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Baker, William. “Organized Greek Games.” The Social Dimension Of Western Civilization. Edited By Richard M. Golden, 5th Ed., Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.

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Organized Greek Games

Baker Williams “Organized Greek Games” explains the role that sports have played in the society. In William’s views sports have always remained part of the history and Olympics are associated with ancient Greece. Sports have been part of western civilization and British history. Greek athletics were good at sports and participated in Olympics. The nature of sports has changed from being violent to peaceful. They were known for wrestling and boxing which involved violence CITATION Roy14 \l 1033 (Panagiotopoulou). However sports are played differently in the modern world compared to the past because violence has been removed.

Williams provides deeper analysis of the sport culture in Greece which was developed by the civic leader. It was their intelligence which allowed them to take initiative of introducing sports for the physical and the mental wellbeing of the people CITATION NCr01 \l 1033 (Crowther). various training centers were established where athletes were able to practice and participate in different sports. Greece played a significant role in promoting sports as the world still recognize the worth the gymnasiums and stadiums developed by the Greece. Another significant contribution of Greece was the organization of festivals which provided opportunities of sport to the people. Sport was considered as a healthy activity as it offered a practical platform to the people of society for interacting.

Olympics was developed by Greeks in around 776 B.C when gams were declared as sacred truce. This platform provided opportunities for competition the athletes from all over the world. There were proper training programs for the athletes and hundreds of spectators watched the games in stadium. Greece laid the foundations of Olympics which is still engaging athletes from around the world. Sports had played crucial role in promoting the physical strength and mental health of the people.

Work Cited

Baker, William. “Organized Greek Games.” The Social Dimension of Western Civilization. Edited by Richard M. Golden, 5th ed., Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Crowther, N. "Visiting the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece: Travel and Conditions for Athletes and Spectators ." The International Journal of the History of Sport 18.4 (2001).

Panagiotopoulou, Roy. "The legacies of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games: a bitter–sweet burden ." Contemporary Social Science 9.2 (2014).

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

BASED ON WHAT YOU CHOOSE

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Jacob and Laban: A tale steeped in treachery and deceit

The hand fates dealt Jacob according to the Genesis, Chapter 25, is an excellent example of how swift and cruel karma can possibly be. This is probably the reason why the narration of the story is called Jakob-Esau-Laban-Sagenkranz i.e. the Jacob-Esau-Laban cycle of tales ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E51Bayd9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hendel)","plainCitation":"(Hendel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":678,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/UF26IQJ5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/UF26IQJ5"],"itemData":{"id":678,"type":"book","title":"The epic of the patriarch: the Jacob Cycle and the narrative traditions of Canaan and Israel","publisher":"Brill","ISBN":"90-04-36946-5","author":[{"family":"Hendel","given":"Ronald S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hendel). This tale is the epitome of what goes around comes around and gives a curt, but effective message that shows that when you sow the seeds of discord, it is you alone that will reap the effects and suffer.

Now, according to the bible, Jacob, deceives his ailing and blind father, Isaac, on his deathbed. He had promised to pass on the blessing of God, that he received from Abraham to his firstborn Esau. However, with the help of his mother, Rebecca, the blessing was obtained by Jacob in place of Esau. The pair managed to trick Isaac, with Rebecca then sending Jacob away to save him from Esau’s anger. Having done his part, Jacob fled to his maternal uncle Laban and stay with him for a while. This tale is the reason why Jacob is remembered as the “trickster”, the one who tricked his brother’s blessings and birthright away. However, the tables were about to be turned in unprecedented ways ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2fyunvro","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Na\\uc0\\u8217{}aman)","plainCitation":"(Na’aman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":682,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/RM84KZLX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/RM84KZLX"],"itemData":{"id":682,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Jacob story and the formation of biblical Israel","container-title":"Tel Aviv","page":"95-125","volume":"41","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Na’aman","given":"Nadav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Na’aman).

Jacob fell in love with his maternal cousin, Rachel, so much so that he offered his services as a shepherd to his uncle for seven years in exchange. However, once the seven years of service were completed, his uncle married him off to Rachel’s older sister Leah. When Jacob complained, he was coerced into another seven years of service after getting married to Rachel. One can call it God’s divine justice, with years taken away from Jacob’s life through the means on his uncle treachery for tricking his own father and brother ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"woajbKru","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Michael)","plainCitation":"(Michael)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":683,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/I93E2BPB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/I93E2BPB"],"itemData":{"id":683,"type":"article-journal","title":"Patriarchal ethics and narrative representation: Ethics, values and morality of the biblical narrator in the Jacob's story","container-title":"Stellenbosch Theological Journal","page":"260-284","volume":"2","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Michael","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Michael). If you think about it, it is the state of the world essentially it is filled with a history of nations rising, especially ones that attain their position in bad faith, only to bite the dust when push comes to shove. Thus, one should always remember how karma operates and ensure that they never do something that can come back and bite them.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hendel, Ronald S. The Epic of the Patriarch: The Jacob Cycle and the Narrative Traditions of Canaan and Israel. Brill, 2018.

Michael, Matthew. “Patriarchal Ethics and Narrative Representation: Ethics, Values and Morality of the Biblical Narrator in the Jacob’s Story.” Stellenbosch Theological Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, pp. 260–84.

Na’aman, Nadav. “The Jacob Story and the Formation of Biblical Israel.” Tel Aviv, vol. 41, no. 1, 2014, pp. 95–125.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Behind The Mask Of Chivalry

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Behind the Mask of Chivalry

Book Review

Behind the Mask of Chivalry by Nancy K. MacLean demonstrate the purpose and working of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. The author effectively emphasizes on various reasons that attract thousands of hundred American men to join it. The name of the clan alone evokes images of burning crosses and racial terror. The author demonstrates that this organization is encouraging and promoting simple racism and extremist individuals. Behind the Mask of Chivalry provides a convincing and well-researched analysis of one of the greatest dominant reactionary movement in the history of America. MacLean used various documents from the Athens, GA, and national coverage in order to uncover the evil motivates of the Klan. The author effectively demonstrates that the membership of the Klan mainly consisted of people having lower to middle-class standard. People also sum challenge to their position who saw labor organization, industrialization, and nascent black political agency as zero. The content of this book provides effective motives of the individuals to join such a racist group. This book provides an insight into how such extremist group exploits the lives of millions of Americans during and after World War 1. This books critically observed the working of different groups in the form of politics. She stressed out that the Klan was engaged in the racist activities at the beginning of the 20th century. MacLean also delivers a preview of the Ku Klux Klan in the framework of the movement of international fascist to create awareness among people.

This specific book recognized as an effective source of information when it comes to the idea of the historical domain. The problems of racial violence and burning crosses are critically discussed by the author through the different events mentioned in the book. It is worthy to mention that the typical facet of Klansman was under consideration who illustrated the approach to achieving the target of the economic ladder in society. The existence of the difference at the community level will critically evaluate to figure out the actual position of the feature of racism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wSdROpKe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roper 1996)","plainCitation":"(Roper 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1646,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/575NMNZK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/575NMNZK"],"itemData":{"id":1646,"type":"article-journal","title":"Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan","container-title":"Southern Cultures","page":"258-260","volume":"2","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Roper","given":"John Herbert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roper 1996). Undoubtedly, the post-World war phase is critically observed through the main content of this particular book. It is one effective exploration of the influential role of different groups in the form of politics. Growing the domain of KKK is the fundamental idea associated with the entire content perspective presented by the author.

The foundation and the enormous influence of the group are rationally discussed by the researcher to better understand the major highlights of the society which was going through with the era of war. The content of this particular books helps to determine that it is crucial to consider KKK not only as a monolithic but also as the organized entity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jhhoRZz3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MacLean 1995)","plainCitation":"(MacLean 1995)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1645,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/NRIGAEWX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/NRIGAEWX"],"itemData":{"id":1645,"type":"book","title":"Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan","publisher":"Oxford University Press","URL":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xOamVVhPQ6UC","ISBN":"978-0-19-509836-5","author":[{"family":"MacLean","given":"N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MacLean 1995). The focus of this specific group was to provide necessary assistance to the American people concerning the ideas of jobs, economy, and the domain of their families.

The particular motivation of the individuals to become a member of the extremist group is the basic objective of the book that is revealed in the form of the content. Different ideas and social positioning are significantly aligned by the author to achieve the actual purpose of the book. On the other hand, it is also important to determine the significance of this book when it comes to the understanding of the history of the nation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aOoYIKe8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kousser 1996)","plainCitation":"(Kousser 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1647,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/54QMRQBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/54QMRQBU"],"itemData":{"id":1647,"type":"article-journal","title":"Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan [Book Review]","container-title":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences","page":"229-232","volume":"32","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Kousser","given":"J. Morgan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kousser 1996). It is one crucial source to understand how different extremist group prevailed in the society at the time of World War and the era of post-World War influenced the lives of the American citizens.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kousser, J. Morgan. 1996. “Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan [Book Review].” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (3): 229–32.

MacLean, N. 1995. Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=xOamVVhPQ6UC.

Roper, John Herbert. 1996. “Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan.” Southern Cultures 2 (2): 258–60.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Beliefs Of Islam

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

[Date]

Beliefs of Islam

Islam begins with the prophethood of Muhammad, that could be traced back to the 7th century in Saudi Arabia. The prophet Muhammad started preaching of Islam in 610 A.D. after the message revealed by Angle of God. He explained the teachings of Quran the divine book of Islam, which the followers of Islam believe that the flawless words of Allah (The God). Muhammad did not originate the book Quran but revealed by the angel Gabriel the teachings and guidance from Allah. According to Muhammad, he was the prophet of God as the Moses, Jesus, and other Hebrew prophets. He believed that he communicated with the same God of these messengers, as they did. Muhammad and his followers denied the existing religion of Arabia, and challenge the ruling elite class who threatened their lives. Muhammad along with his small group of followers escaped to Yathrib later called Madina, this historical migration is known as Hijra. From this year the Islamic calendar also started. In Madina, they were welcomed by the people, and Islam got strength there. With time the teachings of Islam expanded and became a whole religion. There are five basic pillars of Islam which are compulsory for every Muslim. Muslims are expected to firmly believe that 1) there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the last prophet of Allah. The second pillar of Islam is to pray five times a day facing towards Khana Ka'aba in the Mecca. The third pillar of Islam is fasting from sun up till the sundown during the Islamic calendar month Ramadan. Forth pillar of Islam is to travel Mecca and Madina for Pilgrimage at least once in a life. While the fifth pillar of Islam is to pay charity to the poor people, that is the 2.5 percent of the total wealth earned during the year. This is also called Zakah a type of taxation to alleviate the hardships of poor Muslim community.

