History And Anthropology Examples and Topics

Braveheart Film Review

Movie Review

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Movie Review

The film Braveheart is a complete story of a historical event that is enclosed by play, music, love, and treachery. Wallace was a famous clan of Scotland and he won the battle against the English before his capture and torture as a traitor. The chief role is played by William Wallace in the movie. He is a leader and motivator of men and rallies his Scottish countrymen to understand his beliefs. He assembles his Scottish citizens to his credence that Scotland had to be self-governing and there is a need for a battle against the English. This movie has selected huge fight scenes of men combating hand to hand in the battle. These acts are so dramatic and realistic for viewers to perceive to offer them a feel of the age of history when combat was brawled man-to-man. The battle was displayed very realistically in the film that is the reason the movie received higher scores from the spectators.

Summary

An epic war movie with drama, action, and patriotism being displayed in Braveheart is tremendously appreciated. The historical events were displayed accurately and realistically in the movie Braveheart (Spracklen, 2017). Men were fighting hand to hand to attain their freedom (Chakraborty et al., 2018). Wallace wanted the citizens to be courageous and struggle hard to fight against the English. He wanted that Scotland should have their own beliefs and cultural traditions that they can practice independently (Anandarajan et al., 2019). It was only possible when the regions would be free from the English therefore, a battle was necessary for him. The music and themes of the film depicted great genre through this plot and a powerful message regarding love, patriotism and treachery were presented (Spracklen, 2017). The film has covered play, drama, and suspense along with the representation of historical events of the war. Therefore, it was a complete movie for families, youngsters and old people. The movie was truly meant for the audience who love action, drama, and history.

Wallace successfully motivated his citizens and took revenge from Lochlan and Mornay for their betrayals and he killed them. Seven years of war abetted by Isabella with whom he finally has an affair (Spracklen, 2017). Isabella takes retaliation on the now fatally ill Longshanks by informing him that his lineage will be demolished after his death. She informed him that she is pregnant with Wallace's child (Spracklen, 2017). The overall story and setting of the film were attractive particularly for the people who love action and history. Wallace was brought to London and despite his torture and beheading, he asked for freedom, not for mercy (Chakraborty et al., 2018). Being drawn, quartered and hanged, he refused to accept mercy and utter the word ‘freedom’ in front of King. The king offered him a last chance if he accepted to ask the king for mercy but he yelled 'freedom' and crowd was watching and asking for mercy. Death was ordered and Longshanks perceives Wallace's cry just before dying as it trinkets over the square. Before his death, he sees the vision of Murron in the crowd.

Analysis

Braveheart film was directed by Mel Gibson and co-produced by Mel Gibson. The director chooses this film to present the audience about historical events and epic war movie to attract them to know the history of the region. The movie was of 178 minutes and was released in the United States in 1995. Other than Braveheart, there was not a single movie that depicted the concepts and themes of this historical event. The movie has utilized music, drama, and action with several face-to-face fights of brave hearts. The music has reflected the theme of the history of the English-Scottish legacy of battles. The movie has represented that brave hearts have always won what they dreamed of. It is the story of heroic traits and actions that have been reflected using a strong musical score. The theme of the story has represented a concept that brave hearts can be won over better men and weapons. English-Scottish battles have been represented in the film that motivation and encouragement from a leader are essentially important. The motivator and leader of men was the hero of the movie, William Wallace. It has been observed that the director of the film has utilized warriors and their events in a realistic appearance to reflect the actual theme of the war held between English and Scottish people (Werner & Burque, 2018).

Wallace was determined that soldiers have to fight against the English with their hearts, not with weapons. Therefore, the theme of the film and harmony among actions were introduced to present the spiritual aspects of warriors (Spracklen, 2017). This was a war that required to be reserved to the subsequent level spiritually and forthrightly so Wallace can inspire his Scottish men to trust themselves no matter how bad it becomes and no matter how near defeat approaches, they have to continue to fight against the English. Therefore, people were motivated to the next level of spirituality to fight for freedom as it was not possible without this desire (Werner & Burque, 2018). The theme and harmony among characters were displayed with a strong impact on the viewers that it looked realistic. The music and drama of the film were occupied with the central theme of patriotism and a clear direction for the representation of historical movement was exhibited significantly. Every character has been trained to perform their actions particularly the heroic actions were the foremost and tremendously represented in the film. The genre of patriotism and action was displayed utilizing the brave hearts.

Braveheart is a red-blooded and full-throated battle about William Wallace against the English in the years around 1300. He was a scot soldier who steered the nation into the scuffle. It is a striving film by Mel Gibson (Anandarajan et al., 2019). The film is based on patriotism, love, and treachery of various historical swashbucklers (Werner & Burque, 2018). The locations were vast, wet and muddy that has represented the travelogue style of many historical swashbucklers (Spracklen, 2017). The film has highlighted various important historical events by living history lessons in the past time. The range of emotions presented by the hero and warriors has been admired significantly by the spectators.

The musical score has ideally represented the heroic qualities particularly in the scenes of battles. The movie has been reviewed with the reflection of historical events along with emotions of patriotism (Werner & Burque, 2018). An action movie essentially needs a film genre that thrust into a sequence of actions that characteristically contain ferocity, protracted fighting, hysterical chases and physical acts (Anandarajan et al., 2019). The film has not been biased by any action however, several heroic acts were displayed that were unrealistic but to use action genre, it is essential for the action movie. Braveheart has significantly represented the actions of violence, chases. The music and melodies of the film portrayed a great action genre through this film and an influential message regarding love, loyalty and treason (Anandarajan et al., 2019). The fiction and action aspects were critically analyzed to be suitable in their film and have been appropriately directed by the director of the film (Anandarajan et al., 2019). The film has covered play, drama, and suspense along with the representation of historical events of the war. Battles and fights and certain acts by the hero were outstandingly performed. Therefore, the film has represented actions, chases, and fights realistically.

References

Anandarajan, M., Hill, C., & Nolan, T. (2019). Sentiment Analysis of Movie Reviews Using R. In Practical Text Analytics (pp. 193-220). Springer, Cham.

Chakraborty, K., Bhattacharyya, S., Bag, R., & Hassanien, A. E. (2018, February). Comparative sentiment analysis on a set of movie reviews using a deep learning approach. International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications (pp. 311-318). Springer, Cham.

Spracklen, K. (2017). Bravehearts and bonny mountainsides: Nation and history in Scottish folk/black metal. Rock Music Studies, 4(2), 102-116.

Werner, D., & Burque, A. C. (2018). Braveheart Center for Place and Purpose: A New Community-in-Community Inclusion Model for Young Adults with Disabilities. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement (TEST), 22(4), 141-154.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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California's Depression

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

California’s Depression

Introduction

The economic collapse of the 1930s in America had adverse impacts on California. Workers lost their jobs, business failed and a wide range of families fell into the peril of extreme and long-term poverty. In the cycle of bust and boom, years of incredible prosperity and positive economic growth pursued the detrimental depression in the history of the United States economy. Pipe City in Oakland was replete with the unemployed households and labors. The helium-filled dirigible, the crash of the Macon, reflected the bad fortunes of the citizens in true letter and spirits. Challenging times caused a renaissance disturbance of nativism where authorities shipped a significant amount of Mexicans across the border ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"72d0cu7O","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Depression.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(Depression.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":427,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/IL5LMJPP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/IL5LMJPP"],"itemData":{"id":427,"type":"article","title":"depression.pdf","URL":"http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/417/readings/depression.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Depression.Pdf).

Discussion

1932 was time of economic prosperity and boom in California. New industries were being extended but the advancement was not essentially distributed .A significant amount of wealth was making the profits while wages had little part in the total revenue. The bottom line is that businesses produced goods which could not be consumed and the large amount of unsold products further destabilized the economy. In 1929, the crash in the stock market was resulted in the worst depression in the history of the nation and California. Banks and industries across the state closed the doors in1930s large numbers of depositors and investors lost everything. The main impact of the great depression was on the business and employees. Thousands of people lost their jobs due to the fall in the stock market and decrease in the overall sale. The increase in unemployment resulted in decrease in disposable income which make difficult for households to main their financial condition. Large number of families fell into the poverty. In 1933, the number of building permits decreased by one-ninth of what they were eight years ago. Besides, several property owners were deprived of their homes and farms. It is also imperative to highlight that unemployment surged to a approximately 28% in 1932 and one-fifth of the citizens became dependent on the public affairs after two years. In Pipe city, every six feet section of the pipe functioned as homeless shelter for approximately one of the 200 unemployed people who resided there ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w2Ngmw3j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Calisphere\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Calisphere”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/2JIH2K2N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/2JIH2K2N"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"webpage","title":"Calisphere: The Great Depression, 1929-1939","container-title":"Calisphere","URL":"https://calisphere.org/exhibitions/t6/great-depression/","title-short":"Calisphere","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Calisphere”).However, the crash of the Macon was a truly symbolic instance with instrumental importance. The fate appeared to mirror the mourning fortunes of millions of once advanced citizens. Nativism and Xenophobia resurfaced in the Great depression.

To discuss the employment, nativists complained Mexicans immigrants were snatching the job market from Americans.The federal government released a program of mass repatriation.The state, federal and local authorities engaged the voluntary exodus however force deportations also took place.The Dust Bowl was the destructive drought that destroyed the farmlands of Texas, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Thousands of refugees of the Dust Bowled saved themselves and headed to California to seek welfare and employment. Thus, the availability of jobs in California remained scarce and the citizens also greeted the immigrants with hostility. The Okie subculture assumes an instrumental role in the history of California. It encompasses not only the displacedOklahomans but also the refugees who fled from other states hit by depression and drought. Almost all the industries received adverse impacts but the prominent hit was on the farming, manufacturing and corporations. It manifested job opportunities and employment rates.

Conclusion

The great Depression cast an adverse impact on California. The influx of refugees further aggravated the scenario as they deemed California, the last resort. The employment rate declined and the jobs rate became very less because of the immigrants, economic recession andthe downfall of the farming and manufacturing industry.The Great Depression caused the rest of the United States to suffer from similar challenges and holds a significant remark in history.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Calisphere: The Great Depression, 1929-1939.” Calisphere, https://calisphere.org/exhibitions/t6/great-depression/. Accessed 24 May 2019.

Depression.Pdf. http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/417/readings/depression.pdf. Accessed 24 May 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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California's Problems In 2000s

[Writer]

[Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

California's Problem in the 2000s

Introduction

In the United States, California is located on the western coast which borders the Pacific Ocean. It is the third largest United States state by area. In California, the population is somewhat above 37.5 million which makes it the most populous state of the United State. Most people in California live in the urban areas which approximate to around 90%. Main industries in California include tourism, agriculture, electronics, entertainment, fishing, aerospace, and food packaging. Geography of California is very diverse, including long coastline, deserts, mountain ranges, and very long region of the valley. It also has very diversity in climate.

Discussion

Electricity Blackout

Electricity consumption in California is fueled over half by natural gas. About 14% of the state electricity is provided by hydroelectric, renewable resources generate 11%, and other small percentages of electricity is generated using energy from nuclear reactors. California in the year 2000 & 2001 suffered back to back blackouts. The utilities of electricity are in the year 1990s deregulated. Due to this reason, the cost of electricity increases which poses serious problems related to finance for many electric utilities of the state. When a blackout occurs in the United States, investment had not been made significantly in building the new power plants and a significant amount of electricity has to be imported from surrounding states. When the drought occurs in the Pacific Northwest, available electricity for import has decreased significantly in an amount from power plants of hydroelectricity in the region. Rates of the electricity as a consequence rise in the market, making the other states related electric companies to show its reluctance to sell electricity to California. In addition to the price spike, the summer at that time of the year was way hotter than it usually is in that season spiking the electricity demands. Rolling blackout firstly hits the Bay area and then throughout it hits northern and central cities of California, and by the month of March 2001, the entire state. Blackout continued despite the intervention by the federal government which requires the companies to sell electricity to California. By the year 2003, measures of emergency nature reduced the situation urgency in California. But other blackouts have been experienced by the state since that time which includes the blackout of 2005 that is due to the failure of the transmission line. Blackout at that time left around 500,000 customers without electricity. Similar results occur in the year 2011 which blackout 1.4 million San Diego area.

Following the energy crisis in the year 2000-2001 in California, the government at that time makes a plan known as Energy Action Plan that ensures California's energy future security. The plan among other things called for measures that include increasing output of states electricity by building new facilities, grid infrastructure update, and encouraging conservation. It is also imposed by the states to enact 20% electricity requirement of California using renewable resources.

Public Safety

Public safety is the main function of the government. Yet many public safety problems have been noted in California. The prisons were overcrowded and new prisons were not built to cater to this problem. In the year 2005, the problem became very serious and the Supreme Court has to intervene in this matter giving its ruling to the states to reduce overcrowding in the prisons. Later administration of health care of prison is taken under the federal judge's control. To cater to this issue then governor shifted the new non-violent sentencing to the county jails.

Drought

One of the recurring features of California's climate is drought and the period 2011-2015 was termed as the driest since the record is been kept. High temperature makes the effects worse with the years 2014 and 2015 being the state hottest years recorded history. Governor Brown in January 2014, declared an emergency of the statewide level while establishing a team of the interagency draught response team. More than $3 billion were allocated through legislature using voters approved bonds to improve water management and provide relief from drought.

Works Cited

Griffin, Daniel, and Kevin J. Anchukaitis. "How unusual is the 2012–2014 California drought?." Geophysical Research Letters 41.24 (2014): 9017-9023.

Smith, Rebecca. "US risks national blackout from small-scale attack." Wall Street Journal 12 (2014).

Sundt, Jody, Emily J. Salisbury, and Mark G. Harmon. "Is downsizing prisons dangerous? The effect of California's Realignment Act on public safety." Criminology & Public Policy15.2 (2016): 315-341.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Californias Mission

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

California Missions

Introduction

California missions were initiated at the end of the 18th century. They were started as a struggle to convert the Native American to Catholicism and the expansion of the European terrain. The total amount of missions were 21 and they lasted from 1769 to 1833. Spain was accountable for all the missions. Scholars are under the belief that the missions were efforts to colonize the Pacific coast of North America. With the help of the mission system numerous new religious and cultural ideas were brought to California. Although critics give responsibility to the methodical domination of Native Americans amounted to oppression and slavery (Panich, 238-258). In the paper, the overview of the California Missions will be given, and the Mission San Diego de Alcala will be discussed.

Discussion

It was claimed by Spain in 1542 that California came under their territory, however, Spaniards did not make an attempt to take over the land till the end of the 1700s. Spain had a substantial existence in Mexico. An order was made by the Spanish King for sea and land excursions to proceed from Mexico to California (Panich, 238-258). The King also sent for Franciscan missionaries and military troops to the new territory. In 1769, the first mission was founded by the Franciscan priest Father Junipero Serra. This mission was given the name Mission San Diego de Alcala and today it is situated in San Diego.When discussing the main goal and objective of the missions, it was to spread Christianity in the Native Americans. It was a vision to convert the Native Americans into Spanish citizens into devoted Christians (Panich, 238-258). With the help of the mission work, Spain tried to impact the natives with religious and cultural beliefs. Further, Spain wanted to make sure of the fact that the rival countries like Great Britain and Russia do not try and take over the Californian territory before them.

With the help of the mission, new communities were built in which the Native Americans were given instructions and religious education. The development of towns and forts was done by the Spanish as well to give their vision more structure and foundation. The procedure went in a manner that the natives would live in the Mission amid their religious training. Once their education and teachings were finished they were to leave and move to a house outside the missions. Once the natives completely convert to Christianity the jobs of the missionaries would be done (Sanders, and Sexton, 86-114). They would then move to new localities, and the mission that would be left behind would serve as a Community Church.

The name given to the native converts was "Neophytes." Once the newly converted natives were baptized they were expected to work and perform labor. Generally, the women would work in the kitchen and cook, while the men performed labor in the fields. Both the genders would learn to speak in Spanish and attend church on a regular basis. In the mission, communities farming was given great importance and considered essential. The people of the missions would grow maize, barley, and wheat as staples (Sanders, and Sexton, 86-114). Fruits like peaches, apples, and pears were also brought by the Spanish missionaries. Further, there were more jobs as well which were inclusive of building, carpentry, leather-work, and weaving. The missions were mainly overseen by the religious leaders most commonly known as Padres. A total of six soldiers were assigned to the religious leader for his protection as well as the mission territory.

Additionally, the era of the missions also invoked great architecture in California. The churches, houses, and buildings that were built back in time still exist to the present day. The mission structures were mostly made with natural materials. The natives gave great assistance when it comes to forming the architecture of the missions. They would use materials like tiles, mud bricks, stone, timber, and adobe to form the mission structures. Mostly, all the mission would have vast courtyards and protected with huge adobe walls (Sanders, and Sexton, 86-114). Mostly, the missions were constructed around patios which were already inclusive of a garden and a fountain. The architecture that was built in that era is given the label of "mission style." The label was given to give a description of the workmanship and the signature design.

However, when Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, there was a debate for several years on what to do with the mission system. Later in 1833, there was a bill passed by the Mexican Government which put an end to the missions. California had become a part of Mexico amid that period of time. Most of the property on which the missions were made was given back to the natives, however, some land was given back to the Mexican Government. Nonetheless, the majority of the land was given to the private owners (Doti). Later, during the war with Mexico in 1846, the mission buildings were made use of as the United States military bases. In 1848, when the discovery of gold was made at the Sutter’s Mill, there were substantial amounts of Americans who began to move to California. California was officially made a State two years later in 1848. The Catholic Churches were granted the ownership of some of the mission later in 1865 by Abraham Lincoln. Present day, these missions have turned into tourist attractions and have a museum of their own.

