Pregnancy and use of harmful substances
Author name
Affiliations
Cigarette smoking, marijuana usage, spree alcohol consumption as well astoo much caffeine intake can have a negative effect on Nikki's pregnancy. Tobacco smoke contains nearly 5000 chemicals that cause harm to the baby ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"olE89ZvI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Banderali et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Banderali et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2563,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/39465EUN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/39465EUN"],"itemData":{"id":2563,"type":"article-journal","title":"Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review","container-title":"Journal of Translational Medicine","volume":"13","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"A great deal of attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on conception, pregnancy, fetal, and child health. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current evidence regarding short and long-term health effects on child health of parental smoking during pregnancy and lactation and the potential underlying mechanisms. Studies were searched on MEDLINE® and Cochrane database inserting, individually and using the Boolean ANDs and ORs, ‘pregnancy’, ‘human lactation’, ‘fetal growth’, ‘metabolic outcomes’, ‘obesity’, ‘cardiovascular outcomes’, ‘blood pressure’, ‘brain development’, ‘respiratory outcomes’, ‘maternal or paternal or parental tobacco smoking’, ‘nicotine’. Publications coming from the reference list of studies were also considered from MEDLINE. All sources were retrieved between\n2015-01-03 and 2015-31-05. There is overall consistency in literature about negative effects of fetal and postnatal exposure to parental tobacco smoking on several outcomes: preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, impaired lung function, asthma and wheezing. While maternal smoking during pregnancy plays a major role on adverse postnatal outcomes, it may also cumulate negatively with smoking during lactation and with second-hand smoking exposure. Although this review was not strictly designed as a systematic review and the PRISMA Statement was not fully applied it may benefit the reader with a promptly and friendly readable update of the matter. This review strengthens the need to plan population health policies aimed to implement educational programs to hopefully minimize tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and lactation.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608184/","DOI":"10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y","ISSN":"1479-5876","note":"PMID: 26472248\nPMCID: PMC4608184","shortTitle":"Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation","journalAbbreviation":"J Transl Med","author":[{"family":"Banderali","given":"G."},{"family":"Martelli","given":"A."},{"family":"Landi","given":"M."},{"family":"Moretti","given":"F."},{"family":"Betti","given":"F."},{"family":"Radaelli","given":"G."},{"family":"Lassandro","given":"C."},{"family":"Verduci","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,15]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Banderali et al., 2015). Cigarettes have different harmful substances such as tar, carbon monoxide, and nicotine. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are especially harmful to developing baby ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IBALo02R","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(El\\uc0\\u8211{}Ardat, Izetbegovic, & El-Ardat, 2014)","plainCitation":"(El–Ardat, Izetbegovic, & El-Ardat, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2560,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/LLA7W38R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/LLA7W38R"],"itemData":{"id":2560,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effect of Cigarette Smoking in Pregnancy on Infants Anthropometric Characteristics","container-title":"Materia Socio-Medica","page":"186-187","volume":"26","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Aim:\nThe main goal of this research is to correlate anthropometric characteristics of newborns in pregnant women who consume cigarettes during pregnancy. The study was conducted at the Obstetrics Clinic of the Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo.\n\nMethods:\nThe retrospective study covered a period of two years. Main inclusion criteria for the study was that pregnant women consume cigarettes during pregnancy. The research included respondents who had a singleton pregnancy, without pathological conditions that can affect the outcome and duration of pregnancy.\n\nResults:\nAt the Obstetrics Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo in the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. In that period 393 pregnant women completed labor who in the personal history had data on smoking during pregnancy. Of the total number of subjects enrolled in this study 38.17% smoked up to 10 cigarettes a day, 33.08 % smoked up to 20 cigarettes a day, while up to 30 cigarettes per day smoked 28.75 % of respondents.\n\nConclusion:\nThere was a significant difference in the average values of all anthropometric parameters, in relation to the number of cigarettes consumed by the subjects during the day. We also found negative correlation in the average values of anthropometric measures and the number of cigarettes consumed (p <0.05).","DOI":"10.5455/msm.2014.26.186-187","ISSN":"1512-7680","note":"PMID: 25126013\nPMCID: PMC4130671","journalAbbreviation":"Mater Sociomed","author":[{"family":"El–Ardat","given":"Mohammad Abou"},{"family":"Izetbegovic","given":"Sebija"},{"family":"El-Ardat","given":"Khalil A. Abou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (El–Ardat, Izetbegovic, & El-Ardat, 2014). Baby is receiving these substances from the mother through blood–flow as it is the single source of oxygen and nutrients for the baby. Nikki’s consumption of these substances can result in early miscarriage, premature birth, restricted growth in the womb, stillbirth, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AL067M95","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rangmar et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Rangmar et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2571,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y85BBD7T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y85BBD7T"],"itemData":{"id":2571,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychosocial outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"e52-e58","volume":"135","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Rangmar","given":"Jenny"},{"family":"Hjern","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Vinnerljung","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Strömland","given":"Kerstin"},{"family":"Aronson","given":"Marita"},{"family":"Fahlke","given":"Claudia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rangmar et al., 2015). This can also affect the brain development of the baby.Moreover, there is also an increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8gHRRoxi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fifer, Fingers, Youngman, Gomez-Gribben, & Myers, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Fifer, Fingers, Youngman, Gomez-Gribben, & Myers, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/7NWCXZFH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/7NWCXZFH"],"itemData":{"id":2566,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of Alcohol and Smoking During Pregnancy on Infant Autonomic Control","container-title":"Developmental Psychobiology","page":"234-242","volume":"51","issue":"3","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Prenatal exposure to smoking and alcohol increases the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Physiological changes associated with these exposures are not well studied. Full-term infants were tested within the first 3 days of life. We hypothesized that maternal alcohol consumption and/or smoking during pregnancy would alter autonomic nervous system function. Newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had lower beat-to-beat heart rate variability in quiet sleep. Infants whose mothers consumed alcohol had lower global heart rate variability, but only in active sleep. Unexposed infants demonstrated increases in heart rate with head-up tilt and decreases in heart rate with head-down tilt, but smoking and alcohol-exposed infants showed no significant responses. These results indicate that autonomic function is altered by prenatal exposure to alcohol and smoking. Such markers may provide early identification of infants at greatest risk for SIDS.","DOI":"10.1002/dev.20366","ISSN":"0012-1630","note":"PMID: 19253344\nPMCID: PMC3312313","journalAbbreviation":"Dev Psychobiol","author":[{"family":"Fifer","given":"William P."},{"family":"Fingers","given":"Sherri Ten"},{"family":"Youngman","given":"Mitzi"},{"family":"Gomez-Gribben","given":"Esperanza"},{"family":"Myers","given":"Michael M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fifer, Fingers, Youngman, Gomez-Gribben, & Myers, 2009).
Marijuana contains THC, which is a developmental neurotoxin. This can affect baby memory and attention. In addition, alcohol consumption also has adverse effects. Alcohol from mother blood quickly passes through the placenta and the umbilical cord of a baby. This then affects the baby’s developing brain and other organs. Heavy drinking can result in a serious condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5hhkVy5g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(May et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(May et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2572,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VU3Y6GW8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VU3Y6GW8"],"itemData":{"id":2572,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities","container-title":"Jama","page":"474-482","volume":"319","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"May","given":"Philip A."},{"family":"Chambers","given":"Christina D."},{"family":"Kalberg","given":"Wendy O."},{"family":"Zellner","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Feldman","given":"Haruna"},{"family":"Buckley","given":"David"},{"family":"Kopald","given":"David"},{"family":"Hasken","given":"Julie M."},{"family":"Xu","given":"Ronghui"},{"family":"Honerkamp-Smith","given":"Gordon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (May et al., 2018). Children with FAS may have poor growth, facial irregularities as well as different learning and behavioral hitches. These children are also hyperactive, along with many health problems.
The use of smoking during pregnancy by Nikki can badly affect the health of her developing baby. Nicotine present in the smoke constricts blood vessels such as in the umbilical cord and forces the baby to respire through a thin stubble. This reduces her level of oxygen and causes different abnormalities in the baby.
Moreover, nicotine also damages the DNA of the fetus resulting in genetic abnormalities. The baby can have different heredity diseases as a result of these alternations. Likewise, the red blood cells, which carry oxygen, collect the carbon monoxide, and spread it in the whole body. This carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous to the baby. The chances of miscarriage and stillbirth increases. There can be preterm birth, low birth weight, as well as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking decreases the amount of oxygen accessible to baby and increases the baby's heart rate.
Similarly, marijuana use during pregnancy arises different health concerns such as developmental problems in the baby.THC is the chemical compound that is present in marijuana that crosses the placenta speedily. Due to marijuana, the baby may have low oxygen levels and breathing problems that cause further complications ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"13IYwIQC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benevenuto et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Benevenuto et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2574,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/L5T2K8H8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/L5T2K8H8"],"itemData":{"id":2574,"type":"article-journal","title":"Recreational use of marijuana during pregnancy and negative gestational and fetal outcomes: an experimental study in mice","container-title":"Toxicology","page":"94-101","volume":"376","author":[{"family":"Benevenuto","given":"Sarah G."},{"family":"Domenico","given":"Marlise D."},{"family":"Martins","given":"Marco Antônio G."},{"family":"Costa","given":"Natália S."},{"family":"Souza","given":"Ana Rosa L.","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Jose L."},{"family":"Tavares","given":"Marina FM"},{"family":"Dolhnikoff","given":"Marisa"},{"family":"Veras","given":"Mariana Matera"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Benevenuto et al., 2017).In addition, Nikki should also not take alcohol in any amount. If it is taken during the first three months of pregnancy, there is more risk of miscarriage and premature birth.Alcohol is a teratogen and results in different physical and central nervous system deformities in the developing embryo.Alcoholfrom the mother's blood passes through the placenta to the unborn baby. It hurts the development of the baby's brain, spinal cord, as well as other organs.