Islam was expanded after a hard struggle and commitment of Muhammad and his followers. The stages of Islamic expansion started from the time of Muhammad until the four Caliphs who ruled Muslims. The expansion of the Islamic state was begun through the Muslim soldiers struggled which they called jihad. The war between the muslim solidiers (dar-al-Islam the Islamic world) and the non-muslims in the land called dar-al-Harb the world of warfare. The Muslim soldiers were expert in the desert war, moved toward Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. The Islamic state was founded in Madina after the migration of Muhammad and his followers. The state of Madina was a role model of justice, peace, and prosperity. After the era of Muhammad, there were four Caliphs also called Khalifa means successor. During the rule of first Caliph Abu Bakkar, the wars and conquers continued and Islamic state moved to Africa. The rule of second Caliph Omer Islamic state expanded to African countries, Europe, and other parts of Asia. A political vacuum opened when the fourth Muslim Caliph Ali was assassinated.

Caliph was the leader of the state and also having religious authority. Caliphs were the great scholars and knew the shariah laws (Muslim laws). Before Islam, the Arab society did not provide the fundamental rights to the women, where the power of men over the women was prevailed. Muhammad changed the concept and married a woman fifteen years his senior-Khadija. She was an independent trader, Muhammad took no other wives before her death. Khadija was the first woman who accepted Islam and supported Muhammad. When the teaching of Islam reached southwest Asia and North Africa, where women were subordinate and had strict gender rules Islam provided them rights. A man has the rights to take four wives, while a woman can have one husband at a time. For a woman's adultery, there is a harsh punishment; its proof requires two eyewitnesses. Muslim law shows the dominance of man over woman. However, women were empowered, educated and a man has to treat her properly (Norton Ebooks, 2019, N.p).

Works Cited

"Norton Ebooks." Digital.wwnorton.com. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 Feb. 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Ben Franklin

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Ben Franklin

Introduction

During his time with his friends, Ben Franklin realized that he wanted to make a library. He often used to say that “reading was the only amusement I allow’d myself. I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolicks of any kind” (Franklin Chapter 8.) This was the first library to have been established in Philadelphia. However, it later got dissolved because not a lot of books were being anticipated. The effect this library had on Ben Franklin and the community was significant. During this time, the people who kept their books in the library also took them.

Discussion

Identification

People often think about different things at different stages, such as thinking about their pay levels, age, or social angles. His quest for ethical quality and moral perfection describes the process he used in achieving it. He believes that every ideal human experience came from bringing morality into a healthy lifestyle. The virtues which Ben found most challenging to maintain were an accomplishment, distinction, or even bliss. He believes that such ethical quality brings forth many challenges, such as being able to self mutilate, religious fight, or suicide. Ben often used to use true ethical circumstances to tackle such problems by implying some ethical flawlessness by living with children and treating them. Ben scholarly interests along with its characteristics were sharp such as being a companion and a neighbor. His journey for moral perfection began shortly after he stated: “without committing any fault at any time” (Franklin page 82).

Conclusion

Ben Franklin always provides greater emphasis on religion and early politics. He beliefs were representing the love for his God, creator of the Universe. Moreover, he believes that the soul of man is immortal and will be treated right with another life respecting its conduct. He says “Without the Belief of a Providence that takes Cognizance of, guards and guides, there is no motive to worship a Deity.”

Works Cited

Korty, Margaret Barton. "Benjamin Franklin and eighteenth-century American libraries." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 55.9 (1965): 1-83.

Masur, Louis P. "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin." (1993).

Weinberger, Jerry. Benjamin Franklin Unmasked: On the Unity of His Moral, Religious, and Political Thought. Vol. 16. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005.

Weintraub, Karl J. "The Puritan Ethic and Benjamin Franklin." The Journal of Religion 56.3 (1976): 223-237.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Between 1922 And 1932, What Steps Did The Cosgrave Governments Take To Establish The Irish Free State On Firm Foundations?

Achievements of the Cosgrave Governments between 1922-32

Catalina Vesca

17 November 2019

Under the conditions agreed in the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Irish Free State was officially formed on December 6th, 1922. A group of leaders broke off from the Sein Fein and formed their party called "Cumann na NGaedheal". Its first President was William T. Cosgrave. This new state had several problems that needed to be dealt with for laying firm foundations of democracy. One of these steps was the containment of the Irish Republic Army (IRA) after the conclusion of the Irish Civil War. Deadly force was needed to contain the military outfit and that is exactly what the state authorities did as they executed over seventy republicans and imprisoned hundreds more without any judicial trial. These brutal tactics worked and IRA surrendered by agreeing to a ceasefire. This step was necessary to start a series of reforms needed for establishment a lasting democratic system in the Free Irish State. Next, Cosgrave's government created a democratic constitution, established a Senate and a Dail, and granted basic human rights to all its citizens like freedom of speech. Another achievement was the calling of the general elections of 1923, which are viewed as Cosgrave’s clear commitment to democracy. But the most discussed achievement is gaining control of the national army after the famous Army Mutiny of 1924. The army had enjoyed unchecked freedom during the war of independence. Therefore, the Minister of Defense, Richard Mulcahy decided to decommission officers to serve the purpose of gaining effective oversight and control of the army. Seeing this, some important officers rebelled who were arrested and forced to resign from service. Lastly, with the establishment of the constitution, Bunreacht na hEireann, the role of the Governor-General was minimized and finally abolished, ending the oversight of the British Crown. This fully established the rule of the Irish people on their lands, which is the whole point of democracy anyway. In short, we can conclude that Cosgrave was the leader needed to save the day. Even De Valera admitted to his close supporter that Cosgrave did a good job in making sure that the Free Irish State survived, despite several problems that made its survival a slim possibility.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1921. "Final text of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland." Documents on Irish Foreign Policy. December 6. https://www.difp.ie/docs/1921/Anglo-Irish-Treaty/214.htm.

Meehan, Ciara. 2010. The Cosgrave Party: A History of Cumann na nGaedheal, 1923-33. Royal Irish Academy.

Valiulis, Maryann Gialanella. 2016. "The ‘army mutiny’ of 1924 and the assertion of civilian authority in independent Ireland." Irish Historical Studies 354-366.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Beyond One-Size-Fits-All College Dreams”

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Day Month Year

Beyond One-Size-Fits-All College Dreams

Beyond One-Size-Fits-All College Dreams is the article that reveals many facts about degrees and also tells about the worth of different degrees. In this article, the author is trying to convince the students to opt AA rather than earning a degree of BA. According to the author, getting an AA degree would enable them to earn good earning. This article mainly emphasizes the good earning and having a better life, as it says that it is not necessary for all the students to be doctor and engineer. Rather they can have AA degrees so they could work in many other general fields. Associate degrees are going to help them for having a sound financial career so that they could take care of their surrounding people as well. Even at many points, the author is trying to highlight this point that it is not necessary to go a college merely for earning a BA degree as most of the high school considers it as the only way of being successful. They even don’t know what they are going to study in college, but they take admission in colleges without taking all the facts in front of them. Booker Washington, who was a revolutionary hero of the late 19th and early 20th century, used to be a slave but with his dedication, he managed to get education, and after lot of struggle, he got education. He was an African but despite showing hatred against White people he took a sensible step and opened an institution Tuskegee for Africans so that he could teach them. He was in favor of the idea that one should put his efforts in making the best use of his abilities for making other's life better than they were living.

He was of the view that one should get a kind of thing that would facilitate others. This institute is considered as one of his most significant contribution of Booker. He enables many people by providing them education to make their lives better. While this article is indicating that it is a myth that by getting fascinating degrees only one can get good opportunities of job. Instead of focusing attention only on the value of the name of the degree one must focus on the application of the knowledge that he is going to get from that degree. Such as after getting the degree of AA, one would get better job than a job that he would get after doing BA. College virtually seems like a dream place for all students, where after completing a degree they think, they are going to get a job of their choice. But after having an entry into the practical life student start realizing that they were not given all the information and only through that degree they would not be able to secure their future. Washington was of the view that helping others in getting a good life by having practical skills, he could brighten up his life. His idea about education is relevant to the present time education that one should not just rely on his degree but one should get out of his comfort zone and should get education not just restricting him to a single degree, instead one should try to acquire a sort of knowledge that is going to make his life better as his better life is going to make other’s life comfortable as well. It could be concluded that educational ideas of Booker are still relevant to the present time, precisely according to the things that have been mentioned in this article that one must put his all efforts for acquiring education that would be productive for all. One should try to acquire the education that would be helpful in securing his future. His views are quite relevant with present day education that a student should also pay attention towards those degrees through which he would make a contribution in industries art and other fields as well.

Works Cited

Rosenbaum, James E., Jennifer L. Stephan, and Janet E. Rosenbaum. "Beyond One-Size-Fits-All College Dreams: Alternative Pathways to Desirable Careers." American Educator 34.3 (2010): 2.

Gardner, Booker T. "The educational contributions of Booker T. Washington." The Journal of Negro Education 44.4 (1975): 502-518.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Beyond Vietnam: A Time To Break The Silence

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Course Number

Date

Beyond Vietnam: A Time to break the Silence

Through contrast, the optimism that is neither silent nor foolish could be revolutionary. The way in which the political speaker Martin Luther King interprets the word that "A time comes when silence is betrayal" influenced me emotionally, although such conversation may affect negatively. As these are ambiguous interpretations, so it also stimuli the psychosocial role in a negative way. However, the political sentences affect different people differently, which can be aroused through angry or control states' moods. The emotional dis-regulation usually leads a person to develop ambiguous negative interpretations which in turn affects psychosocial roles. I observed that the individuals who have an optimistic approach interpreted positively. If I remain optimistic regarding a particular political statement, it means that I am associated with positive interpretation, and it gives positive outcomes to society. As moods usually induced through recalling autobiography such as the condition of Vietnam at that time when there is a need to speak up for your rights, then it will become the responsibility of every citizen to stand up for their rights, which require anger in a person. Such a situation induces depression, anger, anxiety, as well as optimism in person. Through previous studies, it is found that anger plays the central part in politics and also produced mobilization effects such as revolutions. Anger usually rises due to the emotional reaction towards the economic crisis.

