to international terrorism is largely anachronistic and reactive. As a result, those responses affected the promotion of human rights. It had to be countered with multifaceted and flexible responses.
Regarding human trafficking, there is a great number of nationals who are victim to this transnational activity in Europe particularly than another region of the world. There are two prominent routs for migrant smugglers i.e. from Latin America to North America and Africa to Europe. While these routes greatly serve to the smugglers. On the other hand, 90% of heroin cultivated in Afghanistan and supplied to Europe and Russia.
There exist wildlife trafficking apart from other transnational crimes from South-East Asia and Africa to other parts of the world. The demand for environmental resource trafficking has increased dramatically in recent years. This will have long-term environmental consequences. While the third world countries are more prone the environmental crimes such as timber laundering.
Cybercrime, on the other hand, has allowed the customary acquisitive crimes like that of transnational trafficking and identity theft. In recent days, child pornography is on the rising but still less common than other forms of international crimes. In the case of the US, there is an increase in the number of both perpetrators and the victims. There is a threat that these multi-crime groups go into the crime if its demand increases. The countries with political instability are vulnerable to such crimes and particularly the countries where armed groups and insurgencies have influence. In this regard, the counties of Central and South Asia are vulnerable.
Globalization has increased the illegal trafficking of weapons by destabilizing governments and societies in Africa and Eastern Europe. Light weapons are affecting the lives of people and it is used in every conflict around the world. Since 1945 they have caused 90 percent of the war causalities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xfZBIvDQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ahmad, bullet, & Mwanza, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Ahmad, bullet, & Mwanza, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"article-journal","title":"Globalisation and crime","volume":"3","source":"ResearchGate","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Usman"},{"family":"bullet","given":"Karofi"},{"family":"Mwanza","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ahmad, bullet, & Mwanza, 2006). While after the civil war, the rate of homicide has increased by 36 percent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vRBfukVL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ahmad et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Ahmad et al., 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"article-journal","title":"Globalisation and crime","volume":"3","source":"ResearchGate","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Usman"},{"family":"bullet","given":"Karofi"},{"family":"Mwanza","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ahmad et al., 2006). The machines guns are pouring in South Africa from Mozambique and Angola. The murders in Albania have increased five times. The global community has greatly examined the link between globalization and transnational crime.
On the other hand, many around the world believe that globalization could have a positive impact as crimes cannot be assumed in its context as it happens in a physical space. Crimes, however, assumed in a number of socio-political, economic and cultural context through international processes. Moreover, crime is assumed in a selected and dynamic context by presenting it as an economic choice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7kIspFIY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ahmad et al., 2006)","plainCitation":"(Ahmad et al., 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6ALWE36G"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"article-journal","title":"Globalisation and crime","volume":"3","source":"ResearchGate","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Usman"},{"family":"bullet","given":"Karofi"},{"family":"Mwanza","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ahmad et al., 2006). The key drivers of globalization have transformed crimes beyond people, and crimes have become a global culture. The rise of globalization goes side by side with the internationalization of crime as there is global economic competitiveness at all levels. This process has been concentrating power by marginalizing the poor people and countries. The focus of global players is only securing and capturing international markets by ignoring the needs of the people. Susan George is of the view that globalization has created three-track societies; the exploiters, the people who they are being exploited and the outcasts particularly in under developing countries.
To counter these transnational crimes, the countries around the world require a common platform for cooperation with a standard legal framework. In this regard, intelligence sharing play a vital role. The global organization and countries need to transform political will into concrete results by understanding the transnational crime and developing a counter national response and strategies. In this regard, the globalized forces need to facilitate economic growth and a positive socio-cultural change with an enhanced interaction around the world. However, there has been an increase in the number of arrests for showing an efficiency of law and other enforcement agencies for detection of transnational crimes. While there are many cases go negotiated.
Bibliography
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmad, U., bullet, K., & Mwanza, J. (2006). Globalization and crime. 3.
How Globalization Affects Transnational Crime. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2019, from Council on Foreign Relations website: https://www.cfr.org/explainer-video/how-globalization-affects-transnational-crime
Li, Q., & Schaub, D. (2004). Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002703262869
MEd, R. K. (2006). The Social Theory of Globalization and Terrorism. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 6(2), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J173v06n02_04
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2010). The globalization of crime: a transnationally organized crime threat assessment. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
