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Stages of Dying
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Stages of Dying
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was the psychiatrist who developed the theory about the stages of grief that an individual may face after losing loved ones. The five stages include; Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"y2vrOjcN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bregman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Bregman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":710,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WYYTIZ53"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WYYTIZ53"],"itemData":{"id":710,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dying in Five Stages: Death and Emotions in Kübler-Ross and Her Influence","container-title":"Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies","page":"33-61","volume":"2","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","abstract":"This essay focuses on the famous “five stages of dying”, an emotion-based psychological understanding of dying presented by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her book On Death and Dying (1968). Beginning with previously held views on dying in North America that were shaped by religion, and the increased impact of medicalised death in hospitals as a primary environment for dying, Kübler-Ross offered a framework for understanding the rich emotional experiences of the dying, guiding readers to frame dying as emotional coping with impending loss. The essay then discusses in detail the emotional content of each of the stages, especially anger, depression and acceptance. The influence of this model is documented in the appropriations of it by authors of many post-Kübler-Ross autobiographies where personal experiences of terminal illness, for the most part, support Kübler-Ross' ideas, but also expose its limits. While the role of religion was minimal in the book, this emotion-based model for dying has impacted North American religious ideas as well. Whatever the empirical weaknesses of the five-stages model, it continues to be familiar and popular within society's language about death and dying.","ISSN":"2412-611X","title-short":"Dying in Five Stages","author":[{"family":"Bregman","given":"Lucy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bregman, 2017). However, these stages can be applied in any life area that is in personal life or professional life.
Denial:
Denial is the first stage in which individuals try to figure out what is actually happening in his life. What should he do, what he can do to avoid the issue? For instance, an individual comes to know that his car is damaged and needs repairing which he cannot afford.
Anger:
Anger is the second stage where the individual lost his control over the situation and show aggression. The emotions of frustration or aggression develops which sometimes make the situation worse. For instance, individual faces traffic jam which impacts the schedule of the whole day, such situation can develop the emotion of anger.
Bargaining:
At this stage, people try to promise in hope of getting something in return. For instance, student bargains to the teacher to forgive for the last time and promise that next time they will submit their work on time. These kinds of promises lie under bargaining.
Depression:
In this stage, individuals find difficult to cope with the issue. They show aggression, frustration but become unable to find the solution. Depression makes easy tasks more difficult. For instance, a person loses his job and unable to find a new one. Besides finding a job, there is nothing he can do which can make him depress ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O1FnIf0u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stroebe, Schut, & Boerner, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Stroebe, Schut, & Boerner, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":714,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/M6KXJP6B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/M6KXJP6B"],"itemData":{"id":714,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cautioning Health-Care Professionals","container-title":"Omega","page":"455-473","volume":"74","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Science and practice seem deeply stuck in the so-called stage theory of grief. Health-care professionals continue to “prescribe” stages. Basically, this perspective endorses the idea that bereaved people go through a set pattern of specific reactions over time following the death of a loved one. It has frequently been interpreted prescriptively, as a progression that bereaved persons must follow in order to adapt to loss. It is of paramount importance to assess stage theory, not least in view of the current status of the maladaptive “persistent complex bereavement-related disorder” as a category for further research in DSM-5. We therefore review the status and value of this approach. It has remained hugely influential among researchers as well as practitioners across recent decades, but there has also been forceful opposition. Major concerns include the absence of sound empirical evidence, conceptual clarity, or explanatory potential. It lacks practical utility for the design or allocation of treatment services, and it does not help identification of those at risk or with complications in the grieving process. Most disturbingly, the expectation that bereaved persons will, even should, go through stages of grieving can be harmful to those who do not. Following such lines of reasoning, we argue that stage theory should be discarded by all concerned (including bereaved persons themselves); at best, it should be relegated to the realms of history. There are alternative models that better represent grieving processes. We develop guidelines to enhance such a move beyond the stage approach in both theory and practice.","DOI":"10.1177/0030222817691870","ISSN":"0030-2228","note":"PMID: 28355991\nPMCID: PMC5375020","journalAbbreviation":"Omega (Westport)","author":[{"family":"Stroebe","given":"Margaret"},{"family":"Schut","given":"Henk"},{"family":"Boerner","given":"Kathrin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stroebe, Schut, & Boerner, 2017).