The California missions had a great influence on the Native Californians. Further, the era of the mission had a great influence on the religion, architecture, culture, language, economy, and art in the district (Doti). However, the mission was also responsible for impacting the Californian Indian culture negatively. The natives were forced by the Europeans to change their beliefs, so they can match with the modern ones. This fact resulted in the loss of a lot of authentic cultures, customs, and traditions. There was also a claim that the Spanish mission system enforced the natives into prostitution and slavery. Further, the lives of many natives were lost because of the diseases that were brought by the Spanish missionaries (Rice et al.). According to an estimate the Native Californians reduced from 300000 to 20000 by 1834 because of the California missions.

Mission San Diego de Alcala

The Mission San Diego de Alcala was the first mission which I currently situated in San Diego California. Junipero Serra founded the mission on 16th of July 1769. The mission and the areas that were surrounding it were given a name after the Catholic Didacus of Alcala. This mission is said to be the first place in California that saw a Christian burial. Generally, San Diego is also given the regard as the site of the region which saw the first execution. California's first-ever Catholic martyr Father Luis Jayme rests entombed underneath the chancel floor. The church which is currently present in that locality is the fifth church to be built on the locality (Rice et al.). The site on which the mission is situated has become a National Historic Landmark.

Initially, the natives that lived in the region in which the mission was built were resistant to the mission and the teachings that it had to offer. The local Tipai-lpai Indians ended up burning and attacking the San Diego mission. They killed three people in the process inclusive of Father Luis Diego (Mendoza and Levick). As mentioned above he is called the first ever martyr of the premises. After the attack, the mission was rebuilt by the missionaries but this time as an army fort.

However, the mission was able to take in many natives and teach them the Catholic teachings. The spreading of Christianity in the natives was the priority goal of the mission but the second main objection was to become self-sufficient. It is safe to say that farming was deemed the most substantial industry of not just the San Diego mission, but all missions. it was discovered that before the missions were established the natives knew a lot in regards to how to utilize bones, sea shells, wood, stone and so on to make weapons. The missionaries further refined their skills and helped them become self-supportive. They started to teach them many things which led to the establishment of a training school, which taught mechanical arts, agriculture, and the caring and raising of cattle (Mendoza and Levick). This led to the natives becoming very productive, all the things that they consumed and produced were done in the missions under the watchful eye of the Padres. Hence, the neophytes not only learned the art of self-support but also continued the complete civil government and military of California. The San Diego cultivated major crops that were inclusive of barley, wheat, corn, and grapes. They also cared for animals in the process as well. Later, in 1795 the labors of the first ever irrigation system of California began. The manager of the project was Fray Pedro Panto, he was murdered by his Indian cook before his Indian cook prior to the accomplishment of the irrigation project. The cook claimed that the Padre gave him many beatings which led to killing Panto.

California saw its first Vineyard in the mission as well, which was initially planted by Father Junipero Serra. It is unfortunate that the initial planting made by Father Serra did not survive, however, by the year 1781 vine was officially getting produced in the mission. In accordance with the source, the mission vineyard stretched up to around 50 acres. Now, coming to the mission bells. Bells carried great importance to all the missions and contributed on a daily basis (Madley, 14-47). They were said to be a means of signaling the people who were living in the mission. Bells were rung on various occasions like; telling the residents of the mission that it was meal time, if there was a religious service, to give a signal if a boat was approaching or if a missionary was returning back, and if there were any funerals or birth of a child. So, the bells were rung to communicate with the residents of the mission. Further, there were also a few rituals which were associated with the ringing of the bells (Madley, 14-47). The mission mainly had five bells and the very first bell was placed on a tree.

Conclusion

The mission system might have stopped and may have seen a fair share of controversy as well, but they are a part of important history. To this day these missions still exist and serve as tourist attractions (Madley, 14-47). Further, even the mission architecture has great significance in history and helps learn a thing or two about the authentic mission system. It is also safe to say that the Native Americans have had a significant role in contributing and even building the California mission system.

Work Cited

Panich, Lee M. "After Saint Serra: Unearthing indigenous histories at the California missions." Journal of Social Archaeology 16.2 (2016): 238-258.

Sanders, Fred, and Jason S. Sexton. "The Significance of the California Missions in Californian Theology and Culture." Theology and California. Routledge, 2016. 86-114.

Doti, Lynne. "Spanish California Missions: An Economic Success." (2019).

Rice, Richard B., et al. The elusive Eden: A new history of California. Waveland Press, 2017.

Mendoza, Ruben, and Melba Levick. The California Missions. Rizzoli, 2018.

Madley, Benjamin. "California’s First Mass Incarceration System: Franciscan Missions, California Indians, and Penal Servitude, 1769–1836." Pacific Historical Review 88.1 (2019): 14-47.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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Canadian History

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Canadian History

Proposal

The migration of settlers played a crucial role in the development of Canada as it drew attention to a colony which was previously viewed by European nations as something to frown upon. However, despite the need for immigrants, from time to time Canada evolved with its policies when it comes to migration. From rejecting people based on ethnicity to accepting people of all ethnicity, the country has come a long way. Canada in the very beginning was famous for not wanting immigrants who were not financially strong enough; discrimination based on ethnicity was also seen due to the European roots in the then authority. Ethnic groups had negative stereotypes associated with them, such as being criminals as well as carrying disease. Many Canadian politicians played a role in implementing racist policies which did not allow for a diverse demographic within Canada. This was mainly in part because the people in decision-making authority were of European descent. In this paper, I will be discussing the role of Government policies in the immigration history of Canada, as well as shedding light on how far the country has come regardless of the restriction of political factors.

Introduction

The Canadian Immigration Policy goes as back as 1869. It was the time when the very first decree dealing regarding immigration was presented two years post-confederation. From the very start, there were certain judicial limitations, which prohibited the landing of bankrupt, disabled or needy immigrants. It was evident that the immigrants that were welcomed in the Canadian premises were either from Britain or the United States. It all changed late in 1962; there was still some kind of legislative restriction on immigrants from other places other than Europe and the United States. The Canadian Immigration Policy, on one hand, promoted the fact that there should be more immigrants but simultaneously regulated all the immigrants coming in. They would prefer the immigrants who had the potential of conforming to the conditions of Canada. One can look at the example of the Homestead Act of 1868 or Free Grants; they were both designed in a manner to stabilize and settle down the West of Canada.

Discussion

In the following years, Canada has put in frequent efforts to encourage and motivate agriculturists to immigrate to Canada. There were particularly more efforts and aggressive recruitment directed towards Europe and the United Kingdom .majority of the immigrants who arrived during the first wave of immigration in Canada dating from 1895-1914, were employed in order to deliver unskilled labor for the initial development of the Canadian Industry. Now, when the second wave of immigration is put under consideration, it is represented as an effort to pool in individuals with specialized skills who will put in contribution in the urban industrial growth of the post-war era. In both cases, the criteria of selective recruitment did not exactly thrive or work out for Canada. There was seen a change in the economic activities of the immigrants as soon as they entered the premises of Canada. They would mostly diverge from the path that they were initially recruited for.

Post the Second World War; it was seen that Canadians had a conflicted opinion on what vision they carried for future immigrants. Back in May 1947, then Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King set and renewed the Government's policy on immigration. It was inclusive of the compromise seen between the various and divergent concerns that were highlighted by the people of Canada. Prime Minister King called out immigration as a way to aid the higher population growth. While Prime Minister King was well aware of the obligation to humanity and was supportive of the fact that people in distress should be helped, he was also clear of the fact that they will not be taking in a huge chunk of immigrants that might change the character of the Canadian population. Another way immigrants were given a window to migrate to Canada was via Relative Sponsorship. This widened the eligibility criteria. This was a very smart tactic that was brought into the picture; people could not have conflicted views over a relative moving in. This also made sure of the fact that the immigrants were from the preferred sources as opposed to other countries that were still seen from a skeptical point of view.

The 1953 Immigration Act of Canada permitted the Governor in Council to restrict immigrants on the basis of belonging to a particular ethnicity or nationality which was not preferred. It was the time when preference was given to individuals with a British Origin, apart from them people from the United Kingdom and France were also preferred. It was seen that Canadian policies were based on discrimination. A lot of people from various countries and ethnicities wanted to come in the country, but they were denied that right because of the main authority being of European descent, they were restricting the people of different origins to join the country. It was unfortunate to see that there was a class system going in when it came to immigration as well, people were entering based on the origin of their country and how much money did they own. Other people were denied based on the image that their race had; this discrimination was starting to become an issue.

Europe in general always had a class system that they had been following for a very long time, so it was evident that there will be a reflection of their thoughts in the policies that they made. It all finally subsided and changed in 1962. In 1960 the Government of Canada came to the realization of the fact that there is evident discrimination in their policies on the basis of place of origin, which was finally lifted in 1962. Finally, in 1967 a points system was introduced, which was used for the selection of independent immigration. The non-discriminatory aspects were reinforced with the help of this system. The new policy outlined the immigration criteria in regards to education, skills, work experience, and other specific qualifications. These were the main aspects under which the selection of the immigration candidates was done.

It was seen that a lot of people were treated based on the culture or ethnicity that they belonged to when they would be applying for Canadian immigration. Then the policy of multi-culturalism publicized in 1971, this made it necessary that people who are to enter the country are to be treated with an open mind and attitude. The Canadian Policy went under a thorough review in the time period of 1973-1975, which concluded in the Immigration Ac, 1976, which officially came into effect in 1976, this policy is still being followed in the country. There have been amendments, but the main policy still has the same essence. The act specifically confirmed the central goals of Canadian Immigration Laws, which were inclusive of non-discrimination, family reunification, and various worries for the immigrants along with the elevation of Canada’s cultural, demographic and economic development.

The most prominent change that was brought forward by the Immigration Act, 1976, would be the designing of the target level for migrants. This level will be set and determined by the Minister of Immigration. The Minister will have to have a consultation with all the provinces which concerned the provincial demographic requirements and consider the labor market thoughts. Changes that were brought in the Immigration Rules in 1978 were also inclusive of various alterations to the point system. In light of the nee new adjustment's importance was given to occupational demand and technical training and a lesser emphasis on the general education was made when selecting immigrants. In the later days, the Canadian philosophy and international obligation paved the way for non-discriminatory immigration policies, stronger family sponsorship so people can call their loved ones and humanitarian concerns. This was the rise of multi-ethnic immigration chain in Canada based on the values that were created. Yet, unfortunately, there are still some people and countries who look at the new immigrants and the created ethnic diversity with hesitation.

There were and always are going to be people who will be on the other side of the pole. The fact that Canada has been under the European influence had initially stopped them from having the development that they could have had after welcoming immigrants from various countries around the world. Canada has immigrants to thank for the improving growth in their population. It is a fact that will require more aid in order to grow their population even more in the future. The country came to the realization of the need to eliminate discrimination in order to progress further sooner than later, and changes are seen in the future as to how the country has progressed and how far it has come. From being selective with the people, they let in the country to becoming one of the few countries who take in the most refugees, especially in the time of need. The example of Syrian refugees can be taken. Reflecting on history, the fact that the main roots were European was bringing in a lot of issues of discrimination where people were frowned upon on the race that they belonged to.

Conclusion

The country has learned a lot from their past; the immigrants in Canada are selected from a wide range of potential candidates as opposed to before. However, the selection criteria have varied throughout history. In the past the selection of the immigrants was based on the ethical criteria; nowadays, it is more focused on the economic criteria. It should also be added that lately, the people who are arriving in the country are coming via relative sponsorship or family class, making it evident that not all the immigrants are chosen based on the economic class. Subsequently, it is seen that Canada has formed its own immigrant mosaic based on the recent diversity seen amongst the migrants. The politics in the past has had quite the role in the migration of immigrants, but now it has become more versatile and has progressed in accordance with the current century. It was a long journey but was worth the recent results of where Canada stands now.

End Notes

Ambrose, Emma, and Cas Mudde. "Canadian multiculturalism and the absence of the far right." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 21, no. 2 (2015): 213-236.

El-Lahib, Yahya. "The inadmissible “other”: Discourses of ableism and colonialism in Canadian immigration." Journal of Progressive Human Services 26, no. 3 (2015): 209-228.

Dobrowolsky, Alexandra. "Bad versus Big Canada: state imaginaries of immigration and citizenship." Studies in Political Economy 98, no. 2 (2017): 197-222.

Green, David A., and Christopher Worswick. "Canadian economics research on immigration through the lens of theories of justice." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 50, no. 5 (2017): 1262-1303.

Hyndman, Jennifer, William Payne, and Shauna Jimenez. "Private refugee sponsorship in Canada." Forced Migration Review 54 (2017): 56.

Berry, John W., and Feng Hou. "Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 61 (2017): 29-39.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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CAPSTONE PAPER

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

CAPSTONE PAPER

Philadelphia Museum of Art:

I visited the Philadelphia Museum of arts. It was an interesting experience. Besides enjoying the outdoor activity, it was an excellent source for learning. When I decided to visit the museum, there was an image of a typical museum that sketched a silent building full of pictures and objects. Although every museum has this typical setup, however, Philadelphia Museum of arts had its own uniqueness. Before visiting the museum, I acquired information about it so I could relate things over there easily. The main building of "Philadelphia Museum of Arts” was built in 1928. The building was categorized by several galleries where the artwork of different artists from different countries was placed. The permanent collection in the museum included American art, African art, ancient American art, East Asian art, European art, and several others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lSK7B7tq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Philadelphia Museum of Art,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Philadelphia Museum of Art,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":328,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZIVRCJMX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZIVRCJMX"],"itemData":{"id":328,"type":"webpage","title":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","URL":"https://www.philamuseum.org/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Philadelphia Museum of Art,” n.d.). The exhibition hall directs accumulations containing more than two lacs and forty thousand items including real possessions of Asian, American and European roots. The different classes of fine art include decorative arts, painting, armor, sculpture, photographs, drawings, and prints. The Perelman Building, which opened in 2007, houses in excess of 1.5 lacs prints, illustrations, and photos, alongside thirty thousand costume and textile pieces and more than one thousand present day and contemporary design objects including glasswork, furniture, and ceramics. A few unique and special exhibitions are arranged in the museum each year, organized with different exhibition museum including touring exhibitions in the United States and overseas. In 2017, the participation figure for the place was 793,000, which positions it among the main one hundred most-visited museums of arts worldwide. The Philadelphia Museum of art is likewise one of the biggest museums due to its gallery space. Beginning in 1882, the number of the amazing collection of books, jewelry, furniture, paintings, textiles, enamels, ceramics, carved ivory, and metalwork were donated by Clara Jessup Moore. Later, number of well-known personalities donated various artworks to the museum and helped it to become one of the largest museums. The main building is additionally enhanced by a gathering of bronze griffins, which were received as the symbol of the museum during the 1970s.

Collections:

Philadelphia Museum of art acquired 240000 objects in which numbers of items are present that represent the achievement of the western world. Asian works in more than two hundred galleries spanning two thousand years. It also has a collection of pre-Columbian, Roman art, and Egyptian work. The European work from the medieval era to contemporary time and American collections of three centuries are the part of the museum. Besides historical art collection, modern work is also exhibited. It includes work of Marcel Duchamp, Pablo Picasso, Albert Gleizes and other contemporary artists. Through the huge number of artwork the most, attractive and attention taking pieces are below.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lSK7B7tq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Philadelphia Museum of Art,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Philadelphia Museum of Art,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":328,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZIVRCJMX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZIVRCJMX"],"itemData":{"id":328,"type":"webpage","title":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","URL":"https://www.philamuseum.org/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Philadelphia Museum of Art,” n.d.)

The name of the painting is “Vincent van Gogh”, Vase with Twelve Sunflowers was painted by the Dutch artist named "Vincent van Gogh". The painting is made up of oil paint containing a bunch of flowers. It was the part series that was executed in Paris. Various similar paintings were executed later. The painting was made in 1887 that portrait the sunflower in a vase. The first painting that was linked to this one contained flower lying on the ground. Vincent tried to portrait the summer in Paris. Later repetition through a similar medium and theme was made and the number of paintings containing different types of the flower with a different combination of color increased the collection of Vincent. By looking at the picture it can be observed that an artist portrait the summer season, therefore, he used yellow as the major color. Sunflowers are yellow in color and even the background had a bright yellow color. The table on which vase was placed was also kind of yellowish color. The whole painting executed the combination of different shades of yellow which gives the idea of sunshine and warmness of sun during the summer. The other color that is prominent in the picture is the green color to fill the leaves and stems of the sunflower.

The title of the painting is The Battle of the Kearsarge and Alabama. The picture is drawn by Edouard Manet. The primary purpose of the picture was the description of Battle of Cherbourg which was fought between the Alabama and Kearsarge on June 19, 1864. The picture thus illustrates the battle and the phase of the American Civil War. It is currently placed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the medium of the picture is oil on canvas. It is located on the 1st floor, room 153 in the museum. A credit line is also given which states John G. Johnson Collection, 1917. The battle commemorated in the picture reflects the naval engagement between the Confederate raider CSS Alabama and Union cruiser USS Kearsarge. Manet did not witness the battle but was able to utilize the press description of the flight to advance his work.

