Argumentative Essay: The Twentieth Century and the Violence that Followed
This essay is based on the interpretation and narratives which are regarded as the age of violence, genocide, and terror. By using the historical examples such as civil wars, and genocide. Bloody, dark and savage is the description of the twentieth century which causes several deaths. In this century some of the great events occurred which include WWI, WWII, forced displacements and deportation. The period of the twentieth century was completely based on the war as well as mass annihilation for racial, national, political reasons and identity as well. On the other hand, the twentieth century witnessed advancement in science, communication, technology as well as cultural, religious and racial tolerance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). Though, it is obvious that the twentieth century cannot only be marked in terror and violence terms but it is difficult to imagine the twentieth century without these variables.
In short, the twentieth century regarded as the violence history or violent century in human history based on the loss of human lives as a result of racial, identical and political wars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). This century can be characterized as the complex phenomena which consist of repression, uprising, ethnic conflict, genocide and ethnic ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). It can also define through civil wars with the period of post-war. It also includes the national displacement and national displacement on a large-scale. It also consists of extreme violence process against entire groups and individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xu3IUqaG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). From Africa to Europe and from Asia to America, thus the twentieth century was the fascism and revolution century but also the century of democracy and science. However, most of the historians record this century as the genocide, violence and terror century. In this essay, I include particular traits of this violence politics by contemporary history narrative that focused the twentieth century as the violence century.
The main mechanism of the twentieth century defined as war and violence. In the violence history alongside the openly violent as well as the elimination of political culture. The identification and politics are the major motives of such situation justification. The first half of the European 20th century is the most studied period of recent decades ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). However, this period not only studied as the politics of violence and in general drawn as the common characteristic of the research methodology. Three characteristics referred to about the twentieth century. Initially, violence caused by human conflict. According to Drink Moses, “when I voiced my doubts about the concept’s applicability to the context of the Spanish Civil War, genocide is not a historical exception, but an almost constant feature throughout the history of humanity”. This mechanism secondly reduced to various repeatable and comparable behavior in various places and times ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). It is explained as the metaphors series which take in the victims’ identification and the violence functionality. Thirdly the twentieth century surrounds the 1945 watershed period in the second half of the century which is free from the collective violence that is focused exclusively on 30 year period from 1914 to 1945.
The theoretical period tools used to analyze the process such as civil war, genocide, and murder which remain no more than twenty years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8Dh3eMfp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Spartacus Educational\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Spartacus Educational”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":333,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"itemData":{"id":333,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The Spartacus Educational website provides a series of free history encyclopaedias. Entries usually include a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is linked to other relevant pages in the encyclopaedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hyper-linked so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper and organization that produced the material.","container-title":"Spartacus Educational","language":"en","title":"Spartacus Educational","URL":"https://spartacus-educational.com/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Spartacus Educational”). The changes mostly occurred in territorial control and political governance management. After the cold war ended, with the economic resources globalization, this led to the necessary means for analyzing the contemporary reality which was also applicable in the collective violence field. It grows complexity long before related to the historical analysis field. For instance, it is apparent that the increase in the rapid genocide study from the 1990s. However, the theoretical debate is intense and rich since the end of WWII. Indeed, violence is the central theme that promotes a conceptual approach between science, sociology, histography, and anthropology. Political science is the major tool that tackled violence through the predictability perspective ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). In most cases, the political science notion referred to violence historical mechanism with political objective, nature, and explanation. This century always given the reference to terrorism as mass killing and the political motive was its prevention.
The collective violence specifically comes through the social sciences. It is the prerequisite of present and future assumptions from past knowledge ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). Consequently, the twentieth-century violence is much relevant to collective violence scrutiny. Through this perspective, the authors narrated that violence can only be avoided when its repetition is prevented. For acquiring this loft goal, the world can be divided into several categories such as the components of race, people and class. Historians analyzed such behaviors through mathematical formulas, analytical diagrams, and behavior charts. Recently, the 20th century is often termed as the century of genocide. It is described as the result of unexpected and extreme aggression specifically on innocent and defenseless victims that are mostly racial and religious groups. In which these groups are often stereotyped and identified by the other groups. The inflicted violence might have causes, forms, and consequences that respond to the pre-established recognizable plan for the elimination of this victim category. Consequently, because of forced displacement and mass killing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CHTPqdcv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Spartacus Educational\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Spartacus Educational”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":333,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"itemData":{"id":333,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The Spartacus Educational website provides a series of free history encyclopaedias. Entries usually include a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is linked to other relevant pages in the encyclopaedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hyper-linked so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper and organization that produced the material.","container-title":"Spartacus Educational","language":"en","title":"Spartacus Educational","URL":"https://spartacus-educational.com/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Spartacus Educational”). Such violence elements generate the terror process and explain with others such as political repression.
