The quality of surgical practice has been improved with technological innovations. Firstly, there was traditional open surgery that was challenged by laparoscopic surgery in the 1990s.However this was further challenged due to its 2-dimensional operative image and instruments by robotic surgery. Today Da Vinci surgical robot is being used for soft tissue surgery. During recent years, North America and Europe both have shown a sharp rise in the acquisition of surgical robots ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDvKES4RBA,propertiesformattedCitation(Randell et al., 2015),plainCitation(Randell et al., 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid2235,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/E7S5L7SU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/E7S5L7SU,itemDataid2235,typepaper-conference,titleImpact of robotic surgery on decision making perspectives of surgical teams,container-titleAMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings,publisherAmerican Medical Informatics Association,page1057,volume2015,authorfamilyRandell,givenRebecca,familyAlvarado,givenNatasha,familyHoney,givenStephanie,familyGreenhalgh,givenJoanne,familyGardner,givenPeter,familyGill,givenArron,familyJayne,givenDavid,familyKotze,givenAlwyn,familyPearman,givenAlan,familyDowding,givenDawn,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Randell et al., 2015). This paper will discuss the societal and cultural impact of surgical robotics and will give recommendations for their future development, regulation as well as an ethical responsibility in order to make them perform better.
Discussion
A surgical robot can be programmed as it is a computer-controlled device that assists in positioning as well as manipulation of surgical instruments. These assume the role of a nurse or a caregiver andallow the surgeon to perform more multifaceted tasks. These provide the 3-dimensional view to surgeons and increase their depth perception by controlling th4e camera motion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationID6CDVtZ3p,propertiesformattedCitation(Randell et al., 2015),plainCitation(Randell et al., 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid2235,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/E7S5L7SU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/E7S5L7SU,itemDataid2235,typepaper-conference,titleImpact of robotic surgery on decision making perspectives of surgical teams,container-titleAMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings,publisherAmerican Medical Informatics Association,page1057,volume2015,authorfamilyRandell,givenRebecca,familyAlvarado,givenNatasha,familyHoney,givenStephanie,familyGreenhalgh,givenJoanne,familyGardner,givenPeter,familyGill,givenArron,familyJayne,givenDavid,familyKotze,givenAlwyn,familyPearman,givenAlan,familyDowding,givenDawn,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Randell et al., 2015). These surgical robots are also known as master-slave manipulators as these cannot work without a human surgeons assistance.
However, despite its numerous benefits, this technology has also resulted in a high number of deaths and patients harms as a result of medical errors due to robots. A surgeon for an intracranial lesion also acquires information related to its boundaries and neighboring structures. Moreover, there is surgical experience as well as hand-eye coordination of surgeon that makes the surgery successful ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDGEIIfun5,propertiesformattedCitation(Davies, 2015),plainCitation(Davies, 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid2236,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/7RPUJJH2,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/7RPUJJH2,itemDataid2236,typearticle-journal,titleRobotic surgeryA personal view of the past, present and future,container-titleInternational Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems,page54,volume12,issue5,authorfamilyDavies,givenBrian,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Davies, 2015). All these requirements cannot be fulfilled with currentrobots. Therefore, society is not readily accepting this technology to be used in medicine.Furthermore, it is also expensive technology that not only has a high initial cost but also requires high cost for yearly maintenance. This technology also brings an effect on the employment rates and reduces the number of jobs performed by humans. In addition, there is also the cultural impact of surgical robotics. There are different cultural and legal issues for the use of these robots in medicine. For example, there must be consent and professional confidentiality along with the precision in the treatment. The acceptance of this technology is less in many cultures as they are satisfied with the current laparoscopic procedure and consider it cost effective.
Recommendations
Robotic surgery is a radical development in surgery which is at its initial stages. This requires a number of strategies to be undertaken for its further development and regulations. Firstly, there must be the use of advanced technologies to enhance the precision and dexterity of robots in surgery. There must be the use of technology that should not depend on humans commands. Thus, surgical robots must use the interface technologies so they can complement human abilities to the surgical tasks. One major concern of society is the safety of patients. The technology used in robots must be so effective to ensure the patients safety. Moreover, care should lso be taken towards different ethical issues and their solutions. Policies should also be informed regarding the limit of use of these robots in surgery. Patient consent is the prerequisite for the use of these robots. There must be appropriate risk disclosure to patients.
In addition, robotic surgery has an effect on the structural formation of an organization such as the formation of the surgical robotic team, programs as well as training staff members. Furthermore, it is also expensive technology and requires guidance to organizations about its use and maintenance as well as its potential long term benefits. Similarly, to reduce the number of errors due to humans in robotic surgery, there must be a uniform system of error reporting. This will assist in reducing the errors due to penalties. Organizations should also be motivated for the use of robots instead of laparoscopy. They must understand the advantages and compare them with other available methods.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL uncited,omitted,custom CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Davies, B. (2015). Robotic surgeryA personal view of the past, present, and future. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 12(5), 54.
Randell, R., Alvarado, N., Honey, S., Greenhalgh, J., Gardner, P., Gill, A., Dowding, D. (2015). Impact of robotic surgery on decision making perspectives of surgical teams. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2015, 1057. American Medical Informatics Association.
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