It is essential to mention the painting was completed within a month of the battle and was displayed on the print shop of Alfred Cadart in Paris. Later, a French art collector acquired the painting in 1878. With drying oil used as blinders, the painting illustrates naval ships being wrecked in the battlefield. It is artistically sketched to offer a nostalgic theme of the battle on waters. Smoke clouds are also visible in the air and among several ships, only a single ship is portrayed to be safe and not completely destroyed.

The name of the painting is "The Gross Clinic" painted by Thomas Eakins in 1875. The medium of the painting was oil on canvas with the dimension of (240 cm × 200 cm (8 ft × 6.5 ft)). Thomas Eakins was an American artist who portraited Dr. Samuel D. Gross. Dr. Samuel was a 70-year-old professor in black dress and giving a lecture to a group of the college student. Eakins painted himself on the right side of the painting. He was in white cuff writing something next to the tunnel railing. It was based on the time when Eakins witnessed the surgery performed by Dr. Samuel and Eakins saved that movement in a frame. The overall look of the painting was the combination of dark colors. The dresses and background were almost blackish in color. There was the use of white color in some portion to highlight certain things like clothes, paper, and surgical equipment and then there was red color indicating the blood on Dr. Samuel hands.

Le Gouter is a painting known as Femme a la Cuillere and Tea Time. It was created by the French artist Jean Metzinger in 1911. The painting was exhibited in Paris at the Salon d’Automne. The drawing is located in the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection. The medium of the picture is oil on cardboard with the dimensions 75.9 cm × 70.2 cm (29.8 in × 27.6 in). The picture reflects a barely nude woman with a spoon who is seated at a table with his hand on a cup of tea. There is a vase placed on a commode in the background of the upper left quadrant. However, the painting is essentially square similar to the side of a cube. The face of the woman is divided into geometrized facets and highly stylized. It is a masterpiece where the source of the light appears to be coming from her right. The breast of the woman in the picture is composed of a sphere and triangle. The picture is structured in a peculiar and complicated manner. The unidentified aspects are composed of angular structures where the colors utilized by Metzinger are mixed, subdued with a natural allure.

The name of the painting is Poplars. It was a series of painting portrait painted by Claude Monet in 1891. The painting portraits the trees, marsh along the banks of Epte River. The medium of the painting is oil on canvas. There is a total of four trees following along an S-curve. Reflection of trees also painted on the river as the painting was highlighting the summer and fall of 1891. The main reason behind the painting was the travel that Monet had to do for reaching his studio from home. He used the boat to reach on the other side of the Epte River where his floating painting studio was located. An interesting fact related to the painting was the purchasing of trees. Monet had to purchase the trees to complete his painting however, he sold them back after completing his series. The paintings highlighted the combination of both the dark and bright colors to paint trees. The front trees were painted dark while trees in the background were lighter in color. A complete reflection was painted on the surface of the river.

Besides these painting, there were many other artworks which represented a certain occasion, thought, memory, and culture. The Philadelphia Museum of arts is the place to learn a lot under one roof.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Philadelphia Museum of Art. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2019, from https://www.philamuseum.org/

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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Case Studies 1

Case studies 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case studies 1

Question 1

One of the primary reasons that led to the collapse of the Russian empire included the power showcase of the Romanovs dynasty led by the Tsar. The collapse resulted due to their continued massacre and violence on the people as stated: "they would massacre the entire families, for the cause to leave nobody to pray for the dead” (Von, 2018). Along with that, there were also some other reasons as well such economic, political and social issues that arise in the reign of last Tsar emporer, i.e., Nicholas II. Hence, by the efforts of Russian people in World War I along with the “February revolution”, the Russian empire eventually collapsed.

Question 2

The long term causes of the collapse included, inability of the Tsar Alexander’s to satisfy the needs and take care of the empire and people. Moreover, another long term cause also included “ the violence, massacre, and injustice with the people of the Romanov Dynasty” (Hobsbawm, 2018). Furthermore, the last emperor of the Dynasty, “Tsar Nicholas II was also unable to rule the throne adequately” (Hobsbawm, 2018), and that also served as one of the long term cause of this collapse. However, the short term and immediate causes of this collapse included the effects of World War I and the revolution of 1917 on Russia.

Question 3

One of the major events in Europe that increased the likelihood of the Russian Revolution included Worl War I. It served as a major reason because “ an increased number of Russian men joined the army, to fight a war” (Gressel, 2015). The inclusion of such a " huge number of Russian men affected the economic as well as political stability of the Russia” (Gressel, 2015).

Question 4

The major key ideas of socialism and communism incorporated into the new Soviet government included “the policy regarding the limited capitalism in New Economic program” (Funk et al., 2018). Moreover, for the political, financial and social policies, along with the regulatory laws, the focus was shifted on the Humanistic aspect as opposing the capitalist view.

References

Funk, N., & Mueller, M. (Eds.). (2018). Gender politics and post-communism: Reflections from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Routledge.

Gressel, G. (2015). Russia's Quiet Military Revolution, and What It Means for Europe. European Council on Foreign Relations.

Hobsbawm, E. J. (2018). The end of empires. In After empire(pp. 12-16). Routledge.

Von Hagen, M. (2018). The Russian Empire. In After Empire(pp. 58-72). Routledge.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Case Study: The Creation Of Israel And Israeli Settlement In Palestine

Case Study: The Creation of Israel and Israeli Settlement in Palestine

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Case Study: The Creation of Israel and Israeli Settlement in Palestine

Q.1 According to UN Resolution 181, what are the rights of Arabs in Israel and what are the rights of Jews in Palestine?

Following are the rights that were enshrined under UN resolution 18. Following are the rights of Jews in Palestine under UN resolution 181. Any Jew residing in the Arab state is granted the right to vote in Jewish State (UN Resolution 181, 1947). Women were granted the right to vote and run for public offices. No Jew owning land or property in Arab State would be expropriated from its ownership (UN Resolution 181, 1947). No Jew living in the Jewish state would be able to opt for the citizenship of Arab State. Jews living in the Arab State were granted rights to receive primary and secondary education in their own language (UN Resolution 181, 1947). Jews in the Arab State were given the freedom to practice their religion unobstructed. Arabs in Israel are provided similar rights under the resolution. Any Arab living in Israel can vote in Arab State only. Women were granted the right to vote and run for public offices. No Arab owning land or property in Israel would be expropriated from its ownership (UN Resolution 181, 1947). No Arab living in Israel would be able to opt for the citizenship of Arab State. Muslims living in the Jew State were granted the right to receive primary and secondary education in their language. Muslims in Jew State were given the freedom to practice their religion unobstructed.

Q.2 Are the resulting conflicts religious, economic, territorial, or a combination of these? Support your assessment with evidence.

The Israel-Palestine conflict is territorial. In the entire world, Israel is the sole Jewish state. The Muslims or the Arabs that belong to the land controlled by Israel refer that land as Palestine. The Muslims want to establish a state just like Israel had. Therefore, the conflict is about who controls what piece of land. Jews that fled out of fear of prosecution wished to establish a homeland where they could live peacefully. However, Arab states in the surrounding rejected this proposal. As the UN plan to peacefully divide the land following the exit of the British failed, the Arab states and Israel went to war in1947 and 1967 (Boraik, 2019). As a result of the wars, Israel gained control over a significant amount of land where large Muslim populations were residing (Boraik, 2019).

Q.3 Is the practice of creating Israeli settlements in Palestine illegal? Assess Dr. Ashrawi's statement that "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is more committed to settlement expansion than to peace."?

Dr. Hanan Ashrawi has rightly argued that Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu is more interested in expanding illegal settlements in Muslim majority land than to peace. Israeli settlements, to begin with, are illegal when UN resolution 181 is taken into account (Gleeson, 2017). In the resolution, Muslims living in the Jew State were granted equal rights and it is the responsibility of the state to make sure that no Muslim is expropriated from any piece of land that they own in Israel or Jew State. Therefore Israeli settlements are illegal from the perspective of UN resolution 181. Furthermore, the declaration of Jerusalem as Israeli capital by Mr. Netanyahu sparked anger among the Muslims especially the ones living in Israeli controlled land (Gleeson, 2017). The declaration of Jerusalem reflects the intention of Mr. Netanyahu that he is more interested in expanding settlement rather than peace (Gleeson, 2017).

Q.4 What is the US position on this practice and how has this affected international relations?

For many years, the US had maintained a balance position as far as Israel-Palestine conflict is concerned. However, recent acts of the Trump administration suggest that they had changed their balanced stance. For instance, the US was the first country to recognize Jerusalem as the Israeli capital (Shehadeh, 2019). This recognition suggested that the US has undermined the Palestinian right to self-determination. Furthermore, the Israeli occupation of Golan Heights, a strategic piece of land, was approved the Trump administration (Kattan, 2019). The actions of US administrations suggest that it is approving the Israeli illegal occupation of the Palestinian territory. Furthermore, the US has shut down its consulate in Jerusalem and opened an embassy instead suggest that Trump administration is in line with Israeli actions (Hughes, 2018). Lastly, Jared Kushner, the son-in-law of Mr. Trump, is in charge of brokering Arab Israel peace deal. Considering the recent US actions, the peace deal would be nothing short of stripping Palestinians off of their right to self-determination.

References

Boraik, M. (2019). Strategic logic and ability: revisiting the Arab-Israeli wars (Doctoral dissertation, University of Reading).

Gleeson, L. (2017). Palestine: On eve of Netanyahu visit, illegal settlements at tipping point. Green Left Weekly, (1126), 19.

Hughes, D. (2018). The United States Embassy in Jerusalem: Does Location Matter?.

Kattan, V. (2019). US Recognition of Golan Heights Annexation: Testament to Our Times. Journal of Palestine Studies, 48(3), 79-85.

Shehadeh, R. (2019). From Jerusalem to the Rest of the West Bank: Israel's Strategies of Annexation. Review of Middle East Studies, 1-14.

UN Resolution 181, (1947). Unispal.un.org. Retrieved 11 August 2019, from https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Cause And Effect And Comparison-Contrast

Causes and Effects of Civil War

Introduction

American History has been tainted and marred by several atrocious, conflicting, debatable and controversial incidents that historians have superficially focused upon. One of such highly controversial and highlighted incident was the Civil War that broke out in 1860 and went on till 1865. It was one of the most brutal regional wars ever fought within a country. For the sake of more details and insights about the avoidably of the war, respective paper will briefly discuss various underlying causes that triggered the Civil War, and then will discuss if the war could have been restricted or completely ceased without the damage that was done during the war.

Cultural Diversity and Multi Ethnicity

One of the major reason that gave rise to this discriminatory social ideology was the co-existence of multicultural and multi-ethnic population within the same region. Sense of superiority started surfacing in certain classes of society that suppressed and degraded the others significantly. In case of Civil War and Civil Rights Movement, major-split was between the whites and the African Americans. The white Americans perceived them to be superior and more fortunate as compared to African Americans who were perceived to be appropriate for slavery. Their rights were taken away and freedom was curbed by modifying and manipulating the U.S. Legislation. For instance, the Jim Crow Laws and the Black Codes were legally passed by the congress to degrade and humiliate the African Americans of that time.

Apart from racial segregation, the differences between the northern and the southern states also became a pivotal cause of segregation. This split was also ridden by challenges of slavery and racial segregation. Due to industrial challenges and uncertainty regarding the issues of trade, political electorate and slavery, southern states started breaking their unification agreement (Clowers, 2011). Sense of alienation and segregation along with the fear of being culturally ignored started taking toll. South Caroline was the first state to opt out of the agreements. This sense of depravity could have been overcome by proper and intelligent political intervention. But nothing intervened and things kept on going worst.

Jim Crow Law

The term Jim Crow originated from a minstrel Performance in which a white boy played a character of a black boy by smearing charcoal all over his face. He further made extremely humiliating and offensive moves on the stage that were intolerable for the blacks but entertaining for the whites. This show became so popular among the whites that they started using the term – Jim Crow, as a stereotyped phrase for segregating and humiliating the blacks all over the country. The term was so strongly disfranchised by the whites that an entire new Law was legally and constitutionally formulated against the blacks for discriminating them from political, social, educational and recreational point of view.

Meanwhile, the Jim Crow Ideology was progressing and developing as more severe incidents such as Bloody Summers and Prison Farms started to surface without any actions taken against the actual culprits (Delany & Delany, 1993). Most of these incidents were taking place in the southern states. And this was also one of the primary cause between the conflict of southern and northern states.

Miscegenation Laws

Introduction of Miscegenation Laws within the southern states was the most offensive act of all. According to this law, there was complete prohibition of inter-racial marriages that confirmed the blacks as a humiliated and degraded race. Some of the historians have tagged this particular law as ‘Ultimate Act of Segregation’ (Washington, 1901). These laws made it clear that blacks are posing a cultural threat for the whites, and they must be kept as low as possible for the benefit of white Americans. Under these laws, even after blacks were allowed to vote, there votes were destroyed at the polling booths (Washington, 1901).

Resulting Anger and Frustration in African Americans

United States have exhibited one of the worst form of civil right violations in its history that had eventually led to the Civil War that kept on going for 4 consecutive years. The major causes for this civil war were the racial and ethnic discrimination, unjust distribution of the political representatives and slavery. This led to an unjust and uncomfortable environment in the United States

Effects

As per an estimate, the number of killings per day during the civil war exceeded twenty-five hundred thousand men; and that makes more than one million casualties over the span of four years (Jauiline, 2011). These statistics make the Civil War one of the most expensive and bloodiest war of American histories (Jaquiline, 2011). Other than these, as a result of the military operations and supremacy, more that 55,000 young boys were forced to level their homes and families and were forced to live under inhuman conditions within jails and prisons that were small, confined cubicles (Balire, 2006). These prisoners were starved here and were attacked by fatal epidemics and diseases, killing another 13000 at the Andersonville Camp (Blaire, 2006). This entire episode of extreme brutalities and civil cruelties were the result of segregationally ideologies and discriminatory social philosophies that were extremely string in the society of that time (Jaquiline, 2011).

References

Jacquiline. "Stop The Civil War." Glogster. http://jacqueline968.glogster.com/stop-the-civil-war/. 2011

Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders. 2006

Delany, Sarah L., A. Elizabeth Delany, and Amy Hill Hearth. Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years, New York: Kodansha America. 1993

Washington, Booker T. “Up for Slavery”. http://www.bartleby.com/1004/ 1901.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Cause And Effect Of The French Revolution

Professor Feedback:

An organized paper with some insightful ideas. Recommendations for final paper:

-As mentioned in previous feedback, it is very important that your project does not focus solely on the political aspects of the French Revolution. Keep in mind that our course concentrates on urban societies, art and culture. How will you bring these subjects to your paper?

-Some citations are missing. For example, where did you retrieve the information provided in the first pages?

-Will the final paper include primary sources? You should aim to include at least two primary sources. This will help strengthen the paper's argument.

-short list of content(agenda)

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

The French Revolution was considered to be a period of essential political disorder in Europe and France. The society of France experienced several changes as religious, aristocratic, and feudal privileges ceased to exist. The monarchy was eliminated, and traditional ideas about culture and hierarchy gave into new Enlightenment absolute rights and citizenship principles. The French Revolution transformed the world, and even today the people of France celebrated the Bastille Storming on 14 July 1789 as their national holiday. The social, political, and economic problems lead France into a revolution and consequently, influenced the urban development of the country.

Absolutism is considered to be one of the most significant political cause of the French revolution. Before the revolution, France was under the absolute monarchy role where monarch demanded the power of the divine. Such monarchy was absolute in the sense that no individual, group, or institution had the right to resisting the command of the king. Their power was supposedly handed by God therefore, no one cannot ask about their power legitimacy. However, asking the monarchy was also considered to be blasphemy. Questioning their decisions was not accountable to anyone else except God. Consequently, they lived in extravagance and luxurious lifestyle at their royal palaces. If anyone wanted to oppose the monarch, they had to face extreme punishment. According to the law, which was based on the Letter de Cachet, the monarch was authorized to arrest any individual at any time and could imprison them on their opposition. As a result, the people of France got angry and started seeking the reformation of their status.

Similarly, inequality of rights was considered to be another significant French revolution political cause. Before the revolution, Parisian were separated into legal categories which were known as the three estates or orders. Due to which the rights of people were varied from each other which was considered to be totally unjust. The most significant social division before the revolution in France was between commoner and noble. The first estate had the clergy which was composed of more than a hundred thousand people. More than ten per cent of the land was owned by the church. This clergy was exempt from the chief tax of France although the church had agreed for paying a voluntary contribution after every five years to the state.

Third, and last, there was the rest of the French population. The Third Estate was known as society commoners, which constituted the overwhelming French population majority. They were divided by the huge differences in wealth, occupation, and level of education. This Estate consisted of shopkeepers, skilled artisans, peasants, and other wage earners in the cities. The 18th century had been considered to be the period of quick urban growth as ninety per cent of French towns had fewer than ten-thousand inhabitants and only nine cities had more than fifty thousand inhabitants. In the 18th century, the prices of consumer rose rapidly than wages, as a result of which such urban societies experienced a decrease in the power of purchasing. The Third state had their own grievances because they were excluded from the political and social privilege that was monopolized by the nobles. Such middle-class resentments remained for a longer period of time which was assumed to be a major French revolution cause.

