XAP Task 1
YourName (First M. Last)
Name of School/Institute (University at Place or Town, State)
XAP Task 1
Quantitative Journal:
Introduction:
The article “Nurse-Driven Protocol to Reduce Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections” is the research paper related to Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). It is one of the major infections acquired from the hospital. The scientific research is made to use the nurse-driven protocol to decrease the Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The main purpose of the study is to improve the quality of the hospitals with the help of the medical-surgical units and nursing staffs. It is assumed that through evidence-based prevention can be useful to resolve the issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lgPHDWwP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hamilton, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Hamilton, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBRVGAWG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBRVGAWG"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nurse-Driven Protocol to Reduce Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections","page":"78","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hamilton","given":"Elva"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hamilton, n.d.).
Review of the literature:
Most of the literature research is made from the web. The main sources that are used for literature review include governmental organizations, professional health care organizational data along with some databases obtained from Cumulative index to allied health literature. The articles used for review are generally from the year 2013-18. Literature review covers the research factors including; urinary tract, infections, prevention tool for infection, guidelines for CAUTI prevention use, useful agencies, nurse-driven protocol, and role of information technology. The literature on all these elements helped the researcher analyze the efficient result for the case.
Data Analysis:
The research used a quantitative design to collect data. A group of twenty-eight nurses from a South Florida hospital became a volunteer for the research. An educational intervention was delivered. A demographic survey was also administered for protests and post tests on the Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. To analyze the acquired data, 2-proportion z-test was used. The other methods for data analysis include paired t-test and descriptive statistics.
Methodology:
The research method used in the project is a descriptive method. Within the descriptive method, a demographic survey is conducted. Also, an educational intervention was delivered to the selected nurses of South Florida hospital. Samples were collected from based on standardized evidence protocol. Later through test was conducted to analyze the descriptive and sampling data and result was explained with the help of test values and result in tables.
Evidence:
The evidence in all four areas of the journal supports the results and implications of the research and can be used for future research. In the introduction section, scholars have used the evidence from the previous researches which indicates that four lac annual fatalities happened due to the medical error in America. Most of the deaths result provides evidence that the infection is acquired from the hospital and was preventable. Evidence from the Institute for healthcare improvement is used which reveals that about eighty percent of UTIs are linked with indwelling urinary catheters. This evidence is supporting the outcome of the result which indicates that the main reason of the infection is due to the safety issues of the patients in the hospitals and for future research, it will be significant as it is indicating the most crucial factor related to the research.
In review of literature, many articles have highlighted the evidence, factors, and recommendations for the Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Evidence of literature review explains that improvement of patient’s outcome is the core element in the evolution of healthcare. Hospitals, their management, professionals, and regulatory agencies are working to make hospitals free of infections that are causing CAUTIs and HAIs. Implications show that nurses can play a vital role to improve the quality of the hospital environment and reduce CAUTIs in hospitals. The scientific evidence supports the establishment of an evidence-based protocol for nurses. The evidence is useful for the project as it highlighted the role of nurses for the Catheter-associated urinary tract infections prevention. Also, it can be used in future research to make nurses more efficient and for hospital betterment.
In the methodology and analysis section, evidence used is relevant to the project and useful for future research. For instance, evidence in both the section used was of twenty-eight nurses who helped in developing the data through intervention program and survey based on their knowledge and skills obtained by the protocol. The evidence is the main result of the project which indicates the importance of nurses in Catheter-associated urinary tract infections prevention and for future researches where this method can be used to improve the evidence-based protocol.
Ethical consideration:
The protection of human subjects and cultural considerations were addressed by the researchers. The project was started after the approval from the Nova Southeastern University Institutional Review Board. The approval was taken on the basis that the researcher will make sure to minimize risk to human subjects. Researches added into the literature review were properly cited, and references were provided at the end of the project. This shows that researchers have taken the human subject into consideration and avoided any plagiarism. They have developed an original work.