When Europe is analyzed in the context of the 20th century, it is known in contemporary destruction dynamics and violent progression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k8FJb7BZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Spartacus Educational\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Spartacus Educational”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":333,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/9TADJWD4"],"itemData":{"id":333,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The Spartacus Educational website provides a series of free history encyclopaedias. Entries usually include a narrative, illustrations and primary sources. The text within each entry is linked to other relevant pages in the encyclopaedia. In this way it is possible to research individual people and events in great detail. The sources are also hyper-linked so the student is able to find out about the writer, artist, newspaper and organization that produced the material.","container-title":"Spartacus Educational","language":"en","title":"Spartacus Educational","URL":"https://spartacus-educational.com/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Spartacus Educational”). It is noteworthy that without war the violence rates are mostly lower. Such as violence on the Armenian minority in Turkey which provided the functional and legal context for global war. In Spain, the killing rates are the result of collective violence and political persecution which include forced labor mostly after the end of state war. Throughout the Fascism protracted age, the greatest violence occurred on the Italian soil which occurred in the WWII context and relation to Liberation and Civil War. Throughout the era of the 20th century, Italy gave the violence examples in Mussolini’s which results in hundreds of arrests which consist of violence diverse range including the political, racial and colonial nature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). Although, despite for the permanent elimination of violence. The violence policy was quite considerable for violence evocation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x3kdV7kD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kang et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ALSDU3VW"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"83-88","title":"The public’s opinions on a new school meals policy for childhood obesity prevention in the US: A social media analytics approach","volume":"103","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongsong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang et al.). The European major collective violence occurred under the auspices and because of the war process results. With a global perspective, genocide is not always analyzed in the context of war. The 1933 Ukrainian Holodomor and 1950 massacre in China were not related directly to the military confrontation.
Through the combined analysis of the 20th century combined violence considered in different lights (Fang). The war superimposition and the internal conflicts made the twentieth century dark and bloody. The civil from 1918 to 1947 and the two world wars happened from 1914 to 1919 and 1939 to 1945. Wars were based on the superimposed phenomena that gave rise to great violent conflicts. It is reasonable to regard the 20th century as the most violent in the history of Europe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"liAjbHNZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kawakami)","plainCitation":"(Kawakami)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":330,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/5LTJSF4Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/5LTJSF4Q"],"itemData":{"id":330,"type":"book","abstract":"The metadata below describe the original scanning. Follow the \"All Files: HTTP\" link in the \"View the book\" box to the left to find XML files that contain more metadata about the original images and the derived formats (OCR results, PDF etc.). See also the What is the directory structure for the texts? FAQ for information about file content and naming conventions.; A world unsafe for democracy / Isoh Yamagata -- The Monroe doctrine and the League of nations / Rikitaro Fujisawa -- Mikadoism / R. Oda -- Japan's defective constitutional government / Yukio Ozaki -- Liberalism in Japan / Sakuzo Yoshino -- Japan's navalism / Tetsutaro Sato -- Militarism and navalism in America / Henry Satoh -- Harmony between East and West / Takashi Hara -- The war's effect upon the Japanese mind / Masahur Anesaki -- Illusions of the white race / Marquis Okuma -- The \"white\" problem in Asia / an anonymous writer -- The Japanese question in America / Shimpei Gogo -- Can Japan be Christianized? / M. Zumoto -- Appendix: The Yap controversy","call-number":"DS841 .K3","language":"eng","number-of-pages":"248","publisher":"New York : Macmillan Co.","source":"Internet Archive","title":"What Japan thinks","URL":"http://archive.org/details/cu31924023233327","author":[{"family":"Kawakami","given":"Kiyoshi Karl"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,15]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["1921"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kawakami). As it consists on the series of internal conflicts and civil wars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KuBCihdj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rodrigo)","plainCitation":"(Rodrigo)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":327,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/F4SNLPH2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/F4SNLPH2"],"itemData":{"id":327,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"This paper looks at major European twentieth-century narratives and interpretations that have seen it as an age of violence, terror and genocide. Using examples from historiographical debate and the analysis of specific historical processes (including the debates on genocide, concentrationary systems, civil wars and the Holocaust), it addresses both the characteristics of those narratives and some of their limitations and conceptual edges. Finally, the conceptual proposal put forward seeks to analyze, through historical contingency, continuities and discontinuities in the history of European collective violence.","container-title":"Culture & History Digital Journal","DOI":"10.3989/chdj.2014.014","ISSN":"2253-797X","issue":"2","language":"en","page":"014","source":"cultureandhistory.revistas.csic.es","title":"Dark, bloody and savage: Twentieth-century European violence and its narratives","title-short":"Dark, bloody and savage","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Rodrigo","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",12,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rodrigo). It was also the era of mass execution, implemented and maintained dictatorship by civilian bloodshed. This essay analyzed the violent process and provides the understanding of historic relationship which can be established between them. However, several technological advancements happened in the twentieth century but collective violence made the twentieth century bloody.
Work Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kang, Yin, et al. “The Public’s Opinions on a New School Meals Policy for Childhood Obesity Prevention in the US: A Social Media Analytics Approach.” International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 103, 2017, pp. 83–88.
Kawakami, Kiyoshi Karl. What Japan Thinks. New York : Macmillan Co., 1921. Internet Archive, http://archive.org/details/cu31924023233327.
Rodrigo, Javier. “Dark, Bloody and Savage: Twentieth-Century European Violence and Its Narratives.” Culture & History Digital Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, Dec. 2014, p. 014. cultureandhistory.revistas.csic.es, doi:10.3989/chdj.2014.014.