The French Revolution destroyed such seigneurial systems vestiges which had remained in Paris and also consolidated the Paris status as the centralized France capital. Some Revolution's major event took place in Paris. Under the Directory and the Thermidorians, the Boulevard des Italiens was considered to be the frivolous and the fashionable resort, whereas the population favoured the Boulevard du Temple. After the First Empire Inauguration, in 1806 Napoleon ordered the triumphal Carrousel arches and Etoile to be initiated. While the style of Neoclassical reminded imperial Rome and considered to be great works of the utility of public which served for modernizing the Paris through Bourse, new bridges, new quays, canals of Saint-Martin, several fountains, market places, slaughterhouses, wine market, and Bercy warehouses. Industrialization which was in progress in the period of Napoleon advanced quickly under the July Monarchy and Restoration. Lightening of Gas was introduced, Services of Omnibus began and Paris had got the first railway track. New districts with new societies also grew up on Paris outskirts. Haussmann was considered to be the modern Paris creator. He started the water systems and new sewers by rebuilding the ancient Halles market and four new bridges of Seine and also built again some old ones. The prosperity and brilliance of Paris under Napoleon III were significant.

During the French revolution, the poor urban citizens and peasants resented the huge amount of taxes that were placed upon them. They were feeling desperate after years of drought, poor harvest, and droughts. It has brought several changes in music, art and theatre. Following and leading up to French Revolution Neo-classicism was considered to be the predominant style of art in France. This art was considered to be realistic and embodied the philosopher’s idea from that time like the importance of morality and the basic rights of human. The transforming ideas during the revolution of France also brought about the transformation in the artwork. Jacques-Louis David was considered to be one of the most influential painters during the Revolution of France. French Revolution also terminated the era of Rococo painting style which had been popular in France instead of which Neoclassical art style emerged. During the reign of Louis XIV, the crown of France controlled tightly the artistic patronage. One of the greatest painters of France known as Watteau worked for private customers and dealers like Edme-Francois Gersaint. Similarly, the Old Master painting connoisseurship was becoming professionalized. This transformation was reflected in the scholarly approach utilized by dealers like Pierre-Jean Mariette. The increasing art-historical body and critical writing were reflected in the Denis Diderot Salon criticism. Paris in the nineteenth century became the centre of principal European for the innovation of art, though often in official opposition face. One of the features of the contemporary market of art was its increasing internationalism. Some significant figures in the contemporary art of Paris were considered to be Theodore Vibert, Adolphe Goupil, and Alfred Cadart who were considered to be the first dealer of France for exploiting the market in the United States.

Another political consequence of the French revolution was the absolute monarchy transformation into the representative government. As monarch had ruled over France for more than four hundred years which was terminated by the revolution of French. As it was highlighted in the representative government that the king remained the head of state, but the power of lawmaking resided in the National assembly. Although the monarchy was reestablished by the great powers after Napoleon downfalls, still it could not survive beyond 1830 as the monarchs were already weakened by the transformation caused by the revolution of French.

Declaration of man rights was another significant consequence of the revolution in France. In the 18th century, the men of France never entertained the idea that the rights of citizen and men were reserved only for the Frenchmen. The constitutional parliament or assembly came out with the human rights documents. It guaranteed representative government, equality, freedom of an individual, and liberty such as freedom of property ownership, worship, association, press, and speech. As they were abused during the period of terror, they became the freedom foundation. Moreover, the rights inequalities during the past political system had also transformed by the reforms of the constitution, so the particular privilege for the nobles could be abolished. The revolutionaries also thought of equality and liberty as the mankind common birthright.

The leading social stress cause in France before the revolution was considered to be its large population. At the starting of the 19th century, France had twenty million people living near its borders, and this number was equal to nearly twenty per cent of the population of Europe of non-Russian. Over the century course, this number was enhanced by another eight to ten million as acute food shortages and epidemic diseases were diminished, and the death rate was declined. It has risen by only one million between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century, and this population was concentrated in the rural side of France which was considered to be nearly thirty million French under Louis XVI.

Music was also transforming during the Revolution of France. The leaders of the Revolution took the music very seriously and also realized that it is a beneficial tool for transforming the feeling and thinking of people. Artists during the French Revolution was encouraged for creating the revolutionary songs Le Marseillaise that is also considered to be the national anthem of France. Music during that time was very powerful and was created for boosting the moral and celebrating the Revolution.

The French Revolution was not only confined to policy, politics and governments but it was also considered to be the revolution of a cultural and social phenomenon which showed how people communicated, lived, and saw the world. The values and ideas of the revolution were expressed through arts, music, literature, and culture and also in the ways that how people communicated and dressed. One of the most significant French Revolution symbols was considered to be cockade, that is tight coloured ribbons knot which was pinned to one's sleeve, lapel, tunic or hat. Their colours were selected for displaying loyalty of an individual to a specific ruler, political group or military leader. Another famous symbol of the French revolution was considered to liberty cap which was worn mainly by urban working classes. Liberty tree was considered to be a symbol of the French revolution which featured nature, growth, and fertility. The years which follow the Revolution in France brought several changes and upheaval in the society of France which in turn built profound changes in fashion and dress. In France clothing had been serving as of the most aristocratic status and social privilege visible markers. It is surprising but true that fashion was deeply affected by the revolutionary changes course. During the time of the French revolution, the gap between poor and rich was increasing rapidly, and the stricken of poverty were becoming fed up with the aristocracy. While the poor did not have sufficient to eat, the rich had an excess of food. From estates to their food, to their clothing, the wealthy had each extravagance. During the time of the French Revolution, the fashionable clothing was outrageous at the time. Men wore embroidered waistcoats, and coats elaborately. Women also started wearing ornate clothing which featured wide hoops known as panniers. Both women and men would have applied themselves with the makeup. During that time the most significant fashion accessory was considered to be a wig, particularly for the women. As the century wore on, the wig of women became increasing tall and complicated. They became so tall that they had to utilize pads which they morphed into frames of wire because the padding became very heavy.

Extravagance and high fashion have been returned to France and its states of the satellite under the Directory 1795-99 with the styles of directorie. These trends reached their height in their fashions of classical style during the early nineteenth century. For men waistcoats, coats, and previous decades stocking continued to be fashionable all around the world of the Western side. These people tried to become slimmer and tried to utilize matte fabrics and earthier colours. During the French Revolution, the dress of women was expanded into several kinds of national costume. The dressing of women was getting more urbanized such as women were started wearing white skirts variation that was topped with revolutionary jackets of coloured stripped as well as white gowns of Greek chemise that was accessorized with ribbons, scarves, and shawls. When the aristocracy realized that there should be a great political unrest deal, they attempted to make a transformation which directly affected the urbanization in the form of fashion. At the time there was an enhancing fascination with the life of the country. If someone checks popular art of that time by Boucher or Fragonard, he could understand that there were frolicking shepherdesses everywhere. Such style of living was very appealing to the queen. This time was considered to be the fascination with Ancient Greece. The population found their politics of democracy appealing. This Greece love tricked down into the society facets that includes the fashion specifically in the women. The women started wearing clothes that are inspired by the light, and the flowing dresses that are existed in the art of Greek. The Greek started wearing quite a bit of colour. Even in their hairstyles, women of France emulated the ancient Greeks.

Paris was the main exception. It was the home of approximately six hundred thousand by 1789. Other cities such as Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Lyons had more than one hundred thousand within their limits. Such demographics had a great impact on both outsides and inside France. Moreover, the 18th century also saw capitalism intrusion into everyday life. As a result of the overseas trade's large expansion and domestic trade's longer-term development, the economy experienced continued growth. Although local exchange or self-sufficiency, the predominant style of economic life but such capitalism incursions started drawing everyone into some regional form and even international exchange. Amongst such abroad population and economic shifts, lifestyle in the country remained the same, especially in the small farms of family. Their workers and owners were called as peasants, although they separated considerably in statues and wealth. A few others rented their land to others for work, but still, there were several labourers who were anxious for work in exchange for food to eat and a place to stay.

According to some historians, more than ninety per cent of the peasants lived in the lean years below the level of subsistence earning only enough for feeding their families. The documents on life in the countryside reflected the poverty omnipresence at that time. The Arthur Young who was one of the famous observers of the French countryside in eighteenth-century considered such tiny farms the greatest weakness of agriculture of France, particularly while comparing with the commercial and large farms. Other researchers also commented on the several impoverished peasants before 1789 by blaming them for the tension between poor and rich on the vast social differences of the country.

Additionally, bread was considered to be the main element of their urban diets due to which the sharp rise in prices was felt quickly and were also protested loudly at the market of grains or at the local shops of bakers. Most people also diverted their anger at the suppliers of bread rather than the authorities of politics. As a result of the popularity and credibility of government officials came to be linked to the functioning of bread and grain makers. Urban workers were found an opportunity for expressing their discontent by-elections to the Estates General. These elections were performed in the neighbourhood gatherings form at which the electives collectively complied and designated a representative list of grievances for presenting it to the King, who communicated them for guiding the representative. Many of such petitions expressed opposition to the privileges of officeholders and nobles. The National Assembly decrees against privilege which had been the French social order privilege and was undoubtedly cheered by the populace. This elimination of privilege marked the starting of another social distinctions system which set forth into the new constitution that was introduced by the National assembly.

On the other hand, the most important French revolution consequence was considered to be the establishment and constitution of the rule of law in France history. Till the second last decade of the 18th century, France had no constitution for safeguarding the freedom and rights of people. In 1791, the government of France enacted the constitution which as amended in the last years of the eighteenth century. By the construction of such a constitution, the role of law was reflected in the law for serving the French society which was violated in the past. The constitution also differentiated the legislature, judiciary, and the executive. This constitution also decreased the excessive powers of the king for writing the principle of all sovereignty that is essential for the nation.

Liberalism is a moral and political philosophy which is based on equality and liberty. During the French revolution, the hereditary aristocracy was given with the slogan of “fraternity, equality, and liberty". As a result, France became the first state in the history for granting universal suffrage of male. There were two significant events which marked the liberalism triumph during the revolution. The first was the feudalism abolition in France on the night of August 4, 1789. This noted the feudal collapse and also the traditional privileges and rights. The second event was considered to be the Declaration passage for the rights of the citizen and man in August 1789. This declaration is the document of the foundation of both human rights and liberalism. As a result of the success of revolution of French, governments of liberal were maintained in the nations all around Europe, North America, and South America through the 19th century. Hence the revolution of French is considered to be the defining moment in Liberalism.

The French revolution did not produce ideologies until the 19th century known as communism and socialism. However, it also provided a social and intellectual environment in which such spokesmen and their ideologies could flourish. The communist philosophers of France of the late 18th century not only criticized the personal properties but also known for its establishment and abolition of a society based on the communal and egalitarian ownership of property. The political journalist and agitator of France François-Noël Babeuf went to the extent of the revolutionary action of the advocating violent in the name of wealth socialization.

The French revolution also had a great impact on neighbouring countries. The armies of the French revolution during the 1790s and after under Napoleon, controlled and invaded Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Germany, and Switzerland. The French invasion of such territories removed the economic and legal barriers which had protected the urban oligarchies, guilds, clergy, and nobility. The revolution of French thus destroyed the power of elites and oligarchies which opposed the economic change. Evidence related to the French revolution suggested that areas which were occupied by the French and underwent reforms of institutions experienced quick economic and urbanization growth particularly after 1850. The arrival of new industrial and economic opportunities in the 2nd half of the 19th century which then resulted in the more economic Europe’s growth.

Before the French Revolution, Catholicism had been considered to be the official religion in France and the Catholic Church of France was also very powerful. It owned around more than ten per cent of the land and received tithes that were considered to be the one-tenth of common people annual earnings which were taken for supporting of the clergy. From such a dominant status, the Catholic Church was destroyed during the French Revolution. The nuns and priest were turned out, its leaders exiled or executed, the property was controlled through states, and the 10 % was abolished. The 1801's Concordat, an agreement between Church and Napoleon, terminated this period and manufactured rule for a relationship between the French State and Church. Although the Concordat restored some traditional Church roles it did not restores its monasteries, lands or power and the worship of religion could never become prominent in France as before.

Nationalism is considered to be the ideology which emphasized the allegiance, devotion, or loyalty to a nation and places such obligations above other group or individual interests. The French revolution started the movement towards the modern state of the nation and played a significant role in the nationalism birth across Europe. As the armies of France under Napoleon captured territories; the nationalism ideology was spread all around Europe. The Revolution did not impact the nationalism of France but also had a long and profound lasting impact on intellectuals of Europe. As a result of such struggle, national liberation became one of the most significant themes of nineteenth and twentieth century of the world and Europe . Before the revolution, Parisian generally lived in the government form which had been placed for centuries, and that form was considered to be a monarchy in several places while after the Revolution, no government was considered to be legitimate without any justification.

The French Revolution also brings some positive effect of institutional reforms in the second half of the nineteenth century. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society in France emerged including new forms of diplomatic and of states and also the alignments of the military. Most of the radical institutional transformation in Europe takes place during the period of the French Revolution. France built a commercial court in Aachen in 1794 and followed with some similar courts elsewhere in the Rhineland which were to play a significant role in the industrial and commercial creations business in the years to follow. Several pieces of evidence regarding the French Revolution proves that it is the clear designed, radical and large-scale change of institution. These institutional changes imposed in Europe due to the French Revolution do not have any significant negative impact but only have several major positive impacts on society.

The French Revolution in several dimension weakened the local elite’s power. The growth of the economy as proxied by the urbanization in the areas which underwent the radical reforms of the institution brought by the Revolution of French particularly after 1850. The armies of the French revolution and later Napoleon controlled and invaded the considerable parts of Europe which included areas of Germany where they assumed necessary the same economic, legal and political reforms as in France. This invasion also came with the exploitation and chaos of the occupied territories.

The Revolution toppled the established regime and began a complex method. It involved radical changes of an institution, such as the abolition of feudalism remnants in agriculture, a decrease of nobility power, and the abolition of internal tariffs and guilds. The process of transformation did not terminate at the borders of France, but later Napoleon controlled and invaded huge Europe parts which included Germany areas. The arrival of new industrial and economic opportunities of the industry during the French Revolution resulted in significant European economic growth.

In conclusion, the French revolution had a significant impact on Europe in modern history. There were some major problems such as the political causes which included the collapse of government political economy, rights inequalities, and the absolutism. Although there were some other political factors as well, these three play a significant role in the revolution. The consequences of these causes were considered to the absolute monarchy transformation into the representative government. The second most significant consequence was the man's right establishment where all the people got their privileges and rights regardless of another social status. Similarly, the most significant consequence was the construction of the role of law and constitutions.

Annotated Bibliography

Palmer, Robert R. The world of the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016.

Palmer's book offers a brief history of the French Revolution. He was considered to be one of the most highly regarded historians in the 20th century. The palmer’s main contribution to the debate over the most contentious and significant events in the French Revolution was to deploy evaluation skill of critical thinking for revealing the weakness in existing arguments related to the causes of French Revolution. He described a compelling new narrative for explaining why the monarchy of French destroyed in 1789.

De Tocqueville, Alexis. Recollections: French Revolution of 1848. Routledge, 2017.

Tocqueville offers exciting and candid scenes in his book about what actually happened in the French revolution. Book has a relevance that extends beyond France and other countries. This book shows that Tocqueville was not only an active participant in the Revolution of French in 1848 but also a keen observer with a disconnected attitude of mind. It is presented as a translation basis on the definitive edition of French in 1964. In this, he beautifully described some common economical causes of the French Revolution.

Gough, Hugh. The newspaper press in the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016.

Gough in his book describes the importance of newspaper press in the French Revolution. When the ancient regime destroyed in 1789, the newspaper press was free for the first time in the history of French. This result was an explosion in the newspaper number with over two thousand titles appearing between 1789 and 1799. This book published in 1988 which describes the French Press growth during that time by displaying the importance of provincial newspaper emergence and determining the journalism relationship with political power. The concluding chapters discussed the newspaper economic during that decade by analyzing the machinery of sales, distribution, and printing.

Popkin, Jeremy D. A Short History of the French Revolution (Subscription). Routledge, 2016.

This book of Popkin is considered to be one of the best books on the history of the French Revolution. In this book, the historical events are studied more closely which took place in France between 1789 and 1815. This study seeks to explain the Revolution origins, leader's goals, men and women role in the event for drawing up the balance sheet of its failures and its success. This new edition of A Short History of the French Revolution includes coverage of women during the French Revolution, coverage of struggles over slavery and race, and also some political violence during the Revolution. After reading this book, the readers can get comprehensive knowledge of the causes and consequences of the French Revolution.

Williams, H. (1997). An Eye-Witness Account of the French Revolution by Helen Maria Williams. Jack Fruchtman.

Helen Maria Williams was considered to be English chronicler, novelist and poet of the French Revolution, and accounts for her experiences during the Revolution of France. She was arrested in 1793 and records sorrow and passion of degeneration of Revolution into murder and chaos. She also sketches the colourful personalities of her enemies, friends, and acquaintances. She has beautifully described the scenes of the French Revolution in her writing and considered to be an exceptional writer in this regard. She displayed her enduring optimism which the Revolution would eventually succeed in justice and liberty for the public everywhere.

Constantine, M.A. and Frame, P., 2012. Travels in Revolutionary France and a Journey Across America: George Cadogan Morgan and Richard Price Morgan. University of Wales Press.