To take care of ethical consideration, researchers have provided an approval letter to the nurses who participated in the project. The letter was given to the participants prior to the project process in which they have informed them all the important information like nature, time, risks, and benefits related to the project. A participant agreed to the letter as a volunteer; there was no penalty on withdrawing at any time. Further their personal information was confidential. They have filled the questionnaire as being an anonymous person.
The University of the Participants was their identity while their personal information like name, age, education, and occupation was confidential. Furthermore, the documents were kept into the locker to ensure the privacy of the participants.
Strength and limitation:
Every research has some strengths and limitations. This project has also some specific limitations and strengths. The limitations of the project are the sample size. There were only twenty nurses who participated in the project. The project is made to analyze the result for all nurses from the population where the representation of the project through only twenty nurses was weak. The small size of the sample cannot represent all nurses. Another limitation of the project was the unknown number of the patents. The total number of the patients with CAUTIs was not added in the project. This weakness limited the value of the projects.
Besides the limitation of the project, there were some strengths as well. For instance, the research was well accepted by the nurses, and the result shows the role of the nurses in CAUTIs prevention. Also, a well-structured approach was made for nurses. It helped the nurses to identify the interventions easily. The protocol development was useful to upgrade the hospitals for the betterment of the patients.
Current Nursing Practice:
The literature review section has some evidence which informs the current nursing practice. Also, the questionnaire that nurses filled showed their current knowledge and skills for the CAUTIs. Theoretical framework addressed the structures and processes which highlighted the current nursing practices and outcome of the protocol prevention. Also, the nursing practice section in the significance of the project informs the current nursing process. It implies that infection control is one of the core focuses of the nurses today. The positive response over the questions asked in the questionnaire indicated that nurses today, are familiar with the problems like CAUTIs and are looking forward to playing their role for the prevention of inflection that is hospital acquired.
Qualitative Journal
Introduction:
The article “A qualitative study exploring the value of a catheter passport” explores the communication gap between the patients and nurses. The reason behind the research was to highlight the problem that is over thirty-seven percent of patients had no statement about the catheter on their discharge slips. They are unaware of the safety measure that is required to be safe from the infection. One basic reason for the problem is the communication gap ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DNTTU9CB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jaeger, Fox, Cooney, & Robinson, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Jaeger, Fox, Cooney, & Robinson, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/LCMC2ZD6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/LCMC2ZD6"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"article-journal","title":"A qualitative study exploring the value of a catheter passport","container-title":"British Journal of Nursing","page":"857-866","volume":"26","issue":"15","source":"Crossref","DOI":"10.12968/bjon.2017.26.15.857","ISSN":"0966-0461, 2052-2819","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Jaeger","given":"Melanie De"},{"family":"Fox","given":"Fiona"},{"family":"Cooney","given":"Geraldine"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Jacqueline"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",8,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jaeger, Fox, Cooney, & Robinson, 2017). Nurses do not convey basic knowledge about the infection and health care to the patients which sometimes turned into a severe infection. Three main themes are developed through the project it includes; informing nursing, informing patients, and supporting the transition.
Review of the literature:
There is no section of the literature review in the project. Researchers did not discuss the previous researches in the separate section. They have added information from the other research throughout the project which is directly linked to their topic. For instance, in the introductory paragraph they have added the result of some other research, which indicated the profound impact of the catheter over the human health not only physically but also psychologically and socially.
Data Analysis:
The project is based on qualitative data. Qualitative data includes an interview and a questionnaire filled by the focused groups. Thematic analysis was the method chosen by the researchers. Through thematic analysis, suitable interpretive and descriptive data was collected. Three participants groups were arranged, these groups were divided, and the topic/project was identified to all participants. The division of groups was made manually, i.e. through the collaborative process. The process was used between research nurses and qualitative researchers. They both made discussion and codes were compared to identify the themes.
Methodology:
The research is made on qualitative data. The main focus of the study is made between nurses and patients. Therefore, the study was developed to get information about the experiences of both nurses and patients through catheter passport. The results are developed by analyzing these interviews and free text questionnaire. Thematic analysis was chosen because it is a flexible tool for research. Participants above eighteen became part of the research. Purposive sampling was the method that was used to collect the information from the patents while for nurses focus groups were developed.