Martin Luther King's words giving the moral vision through developing a connection between Vietnam War and the struggles that people were doing both in Vietnam as well as other countries such as Martin Luther King is facing in the US. Such a condition should enhance the revolutionary thoughts in person as the destruction that occurs in the country due to war can't be rehabilitated easily. As the condition of war at the time was devastatingly affecting the poor's hopes as they were sending their husbands, sons, and brothers to war, and they die in extraordinary proportions as compared to the remaining population. Both black and white people of America were fighting the war and giving their lives for the country. On the other hand, the irony of race is faced by their families. It became hard for black children to sit together with their white class fellows. I consider such behaviors ridiculous, which are transferred in them by their parents, and it has no point to be optimistic about it, there must be equal treatment with everyone.

The anger which arises through this speech must be utilized positively as only the non-violent actions bring social changes in society. I would more focus on bringing such changes through anger that produce positive outcomes in society. Through observing all the scenario as an individual and by reading this political speech I would not blame any of the sites that they were the reason for war. But I will emphasis more on developing meaning full solutions which will contribute to the betterment of the people. As Vietnamese were facing war-like conditions for three consecutive decades and they have already lost much. As the speech also depicts that the efforts of King Martin Luther provided a path to the young generation, and they now understand that the American invasion in Vietnam is both dishonorable and unjust. So, this speech also providing people a clear vision to decide what is happening around them is right or not. People must have enough strength to develop fair judgment and help others as humanitarians. This speech takes my attention as it is emphasizing people to focus more on positive actions as well as also on the removal of injustice, insecurity, inequality, and poverty.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Biltmore Estate

Biltmore Estate

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Your Name here

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Date Here

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Introduction

What makes humans different than species is the great variety of houses they build. Same was the case with George Washington Vanderbilt (1862-191400, in the late 1880s, came across the ideal spot at the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina for building estate known as Biltmore Estate because it fascinated both the old and young alike. Biltmore Estate is one of the most visited historic sites in the US, attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors every year from around the world. The fact behind this fascination is that the founder of the Biltmore Estate was a very private man. Vanderbilt not only started quietly to build the estate for his comfort but also to used his wealth in a most respectful and responsible way like contributing on educational, artistic and spiritual communities.

George Washington Vanderbilt was the son of railroad tycoon William Henry Vanderbilt and born in 1862 in New York City. His grandfather Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt who established a financial empire through transportation and become one of the richest family around the world at that time. Vanderbilt’s much of life in a childhood spent in traveling historic places such as museums and libraries. This experience of traveling motivated him to build such a unique architectural estate. In fact, the completion of the Biltmore Estate was possibly the end of his passion.

Historical Perspective

Mr. Vanderbilt in early 1888, visited Western North Carolina for the first time. Like many other people, the area attracted him very much due to its great reputation of a suitable environment such as mild weather along with natural mountainous scenery. Later he planned another trip to the Area, this time he was accompanied by his friend McNamee. On 1st May 1888, both rode their horses and came upon an attractive view of hills surrounded by Asheville, where the Biltmore Estate stands now. There Biltmore expressed his desire for building a home at the very place.

McNamee, who was an attorney by profession, became the in charge of his desire and started purchasing tracts of land. At the end of the year, he purchased around 2000 acres of land on his behalf, while the figure was continuously increased till Vanderbilt's death in 1914. McNamee purchased around 125,000 acres of land that stretched four countries at that time. The gardens were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted that is known as a pioneer of landscape architecture in the US. Today, both the formal and informal garden encompasses approximately 8,000 acres of land.

The Architect behind the Biltmore Estate

Everywhere, humans have been influenced by his life, such as natural locations give them inspirations. In a few months of his visit, it desire to build home became more clear. However, Asheville should thank France for the building of the popular tourist site. The architect who the 250-room French Renaissance Chateau was Richard Morris Hunt, who was later called “Biltmore”. Hunt was Vanderbilt’s close friend and one of the three visionary men who built the Estate i.e. Vanderbilt and Olmsted. The Estate is the centerpiece of Vanderbilt legacy that is a National Historic Landmark and the largest private residence in the US.

The Frederick Law Olmsted had other two accomplishment of building two houses, one the coast at Bar Harbor, Maine, and another on Fifth Avenue. This indicates an ever-growing rise of homes in human history and the continuous advancement of technology has made everything available at our doorsteps. Both Hunt and Olmsted were master of their area and people did not have the clue that what is going to be done prior to the building of Estate. The house of Biltmore is at the heart of the Estate and is a masterpiece in the architectural history of the US. It was Olmsted’s last and the most substantial project and he described it “the most permanently important public work” of his entire career.

Architectural Style

The architectural style of the Biltmore is based on the richly-ornamented style French Renaissance with chateaux in the Loire Valley: Chambord, Clemenceau, and Blois. A European house tradition that is filled with fine furnishings, priceless art from around the world, and rare books. Surrounding his house, there are artfully landscaped gardens, scientifically managed forests, working forms, and naturalistic landscapes. The Biltmore House was has a 780-ft façade build with stones with steeply-pitched roof and stair tower. The work continued even after it was opened in 1895 for many years. In 1966, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to the origin of US history. Millions of trees were planted on the depleted land that eventually led the foundation of the US Forest Service.

The house contains a massive stone spiral staircase, more than eleven million bricks, and 102 steps. Inside, artworks by Boldini, Pellegrini, Whistler, Sargent and Renior adorn the walls. The design includes Chippendale and Sheraton with a chess set and gaming table that has belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte during his exile at St. Helena. Moreover, it includes the Ming Dynasty's Chinese goldfish and tapestries of the 16th century and the Banquet Hall. In addition, there are fifty Oriental and Persian rugs covered with oak floors and marble. The misty desk dates back to 1700s century, even before George Vanderbilt’s vision of the estate.

Apart from luxurious bedrooms on the second and third floors, there are areas where honorable guests used to play parlor games along with afternoon tea. While the fourth floor features Observatory and Maid’s Bedrooms with an outstanding view. Moreover, it includes state-of-art domestic nerve center, refrigeration system, large laundry complex, two specialty kitchens, and pantries. While gymnasium, bowling alley, and indoor swimming pool are located downstairs. An exceptional horticultural environment of Biltmore creates a blooming season starting from spring to the first frost. In fact, conservatory if complete with a different tropical plant such s bougainvillea, cacti, lilies, orchids, and poinsettias. To acquire decorative and fine art, Vanderbilt spent years but a small group of objects was inherited from his father and grandfather.

Change Over Time

With his death, George Vanderbilt left an enormous philanthropic legacy. However, it is important to note that George Vanderbilt never had the intention to convert his house into a museum. His wife sold out around 87,000 acres of land to the US Forest Service on a rate of fewer than five dollars per acre. On 1925, George Vanderbilt became a grandfather when Cornelia and John had the first son, George Henry. In 1930, the Biltmore House was opened to the public by Cornelia and John with the hope to increase tourism. In 1960, William Cecil returned to Biltmore for joining his brother’s management and to preserve the estate.

During the World War II, the army was assigned the task of to hide the precious art before they were destroyed or plundered by Hitler. While the emperor of Japan was its own rage in the Pacific and the Far East. The indispensable works of the US required to be secured along with the classic portrait of George Washington. The attacking of Pearl Harbor give the clue to the US security authorities for an air raid on the estate.

In 1983, construction of Biltmore wine company was established and it was proclaimed as a historic achievement by Mr. Cecil. In 2001, the creation of an inn was materialized with the pursuit of offering the personal taste of hospitality. A major expansion took place in 2010 with the earlier legacy of hospitality and entertainment. New opportunities were created for dining, shopping, and other outdoor activities. To serve the more overnight guest with the wish to taste hospitality, a relaxed and casual hotel was built recently in 2015.

Who Lived in Biltmore

George Washington Vanderbilt was the primary resident of the Biltmore Estate for almost twenty years. At the age thirty-three, the first-time friends and family to the Biltmore Estate in 1895 and this welcome was accompanied by speculations and rumors in the press. The most frequent questions were of building the house and being a bachelor. This question was answered in 1898 when he married Edith, a young lady who belongs to a noble family in New England. The marriage was held in a private ceremony in Paris and became ‘the mistress of Biltmore’. However, she was the flawless match to Vanderbilt, such she had an active role in providing opportunities to adults and children, providing support to the families of the estate, and above all taking on the role of hostess in Biltmore House. Later they had the birth of the daughter made the family complete and was named as Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt. Because of her North Carolina origins, she was used to be called ‘Tarheel Nell’. She grew and married within the family, and also continued family’s traditional hospitality.

Vanderbilt’s self-sustaining and progressive management practices set an example for the entire nation. In this regard, J. Sterling, the agricultural secretary appreciated his visionary approach. With so much magnificence to look at Biltmore Estate, it is, in fact, easy to overlook how the house was worked and lived in. The operation was more like a hotel while it is stimulating to see the use of technology. As a child, Vanderbilt indicates to become more endearing and even more understandable.

The Estate Owner and Its Use Today

The Biltmore estate is still owned by George Vanderbilt’s family and its current CEO is Bill Cecil Jr. He has dedicated himself to the museum services, collections, structure, and the landscape. There is other twenty skilled staff who support the CEO in different tasks related to collection and structure. His father, William Amherst played an important role in the contemporary growth of Biltmore Estate who died recently on 31st October 2017. After a few weeks, his wife Mimi also passed away from this immortal world. The couple married in 1957 and prior to the marriage, Mimi was working with a Wall Street firm as a lawyer. For preserving Biltmore, they moved from New York City to Asheville for its preservation and touristic purposes in 1960. The current employees at Biltmore are 2,400 in 2017 who were hundred in the 1970s.

According to Buncombe Country, the current appraising value of the Biltmore is around thirty-seven million dollars. Annually, 1.4 million people visit the Biltmore Estate and supports agrarian villages by providing jobs and other facilities such as school and church. The Biltmore thrived in the year 2018. The philanthropic vision and legacy continue even today. The displayed collection are hung in a way that visitors could get close to them and realize the importance of work.