In 1789, George Cadogan Morgan who was considered to be the nephew of famous dissenter Richard Price went to France during the time of the French Revolution. In 1808 his family went to America and left Britain, where Richard Price Morgan travelled extensively and also made a descent of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers by raft, and also assisted building some American railroad. The adventure of George Cadogan Morgan was related here through letters that he sent to his family and which was mentioned in the autobiography written by his son in America. In these letters, he beautifully prescribed the scenes during the French Revolution and also described their culture and societies differences.

Mercier, L.S. and Popkin, J.D., 1999. Panorama of Paris-CL. Pennsylvania State Univ Pr.

Mercier's Le Tableau de Paris, is considered to be one of the most significant treasures of the literature of France that offers vivid portraits wealth of life of Parisian. Mercier was considered to be pioneering ethnographer of urban society, which is an observer of a participant who described the society with the same curiosity sense which drove the explorer of the period for portraying the natives of France.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

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Cause Of Caribbean Piracy During 1500s

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Causes of Caribbean Piracy during 1500

Introduction

The great era of piracy that extended from 1500 to 1700 is also called the “Golden Age of Piracy”. It is named so, because in this era, the pirates were most successful and they had quite a good existence, both in terms of power as well as numbers. The piracy in the Caribbean is actually a product of the interplay of the national trends, where the central point was European Trade, as well as colonizers. The lands, near to the Caribbean are called Spanish Main and it was the heart of trade and civilization. In economic history, the Spanish were famous for mining as well as staggeringly large reservoirs of silver buttons from Peru as well as New Spain. Every now and then there are major trades comprising the Silver Train that was one of the most tempting gains for the pirates who used to attack the stragglers to get the silver buttons as well as to seize the main vessels. In addition, there were some other major centers of progression and wealth such as English, Dutch, and French traders who were also empowered in different dimensions of economic and political progression in strong competition with the Spanish. It is highlighted that Spain was also called, “No peace beyond the line”. So, the major source of attention was the economic progression of the Caribbean, where several questions need answers. One of the major questions is the prime causes of Caribbean Piracy, taking into account that it connects present to the past not only in the form of history but also in the form of social and political timelines.

Discussion

Caribbean piracy during 1500 is not just an era in the timeline, but it is a pictorial display of the history in the form of events that shaped the glamorous world of Europe. Piracy was not just a crime, but a source of earning, a sign of the inter-country disparities as well as a description of the manipulation that pirates faced in the form of dominant government and prevalent socio-economic structures. It is highlighted that there are different causes of piracy, such as social adherence, economic progression or political disparities. However, this paper aims at the three major causes of piracy, termed as Land-based governance, Maritime governance, and poverty.

The Caribbean colonies are actually the part of the large autonomous entities, that were ruled by different governors and noblemen who belonged to the European governments and the government institutions. With the end of the European Wars, there was a shift in the private laws that enforced a ban which resulted in a deployment of the naval ships to the Caribbean thus piracy became out of control. The reason is, European countries deployed the naval ships to the regions so as to maintain a control over the colonies that were increasing. The local governments were also able to control the pirate attacks where the government became complicated in their trade activities. With an increase in the number of pirates, there were about 2,400 pirates who were operating in the Caribbean, that not only threatened the ships but the colonies as well. In addition, the lack of coherent culture in colonies paved the way to facilitate piracy. In order to gain profit from the Bahamas, as well as, letters of marque were sole to the privateers. In addition, a major cause in terms of Caribbean’s piracy is associated with the conflict between the religion and the politics where the Protestants were tolerating as well as supporting piracies moving ahead to both, Colonies of the Catholics and the people who were shipping. In this stance, privateering became one of the major shields for the private activity that gave pirates the cloak of legality and legitimacy. Thus, when this cloak of legitimacy and legality was snatched with the naval enforcement of Europe that aimed at capturing pirates, the pirates started more piracies as compared to the past, out of aggression and with an aim to defend themselves.

Maritime governance is another reason that paved the way for the piracy in Caribbean, taking into account that in the past, there was a freedom of the seas. In order to control the freedom, law enforcement was introduced for the seas, taking into account the technological developments that declared that the oceans will be covered under the judication of the nation. It is highlighted that before the maritime governance, the parties were having the freedom to serve as per their will but with the passage of time, law enforcement agencies were promoted that narrowed the ways of life for pirates and they started major piracies. In addition, the major stake of piracy in the Caribbean was promoted by the initiatives of government sponsorship. Different governments used pirates as their weapons against the other states. In addition, pirates were assigned the task of harassing the Spanish vessel that was carrying gold to the Caribbean Sea. Thus, it is observed that there are two-fold features of emphasized piracies in the Caribbean, which was home to both, the internal as well as external conflicts.

Poverty and destruction are some of the major and solid reasons for piracy, taking into account that there was a social acceptance of piracy. Firstly, people adopted piracy as a way to find the economic issues they were facing and the restriction they were facing in the hands of colonization and war. It is also highlighted that in the fifteenth century, the approach to piracy was similar to that of theft in the present time, taking into account that pirates consider themselves as the lower-class people who were the product of social destruction. It is important to note that the ship was the major source of transport at the time and it was one of the reasons that the pirates were more famous for dealing in silver buttons which were carried through ships. In addition, burglary of major equipment was also significant because there was no apparent contract between the crew and the pirates. The acceptant of piracy was a major dimension in the areas that were having economic depression, taking into account that crimes brought an additional fund to the overall economy.

Whydah Gally

The Whydah Gally, that is also known as Whydah, was a fully rigged galley ship that went through different historical shifts over the passage of time. The major role of the ship can be analyzed in terms of The Golden Age of Piracy when it was for first captured by Captain Samuel “Black Sam” Bellamy. He was the one who sailed the ship up to the coast of colonial America that captured the ships that went nearby. In 1715, the Whydah was commissioned in London. It is also called the slave merchant of the present time. In the time of West African slave trading, the Kingdom of Whydah, the ship was loaded with considerable heavy weapons that made it a transport and trading ship. When the ship left Africa, it was loaded with 500 slaves that were carried to the Caribbean. In 1771, Whydah was caught in some kind of storm and the ship got wrecked. Only two of the crew members survived. In historical context, it is highlighted that “The Whydah” is more like a historical figure that communicates the original story behind the story of piracy. The ship was used to terrorize the merchant ships that were around and also to steal their haul. After being weighed down by the treasure that was loaded on the ship, the ship ran into a sandbar, away from the shores of the Cape Cod and then the ship was undiscovered for many years. Here, the ship was the emblem of piracy. In 1984, as a result of some sort of investigation, Whydah was considered as one of the most major and undiscovered ships that were to be found. Now, its been 34 years, that the marine archeologists are still striving hard to comb through the site. According to some of the archeologists, the overall history ensures that when the ship was unloaded, in fact, found sunken in the land making up $4 million in money. The money was that of past time, i.e. it is in the form of coins, that made up billions of dollars in the present time.

Conclusion

A critical insight into history highlights that Caribbean piracy is a two-fold event that embraced all the social, political and economic events. Piracy is more like a historical event that shows inter-country conflict, disparities in the political affairs and the gaps in accepting economic growth of Spain that used pirates for the achievement of personal goals, where the pirates only intended to look for the avenues of survival of their lives. Piracy is just another emblem of the leading factors that empowered that society. In the same way, one of the historical signs is present in the form of Whydah, which was a pirate ship. The ship covered the timeline from being a trading ship to that of a ship that was owned by pirates. Even today, all the treasures of the ship cannot be discovered but it is a major source of a flashback into history.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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Causes And Effect Of The French Revolution

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

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Causes and Effect of the French Revolution

Introduction

The French Revolution was considered to be a period of radical political disorder in Europe and France. The society of France underwent several changes as religious, aristocratic, and feudal privileges ceased to exist. The monarchy was eliminated, and traditional ideas about culture and hierarchy gave into new Enlightenment inalienable rights and citizenship principles. The French Revolution transformed the world, and even today the people of France celebrated the Bastille Storming on 14 July 1789 as their national holiday. The social, political, and economic problems lead France into a revolution and consequently, influenced the urban development of the country.

Discussion

Causes

Absolutism is considered to be one of the most significant political cause of the French revolution. Before the revolution of French, they were under the absolute monarchy role where monarch demanded the power of the divine. Such monarchy was absolute in the sense that no individual, group, or institution had the right for resisting the command of the king. Similarly, the monarch also demanded that they are the individual whom the god put in the special power position over others. As power is handed over to others by God, so no can ask about their power legitimacy. However, asking the monarchy was also considered to be blasphemy as it meant that questioning monarch and God was not accountable to anyone else expect god. So, they lived in extravagance and luxurious lifestyle at their royal palaces. So if anyone wanted to oppose the monarch, they had to face extreme punishment. According to the law which was based on the Letter de Catchet, the monarch was authorized to arrest any individual at any time and could imprison them on their opposition. As a result of which the people of French got angry and started seeking for the reformation of their status.

Similarly, inequality of rights was considered to be another significant French revolution political cause. Before the revolution of French people were separated into legal categories which were known as the three estates or orders. Due to which the rights of people were varied from each other which was considered to be totally unjust. The most significant social division before the revolution in French was between commoner and noble. The first estate had the clergy which was number about more than a hundred thousand people. More than ten percent of the land was owned by the church. This clergy was exempt from the chief tax of France although the church had agreed for paying a voluntary contribution after every five years to the state.

The Second Estate was considered to be the nobility which contained more than three hundred thousand people who owned more than thirty percent of the land. Under Louis XVI and Louis XV, the nobility had continued for playing a crucial and important role in the society of French, that hold several leading positions in the law courts, military, government, and the higher offices of the church. Similarly, it had also been observed that several heavy French industries were also controlled by the nobles with the help of ownership or investment of metallurgical and mining enterprises. The Third Estate was known as society commoners, which constituted the overwhelming French population majority. They were divided by the vast differences in wealth, occupation, and level of education. This Estate consisted of shop keepers, skilled artisans, peasants, and other wage earners in the cities. The 18th century had been considered to be the period of quick urban growth as ninety percent of French towns had fewer than ten-thousand inhabitants and only nine cities had more than fifty thousand inhabitants. In the 18th century, the prices of consumer rose rapidly than wages, as a result of which such urban societies experienced a decrease in the power of purchasing. The Third state had their own grievances because they were excluded from the political and social privilege that was monopolized by the noble. Such middle-class resentments remained for a longer period of time which was assumed to be a major French revolution cause.

The collapse of the financial status of government was also considered to be the most important cause of the French revolution. Before the French revolution, the government of France was experiencing crises of economy and was well short of money. The expenditures of government were continued for growing due to costly royal extravagance and wars. So, the monarch enhanced the taxes for earning more revenues of government, but yet the enhanced taxes did not fulfill the budget deficit of the government. So in order to fulfill the expenditure of the government, it was heavily dependent on the taking loans. Moreover, the magistrate, prelates, and nobles were also refused for cooperating in bad condition of the economy. The attempt of government for completing the expenditures alone brought several disasters. Due to which the state experienced heavy bankruptcy whereas fully fifty percent of the annual budget of France went for paying interest of loans and other fifty percent were available for maintaining the military, spending on the court and the royal family as well as the state's productive functions respectively. So, such crises directly struck the monarchy which had lost several royal authority mantles. Another political consequences of the revolution of French were considered to be the absolute monarchy transformation into the representative government. As monarch had ruled over France for more than four hundred years which was terminated by the revolution of French. As it was highlighted in the representative government that the king remained the head of state, but the power of lawmaking resided in the National assembly. Although the monarchy was reestablished by the great powers after Napoleon downfalls, but still it could not survive beyond 1830 as the monarchs were already weakened by the transformation caused by the revolution of French.

Declaration of man rights is another significant consequence of the revolution of French. In the eighteen century, the men of France never entertained the idea that the rights of citizen and men were reserved only for the Frenchmen. The constitutional parliament or assembly came out with the human rights documents. It guaranteed representative government, equality, freedom of an individual, and liberty such as freedom of property ownership, worship, association, press, and speech. As they were abused during the period of terror, they became the freedom foundation. Moreover, the rights inequalities during the past political system had also transformed by the reforms of the constitution, so the particular privilege for the noble could be abolished. The revolutionaries also thought of equality and liberty as the mankind common birthright.

The leading social stress cause in France before the revolution was considered to be its large population. At the starting of the nineteenth century, France had twenty million people living near its borders, and this number was equal to nearly twenty percent of the population of Europe of non-Russian. Over the century course, this number was enhanced by another eight to ten million as acute food shortages and epidemic diseases were diminished, and the death rate was declined. It has risen by only one million between the fifteenth century and sixteenth century, and this population was concentrated in the rural side of France which was considered to be nearly thirty million French under Louis XVI. The most exception was considered to be of Paris, which was home to about six hundred thousand by 1789. Other cities such as Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Lyons had more than one hundred thousand within their limits. Such demographics had a great impact on both outsides and inside France. Moreover, the eighteenth century also saw capitalism intrusion into everyday life. As a result of the overseas trade's large expansion and domestic trade's longer-term development, the economy experienced continued growth. Although local exchange or self-sufficiency, preponderant style of economic life but such capitalism incursions started drawing everyone into some regional form and even international exchange. Amongst such a broad population and economic shifts, lifestyle in the country remained the same, especially in the small farms of family. Their workers and owners were called as peasants, although they separated considerably in statues and wealth. A few others rented their land to others for work, but still, there were several laborers who were anxious for work in exchange for food to eat and a place to stay. According to some historians, more than ninety percent of the peasants lived in the lean years lived below the level of subsistence earning only enough for feeding their families. So, the documents on life in the countryside reflected the poverty omnipresence at that time. The Arthur Young who was one of the famous observers of the French countryside in eighteenth-century considered such tiny farms the greatest weakness of agriculture of France, particularly while comparing with the commercial and large farms. Other researchers also commented on the several impoverished peasants before 1789 by blaming them for the tension between poor and rich on the vast social differences of the country. Bread were considered to be the staple of several urban diets due to which the sharp rise in prices were felt quickly and were also protested loudly at the market of grains or at the local shops of bakers. Most people also diverted their anger at the suppliers of bread rather than the authorities of politics. As a result of the popularity and credibility of government officials came to be linked to the functioning of bread and grain makers. Urban workers were found an opportunity for expressing their discontent by-elections to the Estates General. These elections were performed in the neighborhood gatherings form at which the electives collectively complied and designated a representative list of grievances for presenting it to the King, who communicated them for guiding the representative. Many of such petitions expressed opposition to the privileges of officeholders and nobles. The National Assembly decrees against privilege which had been the French social order privilege and was undoubtedly cheered by the populace. This elimination of privilege marked the starting of another social distinctions system which set forth into the new constitution that was introduced by the National assembly.

Impact

The most important French revolution consequence was considered to be the establishment and constitution of the rule of law in France history. Till the second last decade of eighteen century, France had no constitution for safeguarding the freedom and rights of people. In 1791, the government of France enacted the constitution which as amended in the last years of the eighteenth century. By the construction of such a constitution, the role of law was reflected in the law for serving the French society which was violated in the past. The constitution also differentiated the legislature, judiciary, and the executive. This constitution also decreased the excessive powers of the king for writing the principle of all sovereignty that is essential for the nation.

Liberalism is a moral and political philosophy which is based on equality and liberty. During the revolution of French, the hereditary aristocracy was given with the slogan of fraternity, equality, and liberty". As a result of which France became the first state in the history for granting universal suffrage of male. There were two significant events which marked the liberalism triumph during the revolution. The first was the feudalism abolition in France on the night of August 4, 1789. This noted the feudal collapse and also the traditional privileges and rights. The second event was considered to be the Declaration passage for the rights of the citizen and man in August 1789. This declaration is the document of the foundation of both human rights and liberalism. As a result of the success of revolution of French, governments of liberal were maintained in the nations all around Europe, North America, and South America through the 19th century. Hence the revolution of French is considered to be the defining moment in Liberalism.

The revolution of French did not produce ideologies of the 19th century known as communism and socialism. However, it also provided a social and intellectual environment in which such spokesmen and their ideologies could flourish. The communist philosophers of France of the late 18th century not only criticized the personal properties but also known for its establishment and abolition of a society based on the communal and egalitarian ownership of property. The political journalist and agitator of France François-Noël Babeuf went to the extent of revolutionary action of the advocating violent in the name of wealth socialization. The French revolution also had a great impact on the neighboring countries. The armies of the French revolution during the 1790s and after under Napoleon, controlled and invaded Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Germany, and Switzerland. The French invasion of such territories removed the economic and legal barriers which had protected the urban oligarchies, guilds, clergy, and nobility. The revolution of French thus destroyed the power of elites and oligarchies which opposed the economic change. Evidence related to the French revolution suggested that areas which were occupied by the French and underwent reforms of institutions experienced quick economic and urbanization growth particularly after 1850. The arrival of new industrial and economic opportunities in the 2nd half of the 19th century which then resulted in the more economic Europe’s growth.

During the period of the French Revolution, the slaves in Saint Domingue were inspired for revolting French leaders in order to recognize the full revolution meaning. The Revolution of Haitian started on August 22, 1791, as the Saint Domingue slaves started for killing their masters converted the colony into a civil war which involved British, Spanish, French, mulattoes, and black participants. Before the Revolution of French, Catholicism had been considered to the official religion in France and the Catholic Church of France was also very powerful. It owned around more than ten percent of the land and received tithes that were considered to be the one-tenth of common people annual earnings which were taken for supporting of the clergy. From such a dominant status, the Catholic Church was destroyed during the French Revolution. The nuns and priest were turned out, its leaders exiled or executed, the property was controlled through states, and the tithes were abolished. The 1801's Concordat, an agreement between Church and Napoleon, terminated this period and manufactured rules for a relationship between the French State and Church. Although the Concordat restored some traditional Church roles it did not restores its monasteries, lands or power and the worship of religion could never become prominent in France as before.