Evidence:
Evidence related to projects was discussed in detail within the section "improving catheter care." Evidence indicates that while patient gets a discharge with improper or incomplete information related to their catheter, it affects their health in many ways. The main effect that patients face includes social and psychological adjustment. This evidence was taken from past research that was conducted in 2007. Researchers have cited the evidence in a proper manner so it would not affect the credibility of their project. The evidence further argues over the relationship between the patient and hospital staff. The hospital trust is the main factor which can control the catheter infection and therefore become a crucial element of the study. Researchers have used the action of the hospital to take care of their patient, and regarding enough information, they need to provide are considered the main theme of the project. Therefore the same evidence is used in the introduction section to let the readers know about one of the main themes of the project.
As there is no separate section for literature review, therefore, evidence cannot be discussed for this section. Evidence within the data analysis is used which indicates the performance of the nurses and satisfaction of the patient. Evidence shows that many patients complained and explained the fact that no prior information was granted before they got discharged from the hospital. The people above 18 shared their experiences. Another evidence was used based on the guidance provided to the patients. The finding of the research shows that the patients who have proper knowledge about the infection became part of self-care and infection rate among these people is very less. The guidance was provided by the hospital which decreases the gap between the patient and hospital.
The methodology section has not discussed any evidence; rather the researchers used the evidence discussed in the introduction section is the core in for their research. They conducted a questionnaire based on the question that arises from this evidence. Not only questionnaire but interviews also revolved around that one basic evidence. Therefore we can conclude that although different evidence throughout the project is discussed the one discussed in the introduction was the base of the project. It is useful for the results, findings, and future researches.
Ethical consideration:
The project showed the proper ethical consideration. The project was started after taking approval from the research ethics committee NHS. The approval letter ensures that ethics consideration would be the priority while doing the research. As research is based on qualitative data which was collected through interviews and questionnaire, that means different people and their personal information was required to make the sample for analyzing. The researchers took approval from the nurses and patients who were recently discharged from the particular hospitals.
For ensuring the ethical consideration, researchers created a comfortable environment for the patients who were unable or uncomfortable to give the interview. The researchers conducted the interviews on the telephone for the patients’ convenience. Besides these all personal information including the phone number, address, age, name of both patients and nurses were confidential. Even the names of hospitals were not listed to provide the proper privacy for both groups of participants.
Strength and limitation:
The limitation of the project is the small sample size. Few patients and nurses were the participants and data was collected through their information. Due to the small sample size, knowledge gathered through interviews and questionnaire cannot be considered as the representative data for the whole population. Another limitation of the project is related to the nurses. Many participant nurses who filled the questionnaire had no catheters passport, and also only five nurses had contacted to researcher personally.
The strength of the project is the presentation of answers given by the nurses and patients. Mostly researchers make tables and analyze the data, but in this project, researchers have shared the responses of the patient which make their project more credible. The sample size was small still researcher successfully highlighted the three theme for their research and result to present some useful information that can be used by nurses for improvement and researchers for further research.
Current Nursing Practice:
The evidence shows the gap between nurses and patient indicating the current nursing practice. It indicates that current nursing practice is not efficient. The relationship between the patient and nurses should be improved. Beside this, a proper training program is required. Through nursing training, they can enhance their skill of communication as well as can learn about how to teach the patient and their families about basic health care so that patient can adopt self-care after being discharged. The hospital should play their role to decrease the gap between nurses and patients. Nurses are not providing guidance to the patient that they should provide for the infection prevention.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hamilton, E. (n.d.). Nurse-Driven Protocol to Reduce Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections, 78.
Jaeger, M. D., Fox, F., Cooney, G., & Robinson, J. (2017). A qualitative study exploring the value of a catheter passport. British Journal of Nursing, 26(15), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.15.857