Conclusion

There is no denying the fact that wealthy societies assume similar standards of life universally. What they finally require for survival is access to fresh along with means for sustainability. One only needs to imagine the Biltmore Estate that was completed just in five years. The desire was different and unique than the other homes that follow a classical agrarian model. Apart from the Estate itself, the Biltmore winery is one of the most visited wineries in the US. While it was called as “the Finest Estate in the US” by the Broadway Magazine. This was all due to the continuous efforts of Olmstead Law Firm, which has done a marvelous job on the outside of the house.

In fact, the siblings of the Vanderbilt had a bigger share of the family's wealth, but he built one of the most memorable homes. Out of his siblings, Vanderbilt was most humble and the most remembered among people. Biltmore, the name came from the family’s ancestral home in Bildt, Holland. He wished to build the estate because of more details by Olmstead. However, the money spent on the building the Estate greatly helped the local economy and still continues to help. The wealthiest societies come up with their brands to have an influence on the international political economy. However, currently, the building is significantly generating its own income that the Biltmore had thought prior to the construction.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Allen Willey, ‘The Greatest American Estate,’ Broadway Magazine, July 1908, 91. - Google Search.” Accessed April 26, 2019. https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Allen+Willey%2C+%E2%80%9CThe+Greatest+American+Estate%2C%E2%80%9D+Broadway+Magazine%2C+July+1908%2C+91.&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK846PK846&oq=Allen+Willey%2C+%E2%80%9CThe+Greatest+American+Estate%2C%E2%80%9D+Broadway+Magazine%2C+July+1908%2C+91.&aqs=chrome..69i57.798j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.

“Behind the Biltmore Estate: 7 Things You Didn’t Know About America’s Largest Home.” North Carolina Field and Family (blog), May 1, 2015. https://www.ncfieldfamily.org/travel/attractions/biltmore-estate/.

“Biltmore Estate History & Vanderbilts.” Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.romanticasheville.com/biltmorececil.htm.

“Biltmore History | Biltmore.” Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.biltmore.com/visit/biltmore-house-gardens/estate-history.

Cecil, William A. V., George Washington Vanderbilt, 1862-1914, Richard Morris Hunt, 1828-1895, Frederick Law Olmsted, and 1822-1903. “Biltmore; the Vision and Reality of George W. Vanderbilt,” 1972. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300002951.

Citizen-Times, Tony Kiss-Asheville. “Biltmore Estate Hid Precious Art during World War II.” charlotte observer. Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article9097334.html.

Groce, Courtesy of Terrie. “Biltmore Estate Owner, after Decades Preserving the Family Home, Has Died.” news observer. Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article182017251.html.

Hepting, George H., and Albert A. Downs. “Root and Butt Rot in Planted White Pine at Biltmore, North Carolina.” Journal of Forestry 42, no. 2 (February 1, 1944): 119–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/42.2.119.

Hunter, Christine. Ranches, Rowhouses, and Railroad Flats: American Homes: How They Shape Our Landscapes and Neighborhoods. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005.

Johnson, Becky. "Biltmore Restoration: Behind the Scenes in Private Lab." Citizen-Times, 2017. https://www.citizen-times.com/story/life/2017/01/27/biltmore-restoration-behind-scenes-private-lab/96391078/.

Lee, Kyuho, and Inhyuck “Steve” Ha. “From Biltmore Estate to Biltmore Winery.” Journal of Foodservice Business Research 17, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 429–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2014.967559.

MIMS, BRYAN. “Asheville’s Fortress of Art: The Biltmore Estate.” Our State Magazine, September 25, 2014. https://www.ourstate.com/biltmore-estate-art/.

NORTHUP, LAUREN. “The History of the Biltmore Estate.” Garden & Gun, June 8, 2018. https://gardenandgun.com/articles/secrets-biltmore-estate.

Rickman, Ellen Erwin. Biltmore Estate. Arcadia Publishing, 2005.

Says, John G. James. “The Biltmore Estate | North Carolina History.” Accessed April 25, 2019. http://nchistory.web.unc.edu/the-biltmore-estate/.

Wright, Gwendolyn. Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America. Reprint edition. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1983.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Black Gold

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Question: Who benefits from the coffee trade the most?

Answer: According to the film the economy of the community in the Oromia region solely depends on the production of coffee. Coffee is one of the most traded products with its value only second to the oil industry. However, the people who are benefiting from the coffee industry the most are the trade organizations and larger companies among the world's wealthiest cities. Large corporations are controlling the prices of coffee in an unregular market. The coffee importers have options to protect their stock and the New York “C” contract market sets the prices according to their benefits. The prices of the coffee markets are very unstable and it varies vividly. The majority of the coffee traders in the world reside in New York City and the trade target is more than ten times that of what is produced annually. The big companies like Starbucks, have raged about the opportunities that they provide to people but in reality, their source of the coffee is Ethiopia, where the people are experiencing huge scarcity.

Question: How does coffee production influence the previous economy based on self-subsistence agriculture?

Answer: The Ethiopian government is seeking to find new traders so that they can improve the livelihood of their farmers. They are trying to step out from a pure agricultural commodity to a more functional market product. They are also trying to improve the pricing structure of the country and are moving their pricing strategies from quality than quantity base. The country has made deals with big traders to use local trademark names to encourage local farmers in making quality products. The country also hopes to increase its coffee exports by more than 25 percent. The country has also reached a licensing agreement with Starbucks to cover the distribution and marketing of coffees like Harrar and Sidamo. This agreement means that Ethiopia has now right to three coffee names, however, this is also not enough as Starbucks will still not be made compulsory to pay any royalties to them.

Question: What are the implications of Specialization in coffee production on the country’s economy?

Answer: Coffee is the largest export crop of the Ethiopia economy. The coffee sector in Ethiopia is highly dependent on international rates/prices and is affected by the working structure of the coffee market all over the world. Over sixty percent of the total export revenues of Ethiopia consist of coffee and Ethiopia plays a significant role in the ‘global value chain' as it produces a fine quality of coffees. The farms are being extended for coffee production. Practices like planting cultivars, rejuvenation of aging trees, and strategic pruning have taken place. For the production of high-quality coffee, a better and improved harvesting system has been applied that has given a wonderful output. The performance of marketing has also improved and risen. It is a choice to the farmers to which traders they sell their product and it has resulted in the establishment of the local markets to become competitive. However, over the past few years, the coffee export value has decreased and it has affected the people and the economy of Ethiopia badly. The people that were dependent only on the coffee business are unable to afford even the necessities of life and cannot provide basic education to their children. The national economies are suffering and government funds are collapsing that has put pressure on the education and health of people forcing the government of Ethiopia into debts.

Question: The documentary focuses on the efforts of Tadesse Meskela, who founded a cooperative union. What can be gained from cooperatives and fair trade?

Answer: Many small-scale farmers have tried their best to fight against big established corporations by making unions and benefiting from international fair trade. Many small traders when combine and unify can fight the challenges by forming an organization through the cooperative structure. Small traders are now continuously trying to gain a foothold in the marketplace through gaining and access to knowledge and collective funding. This structure helps a lot in benefiting a country’s economy as the representation in the international market grows a lot through these cooperative structures. Around the world today 97 percent of the coffee is produced by the Fair-trade certified coffee production houses, which shows the immense importance of the structure.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Bonnie And Clyde

Bonnie and Clyde

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Bonnie and Clyde

Introduction

Bonnie and Clyde are one of the most notorious duos in American criminal history. They have made their mark by committing crimes as a couple. It is safe to say that they have the status of being criminal celebrities. The notion of them being in love has given the duo their significance in criminal history. There have been many movies romanticizing the life of the "Glamour Criminals." The notorious couple's actual names were Clyde Chestnut Barrow and Bonnie Elizabeth Parker, but they were just Bonnie and Clyde for the world. The couple wreaked havoc for about two years; they went around robbing banks and pulling pranks till they were taken down by the FBI police force. The criminal lovers and their rebellious love still live on in the American psyche, and to this day, people think of pushing the limits for Splendor. This paper will discuss the lives and history of the glamour criminals Bonnie and Clyde in detail.

Discussion

Both Bonnie and Clyde were Texans and were born in 1909 and 1910. Bonnie was the second child of Emma and Henry Parker. She had two more siblings and they all lived a comfortable life through Henry's job as a bricklayer. That all changed when Henry died in 1914 and Emma moved to Cement City, Texas with her children. Bonnie grew up to be quite beautiful and the one thing that people romanticize about the most is that she stayed gentle even through her criminal life. Bonnie wrote poetry even when she was creating chaos with Clyde.

Clyde, on the other hand, aspired to be an actor or a musician. He was born to very poor parents and they all struggled a lot. Clyde's family ultimately moved to West Dallas and opened a gas station. The robust environment of West Dallas made Clyde quite the rebel. He was fond of fighting and he enjoyed violent activities quite a lot. Prior to the two-year world-renowned crime spree, the couple already made a name as rebellions by committing crimes together. When Bonnie and Clyde first met, it was love at first sight. A few weeks after the duo met, Clyde was sent to jail for two years. Devastated by the arrest, Bonnie ended up smuggling a gun to Clyde in jail which led to his escape. Later, Clyde went back to jail but got early bail via having a fellow convict cut some of his tows. That is when Clyde vowed that he will never go back to jail ever again.

It is a fact that deep in the American Psyche, there exists a stem of guilt for the uncalled genocide of the Native Americans. This fact makes them fascinate and mesmerize every time they see someone willing to break the law to live freely. There is no doubt that the early settlers of America still dream of embracing and living life freely. However, certain shackles are created by the law, which keeps everyone under check. So, Bonnie and Clyde were the exact representation of freedom and living freely that everyone dreamed of; couple in love doing as they pleased regardless of the law enforcement. It is safe to say that Bonnie and Clyde are one of the most romanticized criminals of American history; there have been many movies made in trying to capture the essence of their life. Bonnie and Clyde were Texans, and their crime spree started in the 1930s and took the world by storm. Whenever their name is taken, it is associated with the depression-era chic. A world where men robbed banks and ran away in automobiles and women stylishly smoked on cigars and waved rifles. However, this is the idealistic interpretation that everyone wants to believe, but the actual reality is quite different.