Nationalism is considered to be the ideology which emphasized allegiance, devotion, or loyalty to a nation and places such obligations above other group or individual interests. The Revolution of French started the movement towards the modern state of the nation and played a significant role in the nationalism birth across Europe. As the armies of France under Bonaparte of Napoleon captured the territories, so the nationalism ideology was spread all around Europe. The Revolution did not impact the nationalism of France but also had a long and profound lasting impact on intellectuals of Europe. As a result of such struggle, national liberation became one of the most significant themes of nineteenth and twentieth century of the world and Europe. Before the revolution of French, people of France generally lived in the government form which had been placed for centuries, and that form was considered to be a monarchy in several places while after the Revolution of French, no government was considered to be legitimate without any justification. The Republicans opposed those who were in favor of monarchy. So several ideologies were arising due to the Revolution of French which includes communism, socialism, liberalism, and nationalism.

Conclusion

So, it is concluded that the revolution of French had a significant impact on Europe modern history. There were there major French revolution political causes which included the collapse of government political economy, rights inequalities, and the absolutism. Although there were some other political factors as well, but these three play a significant role in the revolution of the French. The consequences of these causes were considered to the absolute monarchy transformation into the representative government. The second most significant consequence was the man's right establishment where all the people got their privileges and rights regardless of another social status. Similarly, the most significant consequence was the construction of the role of law and constitutions.

Annotated Bibliography

Palmer, Robert R. The world of the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016.

De Tocqueville, Alexis. Recollections: French Revolution of 1848. Routledge, 2017.

Gough, Hugh. The newspaper press in the French Revolution. Routledge, 2016.

Popkin, Jeremy D. A Short History of the French Revolution (Subscription). Routledge, 2016.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

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Changing Role Of Women In Early 19th Century

Changing role of Women in Early 19 Century

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Changing role of Women in Early 19 Century

Introduction

A famous quotation infers, “Old order changeth yielding place to new”, reflecting Wood Krwatch’s idea, “All ages are the changing ages”. It would not be wrong to say that 19 century was followed by something very special that has not been observed in the reflection of other ages. One of the greatest refection could be found by exploring dictionary, the word "feminism" was not part of human ideology and perception before 19 century. This phrase was still uncommon, adhering to efforts that were made to improve status of women and incorporate their usefulness in society until 1910. “Women movement” is one of the major sections of changes that occurred during 19 century. It would not be wrong to call this movement as a struggle in which women strived to improve their status and position in society. The prime objective of this movement was to initiate charitable benevolence, social welfare, and temperance along with the struggles of civil rights and approach to remunerative occupations. The setting of these goals refers to awareness of people adhering to the stance of precautions that are implemented in the patriarchal society in early 1800. Changing role of women in early 19 century is more like a depiction of picture that changes with the change of angle. It is significant to note that that beginning of nineteen century is characterized by social, moral and ethical inequality.

Discussion

During the first half of nineteenth century, there were evangelical fires in the Second Great Awakening that swept nation. It was a revival of more optimistic and active religious sensibility taking into account that there was a shift in the role of women in America. Two major events, transformation, and Protestantism in the circular of actions affirmed how women thought and lived. The subject time was more like a typical conversion in the revival of young women. It is significant to note that early 19 century was accompanied by a timeline that reflects women as a continual victim of both economic and social discrimination. The choices that were made by the upper and middle-class women were limited to spinsterhood, motherhood, and marriage. All decisions associated with women were made in the stance of domestic dependency, highlighting that women were discouraged from wages to buying believing that women who earn wages are quite unnatural. Moreover, if a woman could find a place to work the wages would be much less as compared to other workers. The stance of low wages was accompanied by the absence of depressing, greater upward mobility and an unhealthy working conditions, taking into account that marriage was presented as a safe guise that could keep women out of all social and moral threats. Women were forced to do a large variety of work, taking into account that they should be dependent on their husband for financial support.

In accordance with the evolution of nineteen century, it is asserted that Women movement was a promotion of moral and ethical position of females, taking into account a new series of new images for women. The phrases like, True womanhood, public womanhood, and new womanhood refers to platform where women were recognized as something that constituted society, asserting a clear contradiction with the roles of women in 19 century. It is significant to note that a woman was having blur edges during early nineteenth century, promoting an overlapping picture that long term change in attitude, power roles, societal identities and attitude towards gender, a reflection that was a power shift from patriarchal basis. It is affirming that 1820, 1830 and 1840 refers to nonproductive matron that became a symbol of “hegemony of bourgeois class” stressing an ideal that is now termed as, “The Cult of True Womanhood”. The aim of this ideal was to prescribe a code that could picture an actual female role, bound to nursery and kitchen, side by side overlaid by purity and pity. In a simplified form, the role of women was crowned by subservience. In accordance with, Barbara Welter in “Dimity Conviction, The American Women in the Nineteenth Century” reflected true women were designated as a symbolic keeper of morality and decency within home, as well as regarded as something that is innately superior to the other gender whenever it became a virtue. It is highlighted that women were treated as something that was other than man and its associated values and attributes like submissiveness, purity, domesticity, and pity as they were thought to be a stance that could make a woman natural.

Women enjoyed a comparatively high status in a distant past; they were free from all the constraints of economics, society, and religion. In accordance with the research of Pardammshree Laxmanarayn, the ancient history of Oria women highlights a brighter and engaging role of women as that of the beginning of 19 century. The status of women was suppressed in the flow of religious and social laws taking into account that customs gradually became hostile referring to the interest of women class. R. C Majumdar has highlighted that pre-British women lived and observed social degradation affirming neither freedom nor opportunity could empower self-expression. Under the strong influence of British rule, structural transformation took a massive place in the physiography of Indian society. The transformation of British rule was more like a distinction in the position and status of women, taking into account that it gradually emerged from seclusion and confinement to destruct and destroy shackles of imposition and bondage.

It is significant to note that the ideal of true women is more like an assumption that asserts task of creating, expanding and creating an industrialized civilization that is derived from wilderness. In accordance with the roles that are associated with women of 19 century highlights a figure that is acting as a protection for religion as well as a civilized society. 19 century demanded women who are actually an imposition of patriarchal society, taking into account that she should be trained to be obedient and portray good self-control. Each individual should have a well-taught set of values that could enforce virginity, stressing, women should be trained to realize that virginity is the “pearl of great price”, which is her greatest asset. The drifting of roles allows women to shift between the requirements that allowed her to save her chaste for future husband. Motherhood is another major attribute that was treated as a compulsion, empowering the ideal for republic motherhood. All these views were meant to be transferred with the help of familial relations and familial associations that could place a woman on the pedestal of required roles and duties. It is significant to note that this impression was equally conveyed by the schools, churches and other institutions that were performing any major or minor function. Nineteen century inferred a stance of “spate spheres”, taking into account that the two social pillars meet firstly at dawn and then dusk. This ideology highlighted the stance of paradigms that rest on "definition of natural characteristics of women and men". It is affirming that women were considered as physically weak and fragile as compared to men, placing men superior to women in accordance with moral pictures and timelines. It was the job of men to counterbalance the moral structure that is associated with the generation with the sole aim to manage because their superior being or husband is striving to earn a living side by side; he is working to prepare a generation that will be his representative.

Education is also one of the major paradigms that was highlighted in terms of gender role transition, taking into account that women required new kind of education that could help her become “angle of house”. It is interesting and equally critical to note that girls belonging to middle class were coached and retained in terms of their education. Nineteenth century was a shift and a drift from the actual timeline of present time where women are not bound to traditional education leaving behind the stance of education that could lament scientific and historical accounts for an identity. A clear example of “accomplishments” can be found in the writing of Jane Austin "Pride and Prejudice”, depicting a snobbish lady who has all the skills that are required of a well learned and domestic woman. A context from the literary writing highlights, “A women must have thorough and maple knowledge of drawing, singing music, modern language, dancing as well as a manner of walking. She must possess a certain impression of something in her air, address, and expression".

It is asserted that women should be well learned to soften their erudition under the influence of graceful and actual famine character. A woman who strives for intellectual superiority was termed as “bluestocking", inferring that none of the women wanted to be one. The transition of role in 19 century brought a great shift in marriage and sexuality, it is highlighted that a woman was not made to focus on finding a perfect match in the form of a husband. Women were assumed to think about marriage because it was the only option that could lead an individual to “emotional satisfaction”. It is asserted that marriage and sexuality are two significant aspects that were considered as the demarcation of women roles. It could be found in, “Florence Nightingale” who longed for doing something productive. It was the impression of gendered roles that made her stay in restrictions. It was the “cult of domesticity” that made women stay bound to what was assigned to her. Women were not even allowed to speak to men unless they were married. It was highlighted that women had to cater to emotional gestation, taking into account that these obsessions could lead to a number of rebellions. It is significant to note that a prostitute was more like a shadow that could haunt a well-settled family. As a prostitute was an economic resource in the market place as well, still she was treated as a cursed and debilitated being. It is critical to note that doctors such as Acton highlighted that women may cause "disease" in men referring to certain contagious diseases. It was the reason, “Contagious Disease Act" was formulated in certain towns that empowered forced medical treatment of any lady who was suspected or found to be sex worker.

A scholarly analysis of the nineteenth-century women has paved the way for the examination of gendered roles as well as resistance taking into account that “subjectivity” of women was a recurring and persistent phenomenon. A large number of studies have been concentrated in how white and middle-class women reacted to their assigned private and domestic spheres in the nineteenth century. There has been a massive interest in the dynamics of gender roles accompanied by societal expectation in minority and the lower class communities. Although these studies are complementary still there is a difficulty in making generalization of lives of women in terms of religious, cultural, economic and religious backgrounds.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it can be asserted that men and women were not equal in 19 century, it would not be wrong to say that women were termed as “weaker sex”. It not only affected the middle-class women but upper class as well, they had no reason that could allow them to go to work and leave the familial setting. It was the impression of middle class that made women stay confined to the realms of society and stay connected with their family only. An ideal woman was the one who could be the "angel in the house" and supports her husband. Women have very few rights, particular one married; they were treated as the property of their husband. Women were highly unfashionable in a general stance, taking into account that there were a number of reasons for which women could be divorced, ranging from disobedience to an assumption of adultery. All social institutions were actually meant for men; women were assumed as, “brainless” creatures who can't understand such things so they were excluded from all happening with strict instruction to keep them minds busy with households and other home activities. Women were not having the right to vote, no matter they are educated, or working in any section of social constructions.

End Notes

Burstein, Miriam Elizabeth. "Satanic Feminism: Lucifer as the Liberator of Women in Nineteenth-Century Culture by Per Faxneld." Comparative Literature Studies 56, no. 1 (2019): e-6.

Meriwether, Margaret Lee. A social history of women and gender in the modern Middle East. Routledge, 2018.

Moore, John C. "The Nineteenth Century." In A Brief History of Universities, pp. 61-86. Palgrave Pivot, Cham, 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

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Chapter 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

History and Anthropology

[Date]

Chapter 1: Europe, 1500-1537

Short Answers

Q1. Ans. Ines Suarez lived in a town where most of the women just wait to grow old and die. When the social lives of those women are observed, they were strongly connected to religion and prayers. They were used to be a very devotee and submissive wives. The young women of that period had two options either to marry or "ended up at the convent as nuns” (Allende, 05). At the same time, women were used to be faithful to their families, and they had no part in decision-making. The head of the family would decide the fate of a young woman. However, young girls were given dowry at the time of marriage. In case, a family could not afford the dowry would decide that their daughter or sister will not marry. The honor of the family was tied to the women of the family (Allende, 09).

Similarly, Marina Ortiz de Gaete’s social position was not very different from Ines Suarez’s society. At a very young age, she was married off even when she was not mature enough. Before her marriage, she belonged to a community where women would either pray or sew along with being faithful to their husbands. The women of this society would stay at home after marriage and kept busy their selves with house chores.

Q2. The men like Juan de Malaga, Pedro Valdivia, Diego Almagro had so many opportunities ahead. In a patriarchal system, they have the right to choose their career as well as their wives. At the same time, they also enjoyed the privileges of being men by getting a wealth named dowry along with a beautiful wife. Most of the men would participate in wars as soldiers or linked with a trade. At the same time, men of that social position were openly involved in drinking and playing with cards. They would also have relations with other women out of marriage.

Q3. Ines Suarez was in love with her husband Juan, and after Juan left for America, she could not survive without him. She was missing her husband and sleepless nights made her ill. She could wait, so she decided to go after him. As a result, she decided to go to the new world. On the other hand, Pedro Valdivia was fed up of his weak relationship with his wife. He was tired of grazing cattle and harvesting olives (Allende, 32. He bored of reading the same books again and again; therefore he decided to go to the Americas.

Q4. The "honorable" Spanish men were very civilized, and they were also supposed to maintain the societal standards. They were supposed to remain loyal to their wives. At the same time, they would take the whole responsibility for their families. They were good readers with remarkable manners and ethics. Moreover, they were expected to remain close to the religion. On the other hand, the honorable women were born with very few options. They were controlled by the male heads of the family. Therefore, they were asked to remain respectful and loyal to them. At the same, women were also responsible for the honor of her family (Allende, 06). She would marry according to the instruction of her family. All of her life decision will be taken by any male figure from the family. After the marriage, she would remain faithful to her husband until her death.

Q5. The Spanish Empire was very close to religion, and the churches were considered as essential part of this empire. Therefore, when the new lands were explored, and the ruler of the country was responsible for spreading their state religion in new lands. It was the reason that Spain only allowed the Christian men to travel the Americas.

Q6. The war between France and Spain over the Italian cities portrayed in the novel depicts that they were fighting to get the holy city under their own control. It shows that France was aiming to capture Italy while Spain was playing its role to protect the Holy city. One of the scenes from the book clearly describes it, in which Pedro along with his friend was protecting the nuns of a covenant in the city (Allende, 22).

Q7. "Hidalgo" is a Spanish word which refers to the word "Noble." The young Spanish warriors were from a noble background, and they had fought many wars in the 16th century. The hidalgos of Spain as warriors on horseback reminds of the young Spanish soldiers riding the horses roaming in the streets of Italy. In 1527, the Spanish troops entered into the holy city of the Vatican (Allende, 20). Among them, Pedro and Francisco were seen on the horses discussing their personal lives. They were in the city to protect the sacred places and the religious men.

Q8. The enemies have openly involved in the massacre of the people so brutally in Rome that blood ran through the streets and many people fled the city. The invaders burned the houses of the people, and they even did not leave the churches, hospitals, and convents from destruction. Men were tortured, and women were raped. Those ferocious soldiers murdered everyone they met in the city. Even, animals were not safe from their cruelty. The violence remained for two months on the streets of Rome (Allende, 22).

Q9. When the mother from convent visited the Pope, she told about the bravery of Francisco de Aguirre of protecting the young nuns from the convent, and the Pope got impressed (Allende, 23). After that, he called for Francisco and asked him that what he needed in return? Initially, Francisco resists but then he tells about the desire of marrying Maria. This is how Francisco finds his lover.

Q10. Inca, an Indian tribe, lived on new lands, and Inca Atahualpa was the head of that tribe. The place where these people live was very beautiful and full of resources. There were luxuries like hot springs of water and much more (Allende, 29). They were having all the privileges of life. The empire of Inca would be surrounded by his people in his court. The dresses Inca people wore were also unique to the Spanish travelers.

Q11. The first encounter of Pizarro with Inca was delightful. Pizarro and his members were welcomed by Inca tribe. During the first meeting, Pizarro observed that these are simple people who do not know about writing. Therefore, he tried to use his tricks on Inca Atahualpa to trap him. He deceived them in the name of friendship and killed the guards of Atahualpa and made him prisoner (Allende, 30).

Q12. Suarez was traveling to the Americas along with her young female cousin in search of Juan. Later on in her voyage, she came to know that there were only two women in the whole voyage along with many men. Both of them were warned by maestro to protect themselves from the men (Allende, 33).

Q13. El Dorado is a place most of the Spanish men in the 16th Century would dream about. Likewise, Gregorio described his dream in the book. He had also dreamt about traveling to El Dorado. Sometimes, he would see a lake and other times it was a land (Allende, 38).

Q14. In the voyage, Sebastian Romero attempted to rape Suarez, but he was not successful in doing so. When Suarez was alone in the Kitchen portion on the board, Romero took it as a chance and attacked Suarez. However, Suarez was confident enough, so she protected herself with a frying pan. She hit Romero on the head, and he fainted (Allende, 35). This is how she saved herself from him.

Works Cited

Allende, Isabel.”Inés of my soul”. HarperCollins, 2006.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Chapter 12-16

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Chapter 12-16

Chapter 12

Morel was the employee of the Liverpool shipping line. The company often sent him to Belgium to supervise the loading and unloading of ships as he was fluent in theFrench language. In his trip to Africa, he noticed that African were got almost nothing in return of the export where he realized the presence of slave labor. He confronted his boss and then left for Brussels. Unlike other people who wrote about the Congo situation by explaining their own experience, Morel collected information through proper research and evidence. The company tried to keep him quiet about the report and information he had about the reality of Leopold but Morel did not quit and exposed the king in a systematic manner.

