Iron Deficiency
[Name]
[Institution]
Author Note
Iron Deficiency
Question 1
What is the Pathophysiology of Anemia of chronic disease?
The decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) along with the reduction in the required amount of hemoglobin present in RBCs which results in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of blood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EyaBsHHu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":731,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"itemData":{"id":731,"type":"book","title":"Nursing care plans: guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span","publisher":"FA Davis","ISBN":"0-8036-4090-0","author":[{"family":"Doenges","given":"Marilynn E."},{"family":"Moorhouse","given":"Mary Frances"},{"family":"Murr","given":"Alice C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr, 2014).
Signs and symptoms of Anemia of chronic disease
It is associated with a number of physiological ailments, such as fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, impaired sleep, debilitation, decreased cognition, and sexual dysfunction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OsHOb1EN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":731,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"itemData":{"id":731,"type":"book","title":"Nursing care plans: guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span","publisher":"FA Davis","ISBN":"0-8036-4090-0","author":[{"family":"Doenges","given":"Marilynn E."},{"family":"Moorhouse","given":"Mary Frances"},{"family":"Murr","given":"Alice C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Doenges et al., 2014).
Etiology
Manifests as slow RBCs production as a result of low production of reticulocyte. It is often associated with causing anemia along with chronic conditions like Disney diseases, malnutrition and cancer ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n4z8wTVf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":731,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"itemData":{"id":731,"type":"book","title":"Nursing care plans: guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span","publisher":"FA Davis","ISBN":"0-8036-4090-0","author":[{"family":"Doenges","given":"Marilynn E."},{"family":"Moorhouse","given":"Mary Frances"},{"family":"Murr","given":"Alice C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Doenges et al., 2014).
Patient will present
The patient will present to the doctor with fatigue, lightheadedness, paleness in the skin, shortness of breath, irritability, fast heartbeat, chest pain, among other symptoms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iLmj8MYx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Doenges et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":731,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/EV9AXDSL"],"itemData":{"id":731,"type":"book","title":"Nursing care plans: guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span","publisher":"FA Davis","ISBN":"0-8036-4090-0","author":[{"family":"Doenges","given":"Marilynn E."},{"family":"Moorhouse","given":"Mary Frances"},{"family":"Murr","given":"Alice C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Doenges et al., 2014).
Question 2
Pathophysiology of Thalassemia?
Thalassemia reduces the production of hemoglobin in the body, which is an oxygen-carrying protein in the body. Reduced production of hemoglobin results in reduced capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to various muscles and cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nvt0Zku2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","plainCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"webpage","title":"Alpha thalassemia","container-title":"U.S. National Library of Medicine - Genetics Home Reference","URL":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alpha-thalassemia","language":"en","author":[{"family":"NIH","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NIH, 2019).
Etiology
There are two types of alpha thalassemia, one of the more severe type and it is called Bart hydrops fetalis syndrome. It is abbreviated to Hb Bart syndrome. The other form of the disease is called HbH disease i.e. Hemoglobin H Disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c5iRPYGQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","plainCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"webpage","title":"Alpha thalassemia","container-title":"U.S. National Library of Medicine - Genetics Home Reference","URL":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alpha-thalassemia","language":"en","author":[{"family":"NIH","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NIH, 2019).
Signs and symptoms Alpha Thalassemia
One of the key symptoms for HB Bart syndrome is the presence of hydrops fetalis, which results in excessive fluid buildup in the body. This is followed by server anemia along with hepatosplenomegaly, abnormalities of genitalia or urinary system and heart defects. On the other hand, HbH disease is characterized by mild anemia, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sCy5TnG6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","plainCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"webpage","title":"Alpha thalassemia","container-title":"U.S. National Library of Medicine - Genetics Home Reference","URL":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alpha-thalassemia","language":"en","author":[{"family":"NIH","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NIH, 2019).
Patient will present
Patients will present to the doctor with the signs of reduced percentage of red blood cells (RBCs), pale skin, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and other serious complications ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AVlGRAV9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","plainCitation":"(NIH, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/8XQ7W4QN"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"webpage","title":"Alpha thalassemia","container-title":"U.S. National Library of Medicine - Genetics Home Reference","URL":"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alpha-thalassemia","language":"en","author":[{"family":"NIH","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NIH, 2019).
Question 3
What is the Pathophysiology of Sideroblastic anemia?
Sideroblastic anemia occurs as a result of abnormal utilization of iron during the process of erythropoiesis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MKZbJFdV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":730,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"itemData":{"id":730,"type":"chapter","title":"Sideroblastic Anemia","container-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","author":[{"family":"Ashorobi","given":"Damilola"},{"family":"Chhabra","given":"Anil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019).
Signs and symptoms Sideroblastic anemia
The patient suffering from sideroblastic anemia suffers from fatigue, shortness of breath, malaise, headache, and palpitations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9iYOdZSw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":730,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"itemData":{"id":730,"type":"chapter","title":"Sideroblastic Anemia","container-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","author":[{"family":"Ashorobi","given":"Damilola"},{"family":"Chhabra","given":"Anil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019).
Etiology
Sideroblastic anemia has two forms, one is hereditary, as a result of mutation of the heme synthesis, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, while the other one occurs as a result of toxins, drugs, chronic neoplastic disease or copper deficiency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WexSO64t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":730,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"itemData":{"id":730,"type":"chapter","title":"Sideroblastic Anemia","container-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","author":[{"family":"Ashorobi","given":"Damilola"},{"family":"Chhabra","given":"Anil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019).
Patient will present
A physical examination of the patient will reveal pale skin, conjunctival pallor, an even the bronzing of the skin due to iron overload. Furthermore, those suffering from hereditary sideroblastic anemia will be suffering from diabetes mellitus and even deafness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mDz8jRc3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":730,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/IUBL2KKU"],"itemData":{"id":730,"type":"chapter","title":"Sideroblastic Anemia","container-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","author":[{"family":"Ashorobi","given":"Damilola"},{"family":"Chhabra","given":"Anil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ashorobi & Chhabra, 2019).
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashorobi, D., & Chhabra, A. (2019). Sideroblastic Anemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., & Murr, A. C. (2014). Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis.
NIH. (2019, July 16). Alpha thalassemia. Retrieved August 5, 2019, from U.S. National Library of MedicineâGenetics Home Reference website: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/alpha-thalassemia