When an idea that represents everyone's wildest dreams rises, there are chances that more fantasy is added to the notion. The same is the case for Bonnie and Clyde; the world looked at them as people who were so in love that no bullet could touch them. People also thought that they were living a luxurious life jumping in money. That is the overly romanticized version of Bonnie and Clyde's story, but the reality is the opposite. The couple lived a very difficult life with the Barrow gang. Their actions were quite clumsy and the crimes they committed were planned incompetently. The couple lived a life hiding, escaping, injured and involved in murders. A few photos of the duo fooling around and waving their guns were released which led to them coming in the limelight. It was then when people started fantasizing and romanticizing about their life. In reality, the life of Bonnie and Clyde that the media represents is a myth. It is interesting how this myth is still kept alive by the constant representation of them living the ideal life by the film industry.

In accordance with history, the couple could be easily romanticized because of the way they committed crimes. Certain researchers believe that the duo being raised in a middle-class family set up is why they chose the criminal life. There is a notion that Bonnie and Clyde would kidnap police officers and drive them around for hours and eventually leave them miles away unharmed. However, this view is a myth. In reality, the couple might be responsible for more than 13 murders inclusive of innocent bystanders. People believe that they lived a life of luxury, and had a lot of money, that is also not true since the couple had to live in a car. It is evident that living in a car is far from luxurious. In fact, the couple would get short of money till their next robbery, so the life they led was difficult and the crimes they committed were rushed and badly planned.

Bonnie and Clyde, in fact, were cartoonish sociopaths. This fact can be best explained by example. Bonnie had a pet rabbit named Sonny Boy who also got fame because of the notorious couple. The rabbit lived in the back seat with all their weapons. The rabbit started to smell because of being dirty since Clyde detested the smell the couple decided to wash it in the river. As rabbits are not used to being in the water, Sonny boy fainted. This stressed the couple out so they built a fire to warm their beloved rabbit. When the rabbit finally regained consciousness Bonnie cuddled it up, but the embrace was interrupted by a police car. This interruption resulted in two police officers losing their life. This event showcases the mental state of the couple quite well. Seven weeks after the incident, the couple was caught along with their beloved Sonny boy and killed by the Texas ranger Frank Hamer.

Conclusion

The glamorized criminals were finally taken down on the 23rd of March 1934 by the FBI. There special manhunt was led by Frank Hamer to take down the notorious couple. Many people believe that maybe this is how they wanted things to end. Being constantly on the run from the police and having a life that is full of stress is not easy. So, this is how the couple decided that they will be going down. As they say, go big or go home. The image and charisma that Bonnie and Clyde left behind still make people fantasize about the life that the duo had. To this day, there have been many copycats who have tried replicating Bonnie and Clyde's glamour and lifestyle.

End Notes

Blumenthal, Karen. Bonnie and Clyde: The Making of a Legend. Penguin, 2018.

Jones, Jeff P. Love Give Us One Death: Bonnie and Clyde in the Last Days. Texas A&M University Press, 2017.

Levy, Wayne. "A brief history of'Metro'." Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 200 (2019): 14.

Ruth, David E. "Bonnie and Clyde." (2017): 287-289.

Selcer, Richard. "Texas Ranger: The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, the Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde by John Boessenecker." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 120, no. 2 (2016): 268-269.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Bonnie And Clyde Critical Thinking Essay

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Bonnie and Clyde: Critical Thinking Essay

Situation in 1930’s America

1930’s was the decade of the Great Depression. The largest stock market crashed in the United States in 1929. The depression caused severe effects on the economy of America as well as the rest of the world. During this time, people suffered from harsh economic, social, and cultural conditions. The American people elected a new President, Roosevelt, who undertook to make the lives of people better. However, this depression lasted until the late 1930's. People were fed up with news updates about the prevalent adverse conditions.

Emergence of Gangs

During the period of the Great Depression, there was a considerable increase in the rate of crimes. People were desperate as they had no jobs and securities. New gangs started to emerge in different parts of the county. Among them was the Barrow gang that was headed by Bonnie and Clyde, a notorious American criminal couple. They attracted the attention of the public very soon because of their particular backgrounds and the attributes of their personalities. People were fascinated by the idea of a romantic, young couple who set out to commit robberies.

Criminal Exploits of Bonnie and Clyde

Bonnie and Clyde, after they first met in 1930, came closer to each other, and Bonnie was attracted to Clyde. She was tired of her routine, boring life and wanted to do something exciting. Later, they started traveling across Central America in pursuit of money. They were accompanied by Raymond Hamilton who was a gunman. During a robbery in Texas, they killed a store owner named Bucher. After a few months, they had an encounter with policemen at a country dance, where they killed a law officer and badly wounded the policemen. Later, they killed Howard Hall when they robbed the store.

In 1933, Buck Barrow, the brother of Clyde, and his wife also joined the gang, which now consisted of five members. They committed bank robberies in Indiana and Minnesota. During these robberies, they even kidnapped several policemen and civilians. They went on to do robberies in different places, which alarmed the security forces and efforts for their hunt became more intense. They robbed banks, stores, and gas stations mostly. In pursuit of these robberies, they committed thirteen murders, including policemen.

Buck Barrow was shot dead during an encounter with police in Lowa and his wife, Blanche, was arrested after a few months they had joined the gang. Bonnie and Clyde managed to escape and moved forward. The sheriff of Dallas, Texas planned to capture the couple by setting up a trap, but it was of no use. In 1934, the couple continued robbing people and killing officers in Texas, Oklahoma, and other areas. They wounded fatally many individuals as a result of which the law and order authorities start chasing them more rigorously.

At last, on May 23, 1934, an ambush was set by a posse of police officers who hid in bushes along the highway. Bonnie and Clyde were seen in the early morning attempting to move ahead. In the meantime, the officers opened fire and both the criminals were shot dead. It was reported that they were shot fifty times in total. A large number of people attended their funerals. They wished to be buried side by side, but it could not happen because their families did not allow that.

Analysis of Characters and the Law Enforcement Response

The reasons behind the crimes of Bonnie and Clyde were social, financial, and of course psychological. Both emerged in an era of unemployment, economic scarcities, and social upheavals. Bonnie and Clyde were remembered because of their friendship and mutual connection. They were a symbol of the worst possible outcomes of the circumstances of their time. They were the misled youngsters whose characters could not have been reformed by the society. They not only robbed people but also killed people. That is why they deserved no mercy from the governing authorities. However, their criminal careers pose serious questions on the social, economic, and cultural conditions of their time.

Clyde belonged to a poor family, and he indulged in crimes to get money and power. Whereas, Bonnie did it all more for satisfying her psychological needs as well as out of her love for Clyde. She wanted more from her life than it could have offered normally. Clyde became a ruthless criminal during his early imprisonments and due to the undisclosed happenings therein, as cited by her sister, Marie. On the other hand, the poems written by Bonnie gave many clues to understand her subconscious and deprivations of life.

Frank Hamer was the team leader of the posse that was set up to encounter Bonnie and Clyde. He was convinced to take charge of this mission by Simmons. The newspapers at that time stated various stories about the crimes of the Barrow gang. This led to increased pressure on the law enforcement authorities to hunt down the outlaws. Hamer spent time in studying patterns and methodologies adopted by the Barrow gang. He ultimately succeeded in putting an end to the story of Bonnie and Clyde.

Critique of the film ‘The Highwaymen’

The Highwaymen is a 2019 movie which can be seen on Netflix. It is a remake of the 1967 film ‘Bonnie and Clyde’. The 2019 film is different from its predecessor in its focus on the characters involved. The new version highlights the characters of Frank Hamer and Maney Gault more than that has been done in the previous version and the historical counts. This is due to the changes in social, cultural, and political environments of the world. The film is a deliberate effort to promote the positive characters of the story and suppress the negative ones. The ultimate goal is to discourage following the footsteps of the notorious criminal couple.

Most of the time, we see the two Texas rangers on screen. There is no charm left with Bonnie and Clyde in this film, and they are presented like ordinary villains of an average story. However, there are scenes in the film that point to the popularity of the criminal couple, and the script is unable to deny their historical charm. The two rangers have certain skills they acquired during their childhood and their long careers, which will enable them to catch and terminate their targets. This is notable that these cops are capable of doing what FBI agents and the other law enforcement authorities cannot do.

The onscreen chemistry of the two lead characters is deep and enjoyable. Their well-performed acts keep the audiences engaged. The content of violence in the movie is huge. Therefore, it is not suitable for sensitive viewers. The original, historical locations have been selected mostly for filming purposes. The subject of the film has been dealt with care and by keeping in view the law enforcement policies of the country.

There might be historical inaccuracy in portraying Bonnie's character. In the film, she has been shown as a professional killer and gun-shooter. Whereas, according to her historical narratives, she never killed anyone ever and might have fired a gun a few times in her entire life. Further, the two rangers have been shown all through the film chasing Bonnie and Clyde, but the criminals stay out of their reach until the last scene. Whereas, the heroes and villains confronted one another not before than the day of the final encounter.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

BOOK EVALUATION

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Book Evaluation

‘TRIANGLE: The Fire That Changed America’ is ultimately a passionate narration of the implications of fire Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire incident in 1911. David Von Drehle has identified in his story that how this historic tragedy became the foundation of an extensive labor reform struggle and safe workplace conditions for the Americans. Drehle has shed spotlight over the political, activism and reform agenda of Tammany Hall for the progressive era of the American. He has argued through his story that the negligence of politicians, policy makers and fire department led to such a tragic incident that caused 146 immigrants deaths in the factory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V9QgQ516","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Linne et al.)","plainCitation":"(Linne et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":455,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IN78CETG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IN78CETG"],"itemData":{"id":455,"type":"book","title":"The New York City Triangle Factory Fire","publisher":"Arcadia Publishing","ISBN":"0-7385-7403-1","author":[{"family":"Linne","given":"Rob"},{"family":"Sosin","given":"Adrienne"},{"family":"Sosinsky","given":"Joel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Linne et al.). He begun with the uprising of shirtwaist workers and their strike ‘Uprising of the Twenty Thousand’ which led to the establishment of the international ladies’ garment workers union. The dramatic hostility among the immigrant working girls and the employers was headed by the Shirtwaist company. It continued for months and in the process, the movement began to expand and attracted suffrage advocates, young college women and activists or reformers as they received attention and consideration. However, the riot ended with a significant yet partial success for the union.