Morel work had a tremendous result. There were few people who dared to tell the true situation of the Congo. Morel started a movement against the Leopold regime. For instance, when the case was raised about the kidnapping of African women and spokesmen of Leopold denied it, Morel presented the printed form and highlighted the truth. Different articles, publications, books put Leopold regime into danger. In 1903 he successfully brought the "Congo Question "on the British public agenda. Leopold rules were exposed in front of the world.

Chapter 13

Casement was the witness to Congo brutality and Irish patriot. Casement made the report against the brutal act of King Leopold. He shared the incidence of the hand being cut, and the order of the king that only women should be killed not the man. The British government tried to keep him quiet to hide the reality of Congo. His report that published was edited in the manner that he got disappointed as the report was almost unable to reflect the actual image of the king. Later he became the friend of Morel, and both of them worked for the Congo. They presented the reports and articles against Leopold brutality.

Chapter 14

The movement that Morel coordinated through the Congo Reform Association applied a persistent, increasing pressure on the American, Belgian, and British governments. Morel continued to edit his West African Mail by spending sixteen to eighteen hours along with running the Congo Reform Association. With time, the Congo Reform Association's periodical supported the entire portrait picture of a prominent supporter on the front page. Morel through his association and personal work continued to raise his voice in favor of Congo people.

Morel was well aware with the fact that the spokespeople with the firsthand knowledge would be the most effective. Therefore, he got Reverend John Harris who was the missionary andreturned to Baptist in 1906 with his wife, Alice Seeley Harris. Both of them started working with the Morel's association. Both Harris and Alice individually and collectively attended various public ceremonies. They spread the message to the public on almost six hundred occasions. To shock the public or to gain their attention, they often described their personal experiences which helped the Morel's campaign to surge forward. Through Europe, Morel's message spread from Brussels to the capital of the Congo and then to the most remote outposts.

Chapter 15

The reports of the Holocaust developed by the E. D. Morel, Roger Casement, and their supporters. It caught the attention of Europe. The magazine and newspaper published contained the pictures of central Africa that were pictures of mutilated bodies and burned houses. It showed how missionaries witnessed the brutalityin the Congo. It raised the question regarding the death toll in the Congo of Leopold. The rubber boom was the reason behind the worst bloodshed in the country. The reports showed the evidence, data, and picture that no follower of Leopold could deny.

During the beginning of 1885, it was observed that many Congolese were dying an unnatural death. The reason behind the unnatural death was the Leopold regime. The exploitation of the people and the bloodshed during the rubber boom killed the number of Congolese. According to the American, Congolese died because of various diseases rather than the bullet. It was true in the sense that Leopold took hard work from them. Congolese were labored that did not get pay in money. Lack of sleep, money, and hard work for a longer hour became the cause of their death.

In 1901, half a million Congolese died. The reason behind this rapid death was sleeping sickness. The disease was caused by the parasite. A pink-striped tsetse fly was the parasite whose bite became the reason for sleeping sickness. The size of the fly was horsefly alike that had a high-pitched buzz. The sleeping became highly transmittable. The consequences of the disease were a strange craving for meat, high fever, sensitivity to cold, and swelling of the lymph glands. The immense lethargy was another cause which gave the name of the disease "sleeping sickness".

Chapter 16

Leopold used different faces to defend himself, Stanley was one of them. He showed his loyalty to the king and defended him at every possible occasion. Other than this, Leopold gave offers to different people including some journalist to say good words from him. However, reports produced by the More and Casement pressurized Leopold to take back a step and leave the power over the Congo. Even after all the failure and pressure, Leopold had another trick to use. He used the stroke of showmanship. Leopold was well aware of what the public wanted. He raised the donations and helped missionaries to build the church in the hope that these missionaries will defend him in the future.

The reason behind the trip of Morel to America was the movement against the Leopold. Morel spread his followers all around Britain. He appeared in different sights to expand his movement. He published a number of articles and worked for collecting the donations. He ordered to increase the number of pamphlets that could be spread throughout Britain. When Morel successfully spread the movement in Britain, he looked forward to America. To spread his message in America, and to make American aware of the Leopold brutality, Morel decided to take his movement into America as well.

When Leopold faced the trouble to defend himself in front of media, he tried to buy different media person. He offered them money and other advantages and took their help to develop his positive image in front of the world. However, Morel publication was based on high research and authentic evidence. American agent who was bought by the Leopold was announced as less reliable. In another word, in setting up Leopold American lobbying effort, he had made a rare and disastrous misstep and pressure on the king was increased.

Kowalsky, the loyal person of Leopold decided to establish the commission of inquiry. For the commission of inquiry, Kowalsky selected three judges that were Italian, Belgian, and Swiss. The commission was not neutral. They were in favor of Leopold. They tried to hide the evidence and experience recorded by the people especially Congo people. It set its hearing at different places and took several months to collect 370 depositions. On the return to Europe after visiting Congo, they made the report which comprised one hundred and fifty pages. Before the publication, media spread the reliability and credibility of the report but in reality, the report was not neutral and commissioner tried their best to save the king.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Chapter 3

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Journey to Chile 1540-1541

Why do the Chilean Indians call the Spaniards huincas?

The Chilean Indians call the Spaniards huincas as they heard that it was their language and all the laws, traditions, norms and customs are created through it. Histories along with the tales were passed through the communication among various tribes in the same language. However, Spaniards are thieves and land grabbing individuals because earlier they defeated other tribes through expeditions and wars (Allende, 118-119). Various other attempts to override the region through the treacherous move, was also the reason that Indians call Spaniards huincas.

Why does Ines think the war between the Spanish & Mapuche will go on for centuries?

According to the author, the war between Mapuche and Spanish will go for an extended time is because both contain significant power and their experience of past in fighting bravely. There was not a single king who ruled over the land while conquering it through battle. Both will die in the process of war and they like to die during the battle. On the other side, Spaniards will have their servants and prefer to die than to be slaved (Allende, 119-120).

WSYA Ines’s statement, “The chroniclers always forgot to mention them [Yanaconas], but without those silent masses of friendly Indians who followed the Spaniards in all their wars & other undertakings, the conquest of the New World would have been impossible”?

It was the stupidity of Spaniards that during all their wars they kill innocent native people and silent masses in conflict for lands and independence and same with happened with Indians. The conquest would have been impossible without these warriors and because of the troubles, cruelties, and rejection of the word Christ. These were the major issues that lead to disappearance and defeat of Yanaconas. History would have been different in Chile if the circumstances were controlled by soldiers and defendants of Yanaconas and related tribes (Allende, 120-123). The bad treatment of Indians also provides them to close their relations with them.

How did Ines, Catalina & other women contribute to the expedition?

Under the terrifying fear Ines, Catalina and other women have contributed tremendously with support from arm groups and those who were fighting tactically. They were not the ignorant washerwomen and during the battle, they hit them on their neck and mixed fresh milk with blood. Certain food items were given to the soldiers for making them strong and preparing for the other day’s expedition. Indian women have explored the poisonous tube wells and other lines where water was filled with it (Allende, 123-124). Medical care in the form of certain local attempts was also provided by women who were playing a key role in demonstrating and diagnosing weakness. Without their sacrifice, it was impossible to move in the deserted tribes and lands of Chile.

WSYA the trek across the desert?

Across the desert there was nothing and it was part of Chilean territory. Baking in the desert was very troublesome and the captain had to force man back to their original position. It was such a bloody picture and situation where the armed men have to drink their own urine. There was no concept of discipline and the majority of the person would be killed by their own masters. A strange reptile was like the slip of water and everyone was hiding for reducing the thirst. Group of soldiers from a background of Indians have tried for some water but their attempt failed. However, some water was there for everyone to drink in a systematic way. During the battles, such type of terrible themes are present everywhere (Allende, 126-127). The same story is reflected through a long journey of five months in the desert as they left Cuzco. Overall the picture of a desert was disastrous and it portrays the struggling aspect of the story.

WSYA Francisco Aguirre?

He was the loyal soldier who treated Indians badly he raged out many in the place and those where he can reach easily. Guilt and jealousy were a key part of his personality and he was very famous in the camp. Sometimes he realized that he was gone too far in snatching others and shooting them accordingly. There was an explanation of a love story which reflected during various sceneries and actions (Allende, 134-135). The soldier was focused on the preoccupation of the army and the individuals in non-combat areas. He established his authority through the cruel rule and brutality with Indians.

WSYA the trial of Sancho de la Hoz?

The character served as the secretary of Pizzaro in Peru during the war and conquest of Cuzco and he was a Spanish merchant. The basic reason for his trial was the rebellion to which he led and contributes for the disastrous attempt. He was the major character in establishing extended role and expansion of lands across the United States. The claim of the Spanish empire for the lands that would later be called Antarctica was also granted by him. His expedition’s forms part of the arguments in favor of territorial claims in Antarctica. The ill fate of the soldier led to the execution and severe punishment posed by the formulators of law (Allende, 138-139). A hard man with principles was part of defending role in the army and he used stick according to the position at the next stage of conquering the lands and tribes. Ines of my soul was more than a soul because there were disastrous happening done in the stories of soldiers and civilians.

WSYA the story of Escobar, Pedro & male honor?

It was during the fight that Spaniards used to invoke and as the announcement came from Indian attack male honor play a rigorous role to defend sides in a tactical way. On the other side, Pedro was playing his role as the defenders of Indians tribes, children’s and those who stuck into armed force of Spaniards. The bloody war was in progress and the older women cried with pain and ask for help from Escobar. With one death of black, there were more than hundreds of Indians died due to excessive bleeding. Horses and other belongings of those who were died at the spot were given under the supervision of Escobar. After each war Indians portray a picture where they were shown senseless (Allende, 141-145). However, there was a constructive role played by these three characters of the battle and Spaniards conquest of Chile. Each demonstrates a great lesson for those who were not aware of the brutalities and disasters faced by the local tribes and people living over there.

WSYA the battles between the Spanish & Mapuche?

The war between the Mapuche and Spanish was a long and terrible conflict in Chile and across the related regions. There were certain successes for Spanish for overthrowing the lands of Mapuche people. However, the destruction of the seven cities was marked as a turning point in the war as a clear front between the domains of Spanish and independent lands of Mapuche. The battle was finally ended with the occupation of Chilean over Araucania (Allende, N.p). Among these regions, the basic problem was the defense of independent land and strives for grabbing those areas which were considered as open and independent. Both Mapuche and Spanish were the warriors and tribes with no concept of defeat and they also prefer to die than to live in slavery.

Works Cited

Allende, Isabel, and Blair Brown. Inés of my soul. HarperCollins, 2006.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Chapter 6

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Chapter 6

A horse’s head had been found impaled upon the stake where so many heads had been exhibited through the years. Felipe killed the horse "Sultan." He killed his noble friend by opening the large vein in his neck, so he would not suffer, then cut off his head with a machete. Defying the curfew, and using the cover of darkness, he set the head in the plaza and fled the town. He left his clothing and his few belongings in a bundle in the blood-splattered stable. He left naked, wearing the same amulet around his neck that he had worn when he arrived years before.

Pedro had just negotiated an alliance with his principal enemy, the Cacique Michimalonko, and was organizing a great campaign in the south to subjugate the Mapuche. The aged cacique, on whom the years had left no trace, had recognized the advantages of allying himself with the hunicas, seeing that he had not been able to defeat them. Aguirre's ruthless attacks had left him nearly stripped of warriors. Between perishing and fighting the Mapuche of the south, with whom he had had problems in recent time.

Felipe betrayed the Spanish. He had played in their lives. For years Felipe had devoted himself to studying horses and breeding them. He learned about military strategy, about the weapons, he knew all the strength and weaknesses of the Spanish. They believed that Felipe admired Valdivia, his Taita, whom he served better than anyone else, but in truth, he was spying on him. His real name was Lautaro. He sent his men to steal horses. He also set up a communication system so efficiently that the very last of his warrior received their toqui's orders instantly. He turned women into ferocious warriors and used children to transport provision, equipment, and messages.

Guacolda was five years older than Lautaro. He has known her since childhood and knows that he belongs to her, just as she belongs to him. He has seen her every time he escaped from the town of the huincas to deliver information to the tribes. She was his contact, his swift messenger. Lautaro organized strategy by day and by night hides with Guacolda in the thickest to make love. In his last meeting with Guacilda, she had told him to flee on the next moonless night. When he arrived that night without his cloth, Guacolda greeted him and kissed him on his lips. They made love, and then Lautaro went towards the south.

The tribe chooses the war chiefs who will be in charge of the squadrons of the Spanish. The tourney has begun with weeks of anticipation, only the strongest with the greatest endurance and those with the most courage and will can aspire the title. Iche Caupolican leaps into the ring, naked except for a short apron covering his sex won the competition. Even after years he was strong and did not put down the trunk continues walking and talking during the conflicts with Mapuche.

Lautaro fights the Spanish differently. He had not appeared as an enemy in front of Spanish rather than he came as a weak and helpless stranger. He became the spy of Valdivia, and he gathered all the strength and weaknesses of the community. Through proper planning and strategy, he made his army stronger. He set a powerful plan for attack. Everyone trusted him and even during the attack no one understood his role in the war. He spends his life as a caretaker of horses, but in reality, he was there to gather all the secrets of the Spanish to destroy them

Gonzalez Marmolejo was the priest. He worked for the Pedro. When Pedro fell from the horse, it took several men to hold him for each of the procedures. Pedro thought so many times that he would die od pain that he dictated his will to Gonzalez de Marmolejo, sealed it and sent ut to be kept under lock and key in the office of the town hall. Also when Pedro wanted to meet Ines, Gonzalez was the one who went to give Pedro's, and Ines met Pedro in his house later on.

Caupolian was the war chief of Spanish, famous for his bravery and strength. Fresia, his wife saw him dragged along the chains by the enemies. Caupolian bore without the sound the hideous torture of the sharpened pole slowly penetrating his entrails. He was being tortured and saw opt-applied punishment in which half the right foot of rebellious Indians was hacked off. Felipe, The Lautaro killed the Valdivia. His men dragged Valdivia by the hair, naked, to the settlement where Lautaro was waiting. Stones and sharp branches tore his skin. With Laurado order pieces of flesh were gouging out from Valvida's body. They roasted their flesh and ate them in front of him.

Yes, I am agreed with the statement "I should hate them, but I can't. They are my enemies, but I admire them because I know that if I were in their place, I would die to fight for my land, as they are doing" because she talked about the land and community. Everyone loves his belonging, his native land, people around him and everybody can fight or kill others to save their land. In this perspective, the statement was totally correct. Ines knew the importance and love for the land.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Chapter Summary

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Summary

The term Cahokia seems to be a new term for many of our students who are new to the concept of History and anthropology but if we look at the past and go deep down into the older centuries when there was an evolution of various civilizations in the world. At that time another civilization and their syndicates were found while looking at the remains of the various aspects found in the state of the Mississippi. This was one of its kind of the European civilization back in the era of the 700 CE to 1400 CE. This was the era when the various civilizations evolve in the world, and their whole societies were living somewhere near the rivers around the world, but with time due to unknown reasons, the whole civilization was off from the scene. There were no signs of any disturbance, but all humanity went off from the Earth. They were considered as the early Native Americans who were the grace and the class of old American Nation.

They were usually considered as the Hub of the United States of America where all the cultural and all the native functionalities were performed in the state of Cahokia. The state was owned by the high ranking leaders who used to believe in equality in the entire civilization so that nobody should suffer from any mishandlings. Not only that the entire civilization within the area of the 2,200 acres, the remains also showed that the entire area was having various theatrical aspects and arenas as well who used to help the community as a whole to learn multiple other elements of the society that can be a source of recreational activities.

The society had various hubs and community halls that were their hubs of meeting and sharing their multiple viewpoints of the entire civilizations. Different monumental structures were also found from the remains. The whole remains were a source of information as the whole's, and these were the only residues left through which can know about the entire civilizations.

But if we have a more in-depth look at the compare and contrast formation of the old Cahokia and the New Cahokia, both have a different point of view in comparison to the old and the new one. Both societies have a tremendous impact on civilization through which their growth and society can be determined. By looking at the remains, various remains of the food were also located from that. There was a caffeinated drink Chunky, and remains were also found that was consumed by the people of the civilizations. According to the recent researches, it shows that the people who were living Cahokia were not the local natives they were the immigrants from the Midwest European countries. By conducting various researches by the archaeological industries and by studying the remains, they got to know that they were the residents of Washuasen.

As per the latest findings of all the components, it was found that the people were having the remains of the mounds and it was the biggest processional route that leads to Cahokia. All these factors have played a significant role in determining the life of Cahokia the old, and the new Cahokia is way different from that of the past, and its significance may vary from time to time, and its impact is not more than the same old Cahokia civilization, and these were not the old people and their living standards because everything is not the same at all.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Chapters 17-19

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Chapter 17-19

Chapter 19:

Various stories were written by the number of missionaries and observers who visited the Congo. It was unedited testimony which brought the real face of Leopold in front of the whole world. The commission of inquiry collected different evidence and personal experiences of the people. However many lives risked by communicating the commissioners. For instance, two Africans got seized and tortured when they tried to meet commissioners and wanted them to give the report regarding king Leopold brutally. Later, testimony was given before the commission where the number of witnesses appeared to tell the true stories. The statement continued, and witnesses increased. Hundreds of stories were collected by the commissions. It was the firsthand testimony of African which was not collected before. Most of the stories were recorded was from white people who visited Congo. However African witnesses were not directly quoted, and the critical conclusion was generalized. Also, stories were not published for the general public before the 1980s. After 1980s people were able to read the stories after getting permission to read and copy the stories.