Nikki is using different harmful substances during pregnancy, such as consuming alcohol and cigarettes and need nursing interventions to stop these. As a nurse, I can provide her two types of support; pharmacological such as the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and different behavioral support interventions.Firstly, it is important to provide her complete information about the risks of having cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy. Moreover, I will provide her information about different services that can avail for cessation. She can get NRT to get rid of addiction to nicotine and smoking. She must deliberate the dangers of ongoing smoking and the benefits of leaving it. If she takes nicotine, then there can be different developmental issues to her baby. The result of the use of these substances is distress and life problems. She must have proper knowledge of these issues. She will then in a position to have informed decisions. I can also recommend her short-term treatment for alcohol dependence and monitor her pharmacologic treatment.
Additionally, she can have behavioral support interventions. Here, my goal will be to provide her counseling to reduce drug use. I will also encourage her to involve in relationship building and take part in different intellectually rewarding activities. Moreover, there can be relaxation training and other homework assignments for having the attention to possible disadvantages.Shewill be provided with a menu of choice to stop future drinking behaviors. I will support her self-efficacy todiscoverpossibilities for change. She can also be provided the services of addiction specialist for counseling. Likewise, she can be recommended to community-based self-help groups to leave her habits.
Moreover, I can go for 5 A's Intervention recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. These 5 A's are asking, advise, assess, assist, and arrange ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ihln5Hmn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mattoo, Prasad, & Ghosh, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mattoo, Prasad, & Ghosh, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2573,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EZBWQUSF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EZBWQUSF"],"itemData":{"id":2573,"type":"article-journal","title":"Brief intervention in substance use disorders","container-title":"Indian journal of psychiatry","page":"S466","volume":"60","issue":"Suppl 4","author":[{"family":"Mattoo","given":"Surendra Kumar"},{"family":"Prasad","given":"Sambhu"},{"family":"Ghosh","given":"Abhishek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mattoo, Prasad, & Ghosh, 2018). Ask involves the identification and documentation of tobacco. Advice refers to impaling patient to resignthe use of harmful substances in a strong bespokeway.Similarly, assess refers to the willingness quit of the use of harmful substances by the user. Then during assist, she can be referred to individual or group counseling and pharmacotherapy to quit the use of harmful substances. Finally, arrange refers to the agencies and self-help groups. Finally, there will be follow-up monitoring for a decrease in the use of harmful substances by Nikki. If she does not successfully leave the consumption, these interventions will be repeated.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Banderali, G., Martelli, A., Landi, M., Moretti, F., Betti, F., Radaelli, G., … Verduci, E. (2015). Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y
Benevenuto, S. G., Domenico, M. D., Martins, M. A. G., Costa, N. S., de Souza, A. R. L., Costa, J. L., … Veras, M. M. (2017). Recreational use of marijuana during pregnancy and negative gestational and fetal outcomes: an experimental study in mice. Toxicology, 376, 94–101.
El–Ardat, M. A., Izetbegovic, S., & El-Ardat, K. A. A. (2014). Effect of Cigarette Smoking in Pregnancy on Infants Anthropometric Characteristics. Material Socio-Medica, 26(3), 186–187. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2014.26.186-187
Fifer, W. P., Fingers, S. T., Youngman, M., Gomez-Gribben, E., & Myers, M. M. (2009). Effects of Alcohol and Smoking During Pregnancy on Infant Autonomic Control. Developmental Psychobiology, 51(3), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20366
Mattoo, S. K., Prasad, S., & Ghosh, A. (2018). Brief intervention in substance use disorders. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 4), S466.
May, P. A., Chambers, C. D., Kalberg, W. O., Zellner, J., Feldman, H., Buckley, D., … Honerkamp-Smith, G. (2018). Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities. Jama, 319(5), 474–482.
Rangmar, J., Hjern, A., Vinnerljung, B., Strömland, K., Aronson, M.,& Fahlke, C. (2015). Psychosocial outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood. Pediatrics, 135(1), e52–e58.