Drehe mentioned that the fire took the lives of not very anonymous people, rather they were the strikers. He has argued it with great conviction in his book after following through the trial of company owners Max Blank and Isaac Harris that they were the ones responsible for the manslaughter. He put the blame on them as the door of the factory was locked which prevented so many worker to escape the fire. The reason for this monstrous thing to do was to make worker’s avoid any additional breaks. He also followed through the creation of the New York State legislative commission which was co-shaired by Al Smith and Robert Wagner. It provided support to the bring about reforms for the factory safety and in its process, the concept of “Urban liberalism’ was invented that would later characterize the Democratic Party for the following years. The political future was based on self-preservation and support of immigrant rights and union reforms. Drehe’s narrative strategy is primarily focused on the individual workers. For him, the uprising was particularly the tale of some specific strikers and the fire incident was tragedy of the individualized victims ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gc1duazA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Manning et al.)","plainCitation":"(Manning et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":456,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/N5AK5MM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/N5AK5MM6"],"itemData":{"id":456,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Triangle Fire: 100 Years of Influence and Analysis","container-title":"History","page":"9","volume":"297","author":[{"family":"Manning","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Ferrell","given":"Claudine"},{"family":"Bales","given":"Mr Jack"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Manning et al.). He also raised the issues related to immigrant rights, safety measurements at workplaces and role of politics in shaping the progressive agenda.

This book is not a scholarly study that can be integrated in the scholarship regarding immigration, labor rights, progressive reforms or several other relevant topics. Drehe has openly mentioned the concept of urban liberalism and new deal policies. His narration themes and arguments have kept historians and academicians from introducing his work into the syllabus for undergraduates. However, there is nothing wrong in studying about any historical event with different perspectives that opens up ways for cognitive thinking about the issues of the time and struggles through the progressive era. This book also provides an insight about the labor rights, negligence, policies and regulations leading to a massive disaster and then how reforms were being brought in the industry to provide safety and basic rights to the labors. And most importantly, he gave identities to the victims of the fire incident and highlighted important figures and activists.Drehe has done exceptional work in introducing political and social transformation and rise of the urban liberalism.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Linne, Rob, et al. The New York City Triangle Factory Fire. Arcadia Publishing, 2011.

Manning, Jack, et al. “The Triangle Fire: 100 Years of Influence and Analysis.” History, vol. 297, 2014, p. 9.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi

Cahokia: ancient America's great city on the Mississippi is the book written by the author Pauketat, Timothy R. It is the fascinating story of a lost city and an unprecedented American civilization. It was published in the year 2010. This is an excellent and very informative piece of literature as it is a great source of theories, and the techniques that are applicable to the archeological things around the world. It is well organized, and closely edited book, published by Penguin Books.

The author of the book Phuket Timothy R. is the American archeologist and the professor of archeology at the University of Illinois. He is most famous for his research at Cahokia, which the key center of the old Mississippian culture. Pauket went to the University of Southern Illinois at Edwardsville and graduated in the year 1983 with the degree of B.S, in archeology. He also did an internship at U.S army corps engineers during college. After that, he worked as a staff archaeologist with the center of American archeology. During the year he pursued an M.A in archeology. Phuket did rich research on Cahokia.

Cahokia was an enormous town erected by an American Indian society near the year 1050 CE upon the east shore of the Mississippi River, adjacent to the current St. Louis. The writer of this volume defines it as 3,200 acres of huge pyramids, large squares, thatched-roofed sanctuaries, dwellings, astrophysical stations and calculated quarters. A town on this stage would have been earnest of attention though it had not survived, amongst it's over and above 120 flat-topped pyramids or knolls, the third leading pyramid in the US. However Cahokia has been essentially overlooked, its past vanished. this book is a tiny, comprehensible, interesting overview to Cahokia and its society.

I was stunned by the sum of the stuff I was not acquainted with. I had factually not ever caught of some of the individuals referred to, such as the Ho-Chunk, one of many groups taken as the broods of the Cahokians.

The archaeological standpoint on Native life for a long time was a white one and polluted by partiality. At the time when Pauketat records that 2 of the very significant diggers of Cahokia, a couple, discovered St. Louis and in the following moment remarks the conurbation strictly isolated blacks and whites in American-style apartheid, one can feel the boundaries of his perception.

In spite of this, I sensed that there is a lot to learn about the effects of discrimination on the research of Cahokia since its traces are palpable in the tale told by Pauketat. During the 1800s majority of whites overtly denied trusting that indigenous populates had constructed the amazing fortifications around them, wondering in its place about a “forgotten race” bushed by the successors.

Till 20th century such misbeliefs had delivered, but then established and inherent prejudice barred professionals from identifying the gauge and intricacy of Cahokia, the reality that it was a real urban, not a sparingly inhabited “ceremonial center.” During the 1970s and 1980s, archaeologists twisted a lot of their proof to fit what Pauketat refers to as the dominant idealistic opinion of American Indians as environmentally delicate lives who would not ever have constructed a town.

In particular, the utmost outstanding effect of prejudice on Cahokia is how much of the urban has been demolished, and how late. Euro American agriculturalists worked down its tombstone for their harvests and purposely demolished a lot of pyramids for expansion. In 1930, St. Louis flattened Cahokia’s 2nd-largest pyramid with a mist shovel.

During the 1940s, a whole inhabited sector (including an in-ground swimming pool) was constructed on the Great Plaza. 2 main roads, 1 from the 1960s, cut through the division of the biggest pyramid and 1 of the key arcades. The result is somewhat as if the administration of Egypt had wrecked the Sphinx at Giza to construct a road.

A lot of the early diggings of the location happened under the central management’s Works Progress Administration, which endorsed lodgings to service out-of-work workers, who appear to have been white folks, in the course of the Despair. offering work for the progenies of the persons who essentially constructed Cahokia did not appear to be a precedence.

In Cahokia, Timothy R. Pauketat claims that Cahokia was a real urban of early America north of Mexico. It was as big as London at that time and was the center of what Pauketat defines as a great uncommon Indian homeland. The Cahokia Embankments National Momentous Place now keeps the 80 knolls that persist from this olden urban, and they are labeled as a World Heritage Site. As a minimum 60 other knolls, and perhaps further, were demolished in the 19th and early 20th centuries, for the duration of the construction of St. Louis.

Cahokia was initially North America’s major pyramid knoll place, perchance covering as many as 200 knolls, comprising the 3rd major pyramid in the New World. Maximum of these pyramids were crowded into an extent 5 miles square, and they were enclosed by a number of houses and extensive places. At the peak of its standing, Cahokia might have been a dwelling to no less than 10000 individuals, with an extra 20 to 30 thousand living in the neighboring zone.

Extensively, not one person was completely sure who had constructed the knolls. Even though it was clear that they had been erected by the hands of humans, it was thought that, instead of being built by Native Americans, they had been completed by a missing race of knoll manufacturers. This imaginary race would have toured sideways the American frontline west of the Allegheny Mountains, from the Ohio Valley and the Mississippi channel, building the secretive knolls. They then would either have been dead by aggressive Native Americans or otherwise have drifted into Central America and would have turn out to be the Aztec and the Maya. Nevertheless, as Pauketat records, the labor of archaeologists and historians has initiated to query long-standing views regarding Native Americans, signifying that they were not essentially as environmentally thoughtful, nonviolent, and mystic as was formerly expected. The developing portrait of Native Americans designates that they were flawlessly proficient at constructing a city and rising an intricate nation.

Pauketat is predominantly involved in the research of Cahokia, which appears around 1050 to have jumped all of a sudden into being what he refers to as the big bang philosophy. Virtually overnight, the structures that molded what is currently titled Old Cahokia were demolished; the zone was flattened; and the ostentatious pyramids, streets, and houses of New Cahokia were raised, making what Pauketat claims were a new principal metropolitan. He records that for this job to attain such speedy progress in so reasonably petite a time period would have needed lots of collaboration, not to refer robust direction and a great populace. Pauketat, therefore, contends that the Cahokia society was either constructed on an agreement or grounded on a philosophy that legitimized the law of the little in the judgments of the numerous.

Whatsoever their administrative edifice, the Cahokians completed quick and radical alterations to their lives. Pauketat hypothesizes that a supernova in 1054, recognized in the New World but not renowned somewhere else, might have been the motivation behind the modification. The Mississippian ethos advanced speedily and then range across the American Midwest into South and on the Great Plains. Its impact can be found in constructions and sculptures, signifying that there was an extravagant distribution of Cahokian arts, which was imitated by indigenous artists and manufacturers consecutively. The motives for the nation’s blowout stay indistinct. Pauketat recommends that in the diffusion of the ethos was related in a way with chunky, a game extensively played between diverse Native American collections for years, which appears to have ascended 1st in Cahokia.

The book is not simply stating that facts aren't just summarizing the ideas about the place. Rather it is giving an insight into the history and the cultural incidents that happen at the time and the civilization of the people who lived there and built the city, also conflicting views about who were the people that built the city. Overall the book is an interesting account of the ancient city and its people and the myths about it

Works Cited

Pauketat, Timothy R. Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City On The Mississippi. Penguin Books, 2010.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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The Kingdom of Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th-Century America

The book “The Kingdom of Matthias: A story of sex and salvation in 19th – century America” written by Paul E. Johnson and Sean Wilentz gives an account of Robert Mathews. This book is a sensational story of a man who would later refer to himself “Matthias”. The book brought to life spiritual and sexual tensions of 19th century America. When we go down the aisle of American history, we witness religion as a deeply rooted phenomenon in American society. The reader would find certain memoirs and stories in the book written by different writers such as Gilbert Vale, William Stones, and Margaret Mathews. In this book, the life of Robert Mathews was constructed by Paul E. Johnson and Sean Wilentz. The construction of Robert Mathews’ history and life owes the stories and memoirs of the three writers named above.

The story of a religious person named Elijah Pierson opens the book. Elijah Pierson considered himself the odd one out in New York City. For he was a religious person and perceived that the licentious lifestyle followed by the people of New York City was immoral. In that time i.e. the mid of 19th-century prostitution coupled with many other immoralities was proliferating. Elijah, being a religious person started preaching people, or precisely preaching only those who would listen to him.

The focal person in this narrative history is not Elijah but Robert Matthias who was enthusiastic and would try to preach his co-workers about God. People normally ridiculed him and that frustrated him. Out of frustration, he would beat his wife Margaret. Margret; a woman whose memoirs and stories have been used by the authors to narrate Mathews' life. He became delusional owing to his ideas about God and proclaimed himself as the “prophet of the God of the Jews”. Robert Mathews; a self-proclaimed prophet, was abusive to his wife and he labelled women as evil. For he considered women the source of temptation and distraction.