Leopold did not want to give Congo, but commissioner report and Morel's report created the hurdles. Leopold understood the fact that he could only control the land if it became a colony or Belgium. This choice was known as the Belgian solution. Leopold thought Congo as its private property that is why he tried not to give it to anyone else. Even before his death, he decided that instead of bequeathing the Congo it would be better to sell it. His opinion n the difficult situation was that if he really had to give up his beloved land, then it would be better not to give t away instead he should sell it. Belgium who was going to acquire Congo on Leopold's death would be the buyer of Congo.

William Sheppard story about the death of the Africans when their hands were cut and smoked highlighted the fact that the difference between Leopold's state and Belgian colony would not be the same as reformer thought. Morrison, a white officer, also played a vital role in identifying the real face of Leopold. Morrison and Sheppard both were straight forward and outspoken missionaries of the American Congo. Morrison was a fearless missionary who recorded his protest through the letter. Therefore Sheppard and Morrison were most hated by the Congo regime. In 1908, Sheppard's story appeared in which he wrote about the Kasai trip which the British wanted him to change. They forced Sheppard and Morrison to edit the story in return Morrison edit it by adding a picture in which laborers were tied from the neck. This was how both Sheppard and Morrison speak the truth in their country by ignoring pressure and life threats and worked for the Congo people.

Roger comment, “It was only because I was an Irishman that I could understand fully, I think, the whole scheme of wrongdoings in the Congo” indicates his personal view that indicates the similarities between Ireland and Congo. Roger thought that same happened with Ireland where core injustice has happened just like Congo was facing racism and white privilege. His view about Ireland being a colony which was taken away by the conqueror after doing injustice with the Irish people. Roger compared both countries and found that the situation in the same country was the same. For instance, both countries faced the power of outsiders, their injustice and pressure over the native people. The conqueror destroyed their land and lives of people. This whole scenario made him write the comment which indicated that he understood the condition and injustice of Congo.

Roger Casement got another chance to continue his investigation and reporting. Casement set their focus on the rubber export issue. He tried to carry the rubber lad of Congo. People were locked in the stocks to be flogged; Casement measured those stocks which was similar to Chicotte. Through reporting, casement did not present the bad side of white men; instead, he focused the Indians. He presented the romantic idealization of the Congo people. He claimed that Indians are superior to the white men on the basis or morality. They were socialist by temperament. Casement did his job done despite the succumbing his own version of the Noble Savage myth.

Belgium government continued the system of forced labor in Congo because Congo was not given to Belgium. Leopold made a deal with Belgium, and he did not want to give up on his land; however, he knew that after his death Belgium would acquire Congo. Therefore he created Belgian solution and sold his beloved land to Belgium. Belgium found self-interest by investing in the land hence got agreed to pay 45.5 million francs. In November 1908 solemn ceremonies were conducted, and ownership was given to Belgium. The bargaining of the land showed the fact that the Belgium government was not much different from the Leopold regime. Both used land for personal interest and profit.

Morel was concerned about land ownership. He suggested his fellow focus on this topic as it was important for him. He was agreed that the issue of land ownership is less dramatic than Leopold's power. However, according to him, it was not possible to get to the root of the issue until the native people get power over their land. British tried to make him quiet over the issue, but Morel did not get the pressure and presented reports. For a reason, he locked in a double race against time, firstly for reporting against British and secondly for the favor of his supporters.

Chapter 18:

In 1913, the final meeting of the Congo Reform Association happened which raised the question that whether association did any lasting good or not. The conventional answer was yes for many years because of the glare of publicity adjacent to the inquiry investigation and casement. It raised the spark of rebellions in some areas. Oblique testimony took away the Congo from Leopold, and many reporters thought that if Leopold got ten more years to govern the land there would be no rubber in the country and there would be no native people for saving his land or people.

Wild rubber was replaced by the cultivating rubber. This was because excessive export of the rubber by the Leopold took almost all the wild rubber from the Congo and if Leopold knew that if all the wild rubber would be exported the mean of trade will be ended therefore there was a need for cultivating rubber. He forced the native people for cultivation and to make his order more effective he applied high taxes on the people. In results, people had to work to pay the taxes. Also, the increase in mining increased the burden over the native who in return got nothing. Most of the profit from cultivation, taxes, and mining flowed out of the territory

Conrad wrote "All Europe contributed in the making of Kurtz" because he thought that the condition of the Congo was not because of one Leopold, all the white men who went to Africa for work or who visited Africa but did not raise their voice against the brutality and forced power of the king. Congo faced vast murder, torture and power enforcement. Conrad found it a sad and bitter truth that all the people involved in the Leopold regime were also murderer like Leopold as they did not do anything for the rights of the native people.

During the last years of William Sheppard, he was forced to resign from his missionary post. It was because he returned to the United States in 1910 and caught for having extramarital affairs with African women. However, he resumed his work as a minister. The health of Sheppard was no good by time. He did not stop his speech and writing in favor of African people. He got the offer for the speaker platform to spread the words about African people. Sheppard was a good darky. He died in 1927 at the age of sixty-two. Thousands of people came to his funeral.

Sir Roger Casement reporting sparked some rebellions. In 1913, he got retired from his service. He worked for the British consular service. After retirement, he returned to Ireland. He helped for finding the Irish Volunteers and armed militia. He traveled the country to attend the meetings as a speaker. He wanted his people not to be a part of any war. They should not contribute to their honor and blood. His dream got some sympathy from the Irish prisoners of war. He was captured by the German army who was uneasy with his views and speeches. Casement trial was also rejected, and he was sentenced to death. On his death, he recalled his life and claimed that the best thing that had happened in his life was Congo.

E.D. Morel life transformed like his friend Roger Casement during the struggle over the Congo. He spent the last few years of his life battling alone. He was alone but brave. He had no bishops and lords cheering for him. In his last few years of work for Congo, he noticed the causes that were hindered between London and Paris by Entente Cordiale. He along with his friend showed his support for the war. When the war started, Morel came under a heightened attack. It was a blast in the Daily Sketch against the British antiwar movement. Morel got Nobel Peace Prize as a Britain's candidate. On November 12, 1924, Morel leaned against the tree to take rest and never got up.

Chapter 19

In the eighth century, the patron saint of hunters and Hubert lived in the land and pursued game in the woods. This land was transformed into the Royal Museum for Central Asia. The museum one was the palace of King Leopold II. Hundreds of visitors came to see the museum every day. Schoolchildren and tourists are the main visitors. Royal Museum has the largest collection of Africana. It includes Stanley's cap, Leopold's cane, weapons and uniforms, slave manacles, dugout canoe, and many more things. Names of hundreds of Palique officers are written in the memorial hall. Other gallery presents the culture of Africa through their art, pounding drums, animals, Kuba king's court, and other statues presenting their norms and rituals.

The statement, “The world we live in…is shaped far less by what we celebrate & mythologize than by the painful events we try to forget." representing the contemporary condition of the world. In the American South, lots of preserved plantation manor houses and monuments are built. People condemn what happened in the Congo while on the other side problems like racism, white privilege, inequality; discrimination is a constant part of society. People remember what had happened in Congo, but they forget why it has happened.

Lots of people raised their voice to tell the world about the Congo. They represented the real face of Leopold and his brutal force. Still, it becomes an example of the politics of forgetting. People did not get the lesson from history. Stalin and Hitler both left the same example behind. Their act was similar to the Leopold where victims were different. In all of Africa, the colonizers wrote the course book with biases. They banned and pressed censorship over the history of Congo. The steps were taken to make African people forget about the written record.

Textbook in Congo was replaced from reality. It showed the good side of the Leopold. Throughout the half-century of Belgian rule schoolchildren learn that Leopold was a hero. He raised the country, helped people to be civilized. Rubber company agents and district commissioners were portrayed as the villain in Congo history. They were presented as the oppressor who forced Congo people to harvest rubber. Relatively, little collected become part of the book related to the rubber era to make people forget about the event. It was shown that rulers made rapid urbanization possible in Africa.

History of Congo lied heavy on the people of the land; the long period of colonialism, trade of slave, and rubber cultivation all were often ignored. From the colonial era, the main legacy that Europe left to Africa was not the democracy. Democracy which is running in America, England, and Belgium. The left authoritarian rule and plunder which was left for the people of Congo. There is no other country on the continent which has a harsh and hard history like Congo. Congo people faced a harder time to come out from the shadow of their past.

King Baudouin of Belgium grants the freedom to Congo patronizingly and officially. He said to the Congo people to show their confidence which showed that they were worthy of Belgium ruler's confidence. On this statement, an angry speech was presented by the Patrice Lumumba. His speech caught the attention of the world. He told about the harsh reality of Leopold and Belgium. Through his message, the Western government got feared. They tried to stop him from his work, but Lumumba was successfully got attention outside the country border. His speech and rejection to be quiet on the problem made the government think to make him quiet. It resulted in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba.

Joseph Desire Mobutu was a young man who helped the Congolese forces to arrange the Lumumba's murder. Congolese forces tried to make Lumumba quiet to speak against the Leopold and Belgium. When Lumumba did not stop from his mission Congolese made a plan for his murder. The young boy Joseph Desire Mobutu along with the chief of army staff and a former NCO become the key figure behind the murder plan of Lumumba.

Yes, “the idea of full human rights, political, social, & economic, was [& remains] a profound threat to the established order of most countries on earth” because what happened in Congo became the past. People do not want to talk about it. White men present their positive sides while African raises their voice against the harsh history. Still, no one wants to change contemporary time. White privilege is still a big issue in America. On the other side, African political and economic instability shows the impact of their past over the present. However, it is not important that both countries will face the issue in the past as well. Both are working for the betterment for their country. They can definitely achieve well socialized economic progress.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

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Chapters 4 And 5

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Chapter 4 and 5

It was the time when Don Benito recognized Huelen hill and entered the land with Diego de Almagro. Three months after having left Cuzco in 1541, Valdivia planted the standard of Spain in the hill. He proposed the idea to found the city Santiago. Two weeks later, a master builder, a one-eyed man named Gamboa, set out the classic plan of the city. He determined the location of Plaza Mayor and site of the gallows. Then houses were started to build. Other construction also built with the passage og the time. People built hospitals, churches, convents, and orphanages.

Yanaconas helped in constructing wood and adobe houses along with valley Indians who had shot up of their own accord. The challenge of building a community was the task which was left for the women. The men had played their role to built the temporary towns in order to have a place to leave their women with their children while they continued the endless war against the Indians.

When Vitacura arrived, he was with family and various person of his court. They were unarmed. Vitacura made a speech in Quechua. As his gift, he brought a grain of gold. He also brought silver objects and alpaca wool blankets. He also offered a number of men as help to build the city. In return, trinkets that had brought from Spain and hats were given to him. A bounteous meal was served with liberal doses of prickly pear chichi and muddy. During the meal, Alonso de Monroy asked about the presence of gold. When Vitacura told him that there is no gold mine, but the silver mine was present in the mountains.

When Alonso de Monroy met Vitacura, he asked about the gold mine. When Vitacura told about the presence of the silver mine, he got thrilled about the new. Pedro had a fear of whether silver mines actually exist or not. It was critical. Therefore very next morning, several parties of soldiers had been organized to explore the region in search of the accursed mine. He thought that it was the best thing that could happen to their enemies and for them to break up into the small groups. He named the most faithful companion and divided the work among the most deserving men on the expedition.

In Peru, there were rumors of Pizarro death. No one was sure about his death, but there was the need to overtake his authority in his absence. This was because whether Pizarro was dead or not, authority wanted Valdivia to serve in capacity. Later the news of Pizarro death was turned out to be false, but it was prophetic. After the month later soldiers burst into the palace of the marques Gobernador and stabbed him to death because they were fed up with the excesses of the Pizarro.

Michimalonko, seventy years old men with all his teeth and spirited as a young boy. He was being tortured as gobernador issued the order to know about the gold field. When Michimalonko did not say a word after being tortured another strategy was made. Three young women send him to take a bath and serve the wines. When Michimalonko lost his senses, it made it possible to know all the information about the gold fields. This is how Michimalonko showed Pedro and Spaniards the gold fields.

Felipe was an orphanage. Pedro set his name when he became a Christian. Pedro offered him an offer that if he teache Pedro his language, then Pedro would teach him Spanish. Felipe turned out to be a good teacher. Felip was the boy who brought the news of the arrival of enemies every day in the valley, and they were forming an army. Cecilia sent her serving girls to investigate about Felipe claim. Later it was confirmed that Filipe was right and also that there were fifteen hundred camped and fifteen to twenty leagues from Santiago.

The Mapudungu, it was a time to tell stories. They enjoy drinking, dancing and arrange new marriages. Once a year, people of the tribes gathered in an open field to invoke the lord of the people, and to honor the earth and goddess of abundance, also fertile and truthful mother of the Mapuche people. They believe it was lack of honor to bother God every Sunday, therefore, once in a year us more than sufficient.This is how Mapuche tribes joined together in a special ceremony.

The night of September 11, 1541, Michimalonko's men and their allies attacked Santiago. The party of fifteen hundred men who formed the contingent supposedly threatening Santiago had been a lure to distract Valdivia and the large part of forces. Later thousands of enemies hidden in the forest would use the shadow of night to approach the town under cover of dark blankets. Two parties as lopping off heads and limbs and crushing chest beneath the hooves of their horses. In less than an hour, they began to fall back. In the same thousands of yelling Indians were already racing through the street of Santiago.

Ines helped in saving Santiago.She played an instrumental role. She was the one who noticed that the shadows were humans and moving toward the houses. She found that Indians were about to attack. When Indian attack the Santiago, he helped many people by providing them first aid. Later she guided a group to fight with the Indians, and he was in command. She reached to the enemy and ordered the guards to kill them. She was worried for the people especially women, and she fights till the end with bravery. She filled the space of Pedro in his absence.

Chapter 5

During the tragic years, Indians attacked Santiago. Many men, women, and children have died

Felipe compared Mapuche and Spanish treatment of women. Mapuche women had an important role in developing the community. They worked side by side with the soldiers and Yanaconas. They wore more or less decent dresses and always faced starvation. On the other hand, Spanish women had decent dresses, and their men treat them lovingly. In Mapuche men were always ready for another woman while Spanish men were not like Mapuche. Also, Mapuche could steal a girl that they like, and they had several wives. On the other hand, Spanish women had not to face this environment.

Daniel planted an idea in Felipe's head about starting the school, and he thought that Chile pretended to be civilized while in reality, almost no one knew how to read. Felipe proposed the idea to Gonzalez de Marmolejo to create the school, but no one was agreed to the idea. This was because of the background of the community. Leaders and men in power were afraid that if people learned to read, they would fall into the vice of thinking and questioning. If they started thinking, they could fight for the crown. Because of this fear, the leader was not ready to build the school.

To grow and develop Santiago, two councils met to decide the fate of the small colony. The first they decided to help Peru than to fortify Santiago with a wall to discourage enemies. Block by the clock the great wall was built. Also, board by board the church and houses rose from the ground. Women mended the colony’s tatters. Santiago was declared as the capital of the kingdom. It became the largest populated and safest city. All the circusmstances changed. People organized outdoor lunches, hunting parties, and another feast where everyone could participate equally.

Sancho de la hoz was a rebellion. He had swindled people, stolen the fruits of years of work and deprivation from his own soldiers. He was sentenced to death. He deserved the death penalty. Before the death penalty he was sentenced to the gallows thrice. However, Pedro pardoned him at the last hour. A messenger of Sancho de la hoz had caught up with him carrying the bad news. He was extraordinarily pleased that his faithful lieutenant had solved the conspiracy in his way as he did not want to be directly responsible for his demise.

Ines began her loving friendship with Rodrigo Quiroga because she started living him. She wanted to marry him as she needed the love to go on living. She thought it was a waste of time to conjecture about the women Pedro had in, and she started a friendship with Rodrigo. She made it clear that he did not take any initiative or reveal any sign of recognizing her ill-defined desires. She knew that he would never betrayed hid friend Pedro; therefore even after the mutual attraction, they both never did anything to show love for each other in any manner.

In Spain Charles V was promulgating the Leyes Nuevas, new laws in which he affirmed that the Indians were subjects of the crown. He warned the recommenders that they could not force the indigenous people to work or cannot be punished then. He resisted them. Beyond that, the conquistadors should approach the Indians on their best behavior, asking them to accept the God and the king of the Christian, hand over their hand, and put themselves at the orders of their new masters.

Ines was sending to chile as the messenger of Pedro. She lived there with the people. She noticed the cultural difference between Spanish women and women of their community. There he started loving Pedro close friend, and a the end marry to him. She lived several weeks in the native land. She had to live in chile till the captain Monroy sent the ship. The fact was that the Monroy reached Peru and obtained reinforcements, gained the interest of several merchants, sent the ship to Chile, and himself started out overland with seventy soldiers and would arrive a month later.

Cecilia's infallible network of spies could pick up any news of him and the five brave men with him, but others had no illusions. None of the single women had decent skirts, but Cecilia, the other captains' wives. They were well dressed and spending a good life. The house of Cecilia was smaller and modest. It was decorated with furnishings and adornments from Peru. When Ilen decided to get married, she used one of Cecilia dress on her wedding day. The marriage ceremony was held at her house.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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