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Essay 1

Critically analyze the reasons for the current interest in ethnopharmacology by nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers. How does knowledge of ethnopharmacology and cultural differences in response to medication facilitate your ability to provide culturally competent and congruent nursing care? Support your response with at least one scholarly journal reference.

Ethnopharmacology in healthcare is the study of changes with reference to drugs in different cultures. It is related to using the medicinal plant for treating ailments in specific cultures. The current interest in ethnopharmacology by physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers suggests that it provides cultural-specific reasons which influence a drug’s pharmacokinetics. Nurses take interest in ethnopharmacology because it provides considerable insight into patient’s adherence and education. For pharmacists, it provides an inexpensive and effective medicine for production at small industrial level, and hence they can make substantial profits. Mootoosamy writes that health care providers are always easy to work with patient which can be treated by tailoring an approach cognizant with their cultures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Kbkhgspu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mootoosamy & Mahomoodally, 2015, p. 112)","plainCitation":"(Mootoosamy & Mahomoodally, 2015, p. 112)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/84GF9HJA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/84GF9HJA"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"chapter","title":"Clinical Studies of Traditional Therapeutic Herbs before Marketing: Current Status and Future Challenges","container-title":"Duarte, MCT, Rai, M.(Eds.), Therapeutic medicinal plants: From lab to the market","publisher":"CRC Press","page":"95–106","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Clinical Studies of Traditional Therapeutic Herbs before Marketing","author":[{"family":"Mootoosamy","given":"Anushka"},{"family":"Mahomoodally","given":"M. Fawzi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}},"locator":"112","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mootoosamy & Mahomoodally, 2015, p. 112). Although ethnopharmacology is a new and critical field of study in medicine, an increasing interest of health experts might leave the traditional medication inadequate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yf7kGszp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Embeya, Mavungu, & Shongo, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Embeya, Mavungu, & Shongo, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A4KXW4YM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A4KXW4YM"],"itemData":{"id":117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Production of Improved Traditional Medicines: Case of Antiparasitarian in Goat Summary on the Current Stage of Work","container-title":"Journal of Health Science","page":"38–41","volume":"6","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Production of Improved Traditional Medicines","author":[{"family":"Embeya","given":"Victor Okombe"},{"family":"Mavungu","given":"Gael Nzuzi"},{"family":"Shongo","given":"Célestin Pongombo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Embeya, Mavungu, & Shongo, 2018). Many health experts call for the notion that there must be an equal approach extended to medicine-related research and its usage.

Studies concluded on ethnopharmacology suggests that cultural differences in response to medication facilitate one’s ability to treat the patient more thoroughly and timely. The knowledge of ethnopharmacology and cultural differences in response to medication facilitate one’s ability by providing genetic and cultural reasons or sometimes both. It also influences the process of metabolism, elimination, and distribution, along with providing chances for adhering to disease-related care. It provides the ability to nurses, medical practitioners, and physicians to respond to patient’s demand relevant to his or her ethnic background. It also helps in reducing the potential for adverse effects over health of patient. Cultural competency and cognizant nursing care remain of substantial importance for such patients. These are reasons that ethnopharmacology and cultural differences in response to medication facilitate nurses and physician’s ability to provide culturally competent and congruent health care.

Essay 2

The herb echinacea is frequently used for the prevention and treatment of the common cold. If a patient asked your opinion about the use of echinacea, how would you reply? Would you recommend that the patient use this herb for the treatment of a cold? Explain why or why not. Support your position with at least one scholarly journal reference.

Echinacea is the most commonly used flower in United States and Canada for treating flu and cold. It’s been served as medicine in major parts of US to treat cold and flu since centuries. It is known as purple coneflower and Susan as well. The leaves, stems, and roots of Echinacea is a major ingredient of medicine manufactured at the industrial level for treating cold and flu. Studies about Echinacea suggests mixed results. Some quantitative studies suggest that extracts of echinacea have a considerable impact over immune system. This effect works as a defense against different kinds of microbes. Similarly, some studies suggest that it increases the quantification of white blood cells in human body. A review of these studies conducted in 2014, suggests that Echinacea has a very slight effect when it comes to treating cold and flu. Some later studies conducted by the National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health concluded that echinacea has no benefits, compared to traditional medicines available for treating cold and flu ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2jlZdlbt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Echinacea for the Common Cold,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Echinacea for the Common Cold,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":123,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XTH2QKM9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XTH2QKM9"],"itemData":{"id":123,"type":"webpage","title":"Echinacea for the Common Cold","container-title":"WebMD","abstract":"WebMD explores the use of the herb echinacea to prevent and treat the common cold.","URL":"https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/echinacea-common-cold","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Echinacea for the Common Cold,” n.d.).

About the use of Echinacea, I would recommend patients to avoid using such herbs. Although a bit workable, Echinacea might complicate health issues in individuals. I have observed many individuals who have been using these herbs to treat flu and cold, but the result suggested a slight betterment. As a medical practitioner, I believe that Echinacea must replace traditional medicines used in treating flu and cold. I will not recommend using Echinacea as it might create complexities in treating other illness and minor diseases. Drisko and Kindscher believe that Echinacea can cause complexities for patients with slight mental ailments ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DYdQilxF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Drisko & Kindscher, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Drisko & Kindscher, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":119,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HNIASSMF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HNIASSMF"],"itemData":{"id":119,"type":"chapter","title":"Research on Echinacea use in western medicine","container-title":"Echinacea","publisher":"Springer","page":"147–163","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Drisko","given":"Jeanne"},{"family":"Kindscher","given":"Kelly"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Drisko & Kindscher, 2016). Although there appears no harm in using echinacea for twice a week but once suggested, patients starting overconsumption of such herbs which resultantly disturb the immune system.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Drisko, J., & Kindscher, K. (2016). Research on Echinacea uses in western medicine. In Echinacea (pp. 147–163). Springer.

Echinacea for the Common Cold. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2019, from WebMD website: https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/echinacea-common-cold

Embeya, V. O., Mavungu, G. N., & Shongo, C. P. (2018). Production of Improved Traditional Medicines: Case of Antiparasitarian in Goat Summary on the Current Stage of Work. Journal of Health Science, 6, 38–41.

Mootoosamy, A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2015). Clinical Studies of Traditional Therapeutic Herbs before Marketing: Current Status and Future Challenges. In Duarte, MCT, Rai, M.(Eds.), Therapeutic medicinal plants: From lab to the market (pp. 95–106). CRC Press.