The book is fascinating and accounts for the New Evangelical developments, the "Second Awakening," the time when delusions, fundamentalism, and fanaticism instigated latch onto America. The mainstream Christianity was challenged owing to Pentecostalism and Adventism; the two cults brought about by fundamentalism, fanaticism, and delusion. These new sects were also responsible for the inception of strange beliefs regarding God CITATION Moy95 \l 1033 (Moyers). The reading of this narrative tale raises a question in the minds that why, even today, sects exist in America today when their development is so bizarre.

The story continues in a very interesting manner owing to the narrative style of the story. The story is easy to read and the main theme of the story is easy to grasp. The book pictures a religion that has all been forgotten and limited only to the history books. As far as the focus of the story is concerned then it’s very secluded in its focus. However, it exemplifies the varied nature of American society and religion in the 19th century.

The book has been written in a storybook way so, sometimes it is hard to comprehend whether the events in the book are real or not. The story has uniformity, however, when authors write about how the kingdom of Mathews fell down, the story breaks down. One thing is worth mentioning here, the book is a nice representation, rather the introduction of what we call as second awakening in 19th century America CITATION Moy95 \l 1033 (Moyers). Furthermore, a bloated picture of the role of religion and gender is provided by this narrative history. The primary sources for the book are legal records regarding Mathews, journalistic stories, and personal testimonies.

It can also be argued that the kingdom created by Mathews is an attempt to escape the social immoralities of the city at that time. However, the kingdom of Mathews can probably be held responsible for breeding the most dangerous social evil. Such a social evil is termed as polygamy. The most notable sexual escapade presented in the book between Matthews and Folger seems to spoil the entire Matthias movement. This notable sexual escapade also compels the readers to question about the zealots of the movement and intentions of Matthias. The book is not only about the madman proclaiming himself as a prophet and it would be a mistake if that is garnered from the text of the book CITATION Moy95 \l 1033 (Moyers). The book described the broader religious currents, and the impacts they had on the rest of the U.S history.

The authors, through this fascinating tale, asserts that how sexual, racial, and economic condition give rise to apocalyptic sects. The use of shaky resources raises many questions about the book and put a lot of events into question. The sources are not only shaky but also biased as admitted by the authors. Albeit, authors asserted that contradicting and biased sources and events were analyzed critically for the derivation of truth, however, the difference between fact and exaggeration could not be comprehended. At last, this book is a narrative history that strengthens the view of many regarding men i.e. the folly of men. The book is worth reading for the people who have an interest in US history and are curious about the evolution of the religious sects in American society. If someone asks to suggest another name for this book, then that might be “fascinating tale of a false prophet”.

Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY

Moyers, James C. Book Review - The Kingdom of Matthias Without Sin. 1995. 2019. <https://www.icsahome.com/book-reviews/book-review-the-kingdom-of-matthias-without-sin-csj-12-1-1995>.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis

A wide divergence of cultures has inspired only a few researchers; those who have had an insight into Native American cultures. As far as Edward Curtis is concerned; he was a photographer of exceptional skills who devoted no less than thirty years of his life to capture Native American Indians through his camera. The short night of the shadow catcher is a twenty-volume set of photographs published between 1907 and 1930. Edward Curtis wanted to document each and every aspect of Native American tribe that existed and followed prior to the invasion of European missionaries, land grabbers, railroads, and fences. Every culture appropriates everyone else's culture if it fits with their lifestyle. If they change the culture to fit their own culture does that mean it's not their own culture but appropriated from someone else's culture? For the most part this is nothing more than some far-left this person's view that no one should ever utilize anything that's practical from someone else's culture ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qMOqA2A7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mifflin)","plainCitation":"(Mifflin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/L6T67GBZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/L6T67GBZ"],"itemData":{"id":1465,"type":"article-journal","title":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis by Timothy Egan","container-title":"The American Indian Quarterly","page":"116–119","volume":"38","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher","author":[{"family":"Mifflin","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mifflin). It is mean-spirited at least and small-minded at best.

Edward Curtis, through his photography, depicted that Europeans by that time already had a tribal mindset of their own which put them in the very middle of all things right and proper; they had kings, anointed by God, they had the best Navy, the best Army-  they were the center of the world.  This new land was obviously theirs by divine right- it had been taken in the name of the King, and so belonged to them- the savages- and that word was meant very descriptively- were, unquestionably, not as worthy as they, themselves. The photographs also show that the native population was an obstacle to the settlers’ certainty in their right to conquer, believing themselves superior to any group with different physical attributes and social behaviors. In the 19th century the elimination and/or subjugation of the indigenous peoples by the European invaders was justified as their undeniable right, their “manifest destiny”. Europeans came to “North America” as conquerors as they did in colonial India, Africa, Australia and other parts of the world where the native populations were always viewed as a lower form of humanity, brutes to be used as tools, and if untamable, beaten or killed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ldNKwRys","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scherer)","plainCitation":"(Scherer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1464,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/86RI33MV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/86RI33MV"],"itemData":{"id":1464,"type":"book","title":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Scherer","given":"Joanna Cohan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Scherer). The European settlers were “friendly” to the native population when the natives were useful to them. As soon as the settlers got the upper hand, they viewed “Indians” as expendable, at best, but usually regarded them as vermin to be exterminated. “Racial superiority” is still alive and thriving among a significant segment of the present American population who like to think themselves a higher form of human being; they too are “unfriendly” toward others.

Native Americans, as captured by Edward’s camera, were, for the lack of a better word, primitive. Before the arrival of Europeans, they had no horses and (with a few exceptions) no agriculture. A few tribes cultivated maize, but even those had no domesticated animals and had to rely on hunting or fishing to satisfy protein requirements. (The only animal to be domesticated in North America - turkey - was domesticated by Aztecs, taken from there to Spain, from Spain to England, and finally from England back to North America by early settlers.) Even though many tribes picked up horse riding from Europeans, they still remained essentially foragers and that severely limited their possible populations. Through Edward’s photography photographs one can conclude that Native Americans suffered high death tolls due to exposure to Western diseases, but that by itself could only play a very small role, since even losses due to an epidemic with 90% death rate would be fully compensated within 40 years at typical forager fertility rates and result in a partially immune population that would not suffer the same death rate again. The real problem was that, even at levels where they strained the carrying capacity of their land, they couldn't match Europeans in numbers.

Edward Curtis, during his thirty years of taking photographs, depicted that Native Americans had no logistical supply. A few dozen Indians could remain in an area and live off the land for a couple of weeks while combating the settlers. After that Curtis they needed to disperse because the food they could carry and gather from the immediate area would be exhausted. Then they'd had to withdraw. The settlers would just rebuild, fortify and get reinforcements in the form of more settlers and even the army before any Indian response was possible. Now a few dozen braves could accomplish little ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c06NKKRR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schaap)","plainCitation":"(Schaap)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1463,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6YXH38W5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/6YXH38W5"],"itemData":{"id":1463,"type":"article-journal","title":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis (Book Review)","container-title":"Pro Rege","page":"46–47","volume":"42","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher","author":[{"family":"Schaap","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schaap). They could only remain concentrated in an area for a very short time. It just wasn't in their cultural norm to build warehouses, wagon trains, and organize logistical systems to provide for a large army of braves with food and supplies over an extended time period. In addition, it has also been shown in Edward’s work of art; Had the indigenous populations of the Western Hemisphere not been catastrophically vulnerable to Eurasian diseases, I suspect these two continents would have evolved much like Africa in our history. There could have been no wholesale population replacement, although I do think it possible that in certain isolated territories indigenous populations could be overwhelmed, much as they were in the western part of South Africa. There likely would have been some European takeover of the Western Hemisphere, given the scale of Europe’s technological advantage. How the nascent worldwide imperialism of Europe would have evolved had they controlled the wealth and power of populous indigenous cultures in the Western Hemisphere at an early date is anyone’s guess.

One of the most interesting things shown by Edward Curtis is; if the Native Americans did survive the many massacres led by the Union, then perhaps most Native American tribes would have banded together to form one great force that would have definitely be too much to handle for the Union, Maybe then the Union would have left a few states for the Native Americans to live on. And maybe we would learn more about the Native Americans today. But unfortunately. People today in North America killed slaughter and forced the Native Americans to move to unfamiliar place causing their traditions, medicine, and ways of life to remain a mystery. Edward’s work clearly shows that all native American tribes were civilized and many tribes worked well with the colonialist. Even the revolutionary Americans didn’t know what to do with their new land, so Europeans and Native Americans were learning as they went. Western tribes might have worked well with the Americans moving west too, but we’ll never know. Like the eastern tribes, the western tribes might have been happy to take up ranching and farming instead of the nomadic life chasing buffalo ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zhFFjtUP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mifflin)","plainCitation":"(Mifflin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/L6T67GBZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/L6T67GBZ"],"itemData":{"id":1465,"type":"article-journal","title":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis by Timothy Egan","container-title":"The American Indian Quarterly","page":"116–119","volume":"38","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher","author":[{"family":"Mifflin","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mifflin). They too might have built homes near the railroads, opened business, learned English and Christianity, but they weren’t given the chance. Edward’s work narrates that A strong native population of a different race would have necessitated the mixing of the two populations on equal terms. This may have then extended respect to other groups in a totally different way. At the same time the opposite could have happened. Two strong racial groups on both sides of the ocean could have led to huge differences. These differences could have led to extended and bloody war between the two sides (honestly not very different from the History we have now).

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mifflin, Jeffrey. “Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis by Timothy Egan.” The American Indian Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 2014, pp. 116–119.

Schaap, James C. “Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis (Book Review).” Pro Rege, vol. 42, no. 3, 2014, pp. 46–47.

Scherer, Joanna Cohan. Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher. Taylor & Francis, 2015.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Book Review

Book Review

Chadi Jabbour

16 March 2019

The Grapes of Wrath is an American novel written by John Steinbeck. John Steinberg was born in Salinas, California in 1902. He came from moderate family. He studies in college at Stanford University but he did not graduate from there. He went to New York City in 1925. He tried to establish himself as a freelance writer for many years but he got failed. However, he returned to California. Steinbeck published a series of humorous stories Tortilla Flat in 1935 because of which he become known to people. The series were about the Monterey paisanos. He used earthy and harsh humor in those series. After that he moved to more serious fiction which were aggressive in social criticism. He wrote Dubious Battle in 1936, which depicted the strikes of migrant fruit pickers on California plantation. Then he wrote Of Mice and Men by 1937, it is the story of feeble-minded giant Lennie. Also, he wrote the series of short stories collected in The Long Valley in 1938. Steinbeck's novels can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of agricultural work. He published his best work, The Grapes of Wrath in 1939. It is the story of tenant farmers from Oklahoma, those could not earn a living from the land and for that reason they moved to California to become migrant workers. He is the writer of East of Eden which was published in 1952. He also wrote The Winter of Our Disconnect and Travels with Charley. Travels with Charley is a travelogue in which Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a three-month tour in a truck that led him through forty American States. John Steinbeck died in New York City in 1968.