Acceptance:
Individual tries to solve the issue if he gets the solution in early stage then it is not necessary that he comes to the last stage. For instance, student faces difficulty in assignment after showing anger, stress, and bargaining he somehow manages to complete it then there is no stage of acceptance. However, when an individual has no access to change the situation then he accepts the change with time.
Response to Jaime:
Yes, it is the last week and we have learned so much in the past few weeks. The point that you have raised that life stressors lead to the stages of dying. We have studied earlier that life events change our psychological development which implies that sudden changes or unexpected events can bring these stages of dying in our life. For instance, an individual gets arrested by the police and their parents thinks that their son is innocent. They, therefore, can face the stages of denial, anger, bargaining, and depression ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d4BvkOjV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mahmood, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Mahmood, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":711,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/UIE3LR8Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/UIE3LR8Q"],"itemData":{"id":711,"type":"article-journal","title":"Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying and phenomenology of grief","container-title":"Annals of King Edward Medical University","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"annalskemu.org","URL":"https://annalskemu.org/journal/index.php/annals/article/view/882","DOI":"10.21649/akemu.v12i2.882","ISSN":"2079-0694","journalAbbreviation":"1","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Kaiser"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mahmood, 2006). However, if the son is arrested for the crime that he actually committed then parents will come to the stage of acceptance as there will be no other way to handle the situation. The factors discussed including living situation, loss of income, changes in your social life, or losing friends, and more are the events that run our life smoothly, therefore, any negative changes in these life pattern can bring the stages of dying or grief.
Response to Katie:
All five headings are discussed in detail and with some good examples. However, what is these headings or stages and where they come from are not discussed in the starting. The introduction helps to understand what is being discussed in the paper. Besides this, the five stages of dying are well explained with daily life examples. In Daniel stage, example of divorce is so accurate. Breaking of relationship is like someone dying and leaving us forever. It brings the same emotions and experience that a dying person can bring. However, the individual does not misunderstand the emotional discomfort with frustration most of the time. It is actually an emotion of aggression which develops when someone has to face an unexpected situation. For instance, change in schedule due to traffic jam does not bring discomfort it actually develops the aggression for the people responsible for the cause ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9wBSghJC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tyrrell & Siddiqui, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Tyrrell & Siddiqui, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":712,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/2X7UCI8M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/2X7UCI8M"],"itemData":{"id":712,"type":"chapter","title":"Stages of Dying","container-title":"StatPearls","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","publisher-place":"Treasure Island (FL)","source":"PubMed","event-place":"Treasure Island (FL)","abstract":"Medical professionals encounter dying patients throughout all disciplines of healthcare. This patient becomes unique as the focus of their care shifts from becoming well to preparing for death. This is a difficult transition for patients, their loved ones, and healthcare providers to undergo. A better understanding of the process of moving toward death allows providers to address the unique needs of their patients and guide them and their loved ones through the process.[1][2][3]","URL":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507885/","call-number":"NBK507885","note":"PMID: 29939662","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Tyrrell","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"Waquar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tyrrell & Siddiqui, 2019). All other three stages that are bargaining, depression, and acceptance acquire example which is useful to understand the stages of dying in depth.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bregman, L. (2017). Dying in Five Stages: Death and Emotions in Kübler-Ross and Her Influence. Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies, 2(2), 33–61.
Mahmood, K. (2006). Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross stages of dying and phenomenology of grief. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v12i2.882
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Cautioning Health-Care Professionals. Omega, 74(4), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817691870
Tyrrell, P., & Siddiqui, W. (2019). Stages of Dying. In StatPearls. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507885/
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