The Grapes of Wrath follow the Joad family's migration from the drought-stricken fields of Oklahoma to California's promising orchards during the Great Depression. This story takes place slowly, with detailed descriptions of the landscape and comprehensive dialogue between the characters. The novel is completely narrated in the third person. The plot of the novel is narrated by an outside observer with an all-seeing perspective. The narrator refers to characters with pronouns like him, she, and she, rather than using the first person's ego voice or narrator referring to you (second person). Third-person narrators may appear distant and disconnected from the plight of their characters; however, this is not the case in Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck's narrator often and passionately expresses frustration with the economic institutions that have to weaken the Joads and others like them. The Joads and other migrant workers face many difficulties, but the characters take these challenges impassibly. They worry, but they are constantly trying to overcome their difficulties. Some characters, such as Casy and Tom, are trying to come to the conclusion that organized action against their tyrants is necessary. At the start, the narrator seems to be very angry and he always advocates resistance to the "big owners” because they exploit the migrant workers. He strongly condemns the economic system that has impoverished the Joads and declares: ''There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success.''

Steinbeck uses the technique of dramatization in the prevalent chapters. He uses collage of vignettes, dialogues and monologues to depict the historical and social processes behind the events in the history of Joads. For example, in Chapter 9 readers can hear the frustration of farmer who were forced to sell their belongings because of the economic system that is out of their understanding, "Can't haul 'em back." The most conspicuous and pervasive style used in the chapters is language and rhythms reminiscent of the syntactic structures of the King James Bible. With the power and authority, the biblical voice, it is included in both final description of floods and opening account of the drought and this becomes the moral center of the novel. The strength and spiritual beauty of this language is clearly shown in the chapter 25. "There is a crime here which goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success: the fertile earth, the straight tree rows, the sturdy trunks, and the ripe fruit. And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange."

The unconventional structure of The Grapes of Wrath, in which the narrative chapters are dispersed with intermediate chapters of general commentary or information, has frustrated and upset readers to this day. Many complain that the chapters are interruptions in the story itself or that they divide the novel into two sections that are loosely related. In chapter 22, Steinbeck gives strongest comments on the nature of religion. Steinbeck illustrated his believes in the character of Mrs. Sandry. He shows the inherit failure of organized religion. Mrs. Sandry talks to Rose of Sharon about the "dancin’ an huggin" and in her discussion with Ma Joad, she says, "I can see your black soul a-burnin'. I see that innocent child in that there girl's belly a-burnin'." Ms. Sandry expresses condemnation and despair in the name of religious fervor. This anxiety and condemnation for Steinbeck is the fanaticism which contradicts the hope that people have.

I would recommend this book for another history class because it reflects history in which former farmer families from Oklahoma and the surrounding states moved to California in the 1930s for being driven out by drought, exploitation, poverty, and lack of opportunities. Steinbeck drew attention to himself through his classic history of the Joad family, giving names and voices to the many faces of the global economic crisis, known as Great Depression.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY NobelPrize.org. “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962.” Accessed October 30, 2019. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1962/steinbeck/biographical/.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Steinbeck, John. 1939. The Grapes of Wrath. California: The Viking Press-James Lloyd.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Book Review Of “Where Have All The Soldiers Gone”

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[HISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY]

[Date]

Book review of "Where have all the soldiers gone."

The book “Where have all the soldiers gone” is a non-fiction, written by one of the famous historian James J. Sheehan, published in 2009. The book belongs to the genre of politics and history. The context of book is set around transformation and radical shift of Europe in terms of culture transitioning into modern Europe. The author has emphasized and examined the European attitudes regarding war as well as about militarism that have changed over the time span of last hundred years and more specifically after the instances of World War I. The author of book places his emphasis on transformation of European society from the War towards the aspect of making a peaceful society. In the book, Sheehan has attempted to cover major political and historical events that happened in Europe during the period of last hundred years.

James J. Sheehan is an American based historian, currently serving at the University of Stanford as a professor of history in the Department of humanities. Major work by Sheehan focuses the Modern European and German history, specifically including the topics of a modern European state, German Empire and the German liberalism. He also formed the American Historical Association (AHA) in 2005. He has been author of many articles and books, including "Political History," and "Democracy." Sheehan has extended his work in this field by providing a detailed account of history with the work like "Where have all the soldiers gone." Along with his writing, he has also been a part of many Historian and Arts societies. Moreover, he has also acquired numerous awards for his research in this specific era of modern European state. Hence, writing, “Where have all The soldiers gone” is an explained context of his lifelong field research.

The general idea around which the whole revolves includes the stance where the war-oriented European mindset and attitudes have gone. Considering the beginning of twentieth century, it was the time, when war was considered as the most legitimate political activity and one of the successful sources, being able to provide price and identity to a state. Comparing the current European mindset and attitudes towards military institution's as nothing but a source of evil, the conflicts of the armies is accounted as one of the failure for political system. Sheehan stresses in his book a central point that there is a huge difference in mindsets and attitudes of Europeans now and before, but this shift has not happened overnight, it has taken hundred years and events during these years including two most devastating world wars for transforming the attitudes toward war. Hence, the whole set of events and major happenings of these years, that lead to this significant transition in the mindsets and attitudes, has been covered in this book by the author. However, those events have been combined in the book as one tale to provide insight to the readers about the shift in the history of Europe.

As the book is written in the postmodern era. Hence, the major themes of this book include the author’s stress on the “civilian state” as he has emphasized in his book as well. Based on this theme, the author has pointed at the idea that the Europeans have lately created a state which has developed as a peace-oriented state, where military is regarded as tolerated entity as compared to the esteemed entity. Furthermore, other themes of the book include the causes of this transformation. However, these themes include the arguments of the author referring to the causes that paved the way for this transformation to happen. It also included the loss of life and widespread destruction after the world wars.

Based upon on the themes of book, like Sheehan some other historians have also provided similar themes and context for this transformation of European society. Such as the Bloch's and Angell's has also pointed at the world war as a destructive incidence for leaving European to consider the war as something which should ever be used to deal the society side by side the destructions it has led are inevitable to regain (Ashworth, 2017). Thus, Sheehan also accounts the world war as one of the significant points in the history of Europe, like the above two historians.

Moreover, as the era of use of politics and war in European society has changed a lot based on modern era of this society. Considering the rise of United States, and its use of war to conquer the supremacy of world, Sheehan has warned European society with this civilian state, the country might have to face some difficulties, as it can be seen in the text “not be an easy matter to absorb this kind of state into Europe’s resolutely civilian politics and culture.”

The book is a good example of publication based on history; best one so far, as the author has described the instances of book in a way of continuous tale. The writings style of author was very prolific, and that is the reason I could not lose interest at any point while reading the book. Moreover, the book can be well suited for the people studying history or political science as it will provide with the insight of the after effects and transformations of European history. Also, the book combines major events of modern European society in a coherent and continuous tale, making the book worth reading for. Hence, based on all these aspects I would like to recommend it for the way it is written as well as the information that presented in it.

Works Cited

Ashworth, L. M. (2017). Creating international studies: Angell, Mitrany and the liberal tradition. Routledge.

Sheehan, J. J. (2009). Where have all the soldiers gone?: the transformation of modern Europe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Bookevaluation

Book Evaluation

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Book Evaluation

TRIANGLE: The Fire That Changed America

By

Dave Von Drehle

The book titled Triangle: The Fire that Changed America is about a case that had come to see in the shape of fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York in March 1911. The book is about that case where the factory claimed that the lives of 146 individuals including males and females with a huge number of young women are blazed by the fire in the factory in only 30 minutes.

Author’s Argument

Based on the facts and figures as well as other relevant information about the case and situation are the sources and shreds of evidence that strengthen the argument presented by the author in his book titled Triangle: The Fire that Changed America. the book and argument of the author can be considered as strong because both the book and argument presented almost cover every aspect of the case “largest industrial disaster” ever happened in the history of America and New York City. The argument given by the author of the book says that this largest industrial disaster has changed even the entire course of politics of the region and country as well as amended the entire system and policies of labor relations and this is one of the reasons because of that the book has been written.

Despite, the author is stating in his book that the disaster was a killing and unstoppable case because it spread in the factor within few minutes while everyone in the city and out of the factor in the horror as the workers of the factory were jumping to their deaths while it was the actual scene and reality that the author present through his book about the disaster and this is considered as the major point of the author’s work (book).

Supporting the Argument

There are more than a few things that can be taken to support the argument of Dave Von Drehle. As mentioned above, the author of the book “Triangle: The Fire that Changed America” is based on strong facts, information, and analysis about the case of disaster, the author supported his argument in the book by gathering every possible information about the case while analyzing that information to catch up the facts.

Additionally, the author supported his argument by providing even the entire scene of the disaster. The scene of the disaster has been presented in a way that makes the reader like watching the scene him/herself. An example of it is the author very clearly states the number of individuals (workers) blazed by the fire, duration the spread in, floors that impacted the most, and how the workers were jumping from the building.

In terms of sources used by the author, both primary and secondary sources and data from them have been used. For the purpose, the author has gathered survey to gather primary data about the case while have used information mostly from agency reports and other news articles (quotes has been added).

Evaluation and Conclusion

The book “Triangle: The Fire that Changed America” can be found almost an incredible piece of work for every student who is concerned to know about the worst happening ever faced by united states. The book and author’s argument convinced me because; first, it is highly a fact-based study and work done the second is the argument has been presented in a novelist manner than as a historian that draws the audience in the different scene if the book. Concisely, the book can be found hugely appropriate to the students of two fields; one is students who study History and the second is the students who study Business and Corporate Management.

This is the valued book for those students because it reveals history on one side while it briefly elaborates on how and why the management and corporate strategies and policies especially about labor and human resource got changed.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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