Global Health Research Paper
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Global Health Research Paper
Introduction
Our Earth is at continuous risk of damage caused by various health problems. These vary from breakouts of diseases that are prevented by immunization such as measles and diphtheria, escalating records of pathogens that are drug-resistant, increasing levels of obesity and endothelial dysfunction to environmental pollution and global warming health consequences. This paper involves a detailed analysis of some of these global health issues in light of credible research.
Discussion
Each day, nine out of ten individuals inhale contaminated air ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NH2y7rvt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lancet (London, England)","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6","ISSN":"1474-547X","issue":"10211","journalAbbreviation":"Lancet","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31733928","page":"1836-1878","source":"PubMed","title":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate","title-short":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change","volume":"394","author":[{"family":"Watts","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Amann","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Arnell","given":"Nigel"},{"family":"Ayeb-Karlsson","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Belesova","given":"Kristine"},{"family":"Boykoff","given":"Maxwell"},{"family":"Byass","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wenjia"},{"family":"Campbell-Lendrum","given":"Diarmid"},{"family":"Capstick","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Dalin","given":"Carole"},{"family":"Daly","given":"Meaghan"},{"family":"Dasandi","given":"Niheer"},{"family":"Davies","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Drummond","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Dubrow","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Ebi","given":"Kristie L."},{"family":"Eckelman","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Ekins","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Escobar","given":"Luis E."},{"family":"Fernandez Montoya","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Georgeson","given":"Lucien"},{"family":"Graham","given":"Hilary"},{"family":"Haggar","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Hamilton","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Hartinger","given":"Stella"},{"family":"Hess","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Kelman","given":"Ilan"},{"family":"Kiesewetter","given":"Gregor"},{"family":"Kjellstrom","given":"Tord"},{"family":"Kniveton","given":"Dominic"},{"family":"Lemke","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Lott","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Sewe","given":"Maquins Odhiambo"},{"family":"Martinez-Urtaza","given":"Jaime"},{"family":"Maslin","given":"Mark"},{"family":"McAllister","given":"Lucy"},{"family":"McGushin","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Jankin Mikhaylov","given":"Slava"},{"family":"Milner","given":"James"},{"family":"Moradi-Lakeh","given":"Maziar"},{"family":"Morrissey","given":"Karyn"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Kris"},{"family":"Munzert","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Nilsson","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Neville","given":"Tara"},{"family":"Oreszczyn","given":"Tadj"},{"family":"Owfi","given":"Fereidoon"},{"family":"Pearman","given":"Olivia"},{"family":"Pencheon","given":"David"},{"family":"Phung","given":"Dung"},{"family":"Pye","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Quinn","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Rabbaniha","given":"Mahnaz"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Rocklöv","given":"Joacim"},{"family":"Semenza","given":"Jan C."},{"family":"Sherman","given":"Jodi"},{"family":"Shumake-Guillemot","given":"Joy"},{"family":"Tabatabaei","given":"Meisam"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathon"},{"family":"Trinanes","given":"Joaquin"},{"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Costello","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Montgomery","given":"Hugh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"16"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Watts et al., 2019). World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes air pollution as the biggest environmental health threat in the year 2019 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OXptzpCL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","plainCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019","author":[{"family":"World Health Organisation","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (World Health Organization, 2019). Microscopic contaminants perforate the respiratory and circulatory mechanisms, cause potential harm to the heart, brain, and lungs, abruptly killing 7 million individuals from chronic diseases, myocardial infarction, and lung cancer every year ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8vMHXFg5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lancet (London, England)","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6","ISSN":"1474-547X","issue":"10211","journalAbbreviation":"Lancet","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31733928","page":"1836-1878","source":"PubMed","title":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate","title-short":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change","volume":"394","author":[{"family":"Watts","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Amann","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Arnell","given":"Nigel"},{"family":"Ayeb-Karlsson","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Belesova","given":"Kristine"},{"family":"Boykoff","given":"Maxwell"},{"family":"Byass","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wenjia"},{"family":"Campbell-Lendrum","given":"Diarmid"},{"family":"Capstick","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Dalin","given":"Carole"},{"family":"Daly","given":"Meaghan"},{"family":"Dasandi","given":"Niheer"},{"family":"Davies","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Drummond","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Dubrow","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Ebi","given":"Kristie L."},{"family":"Eckelman","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Ekins","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Escobar","given":"Luis E."},{"family":"Fernandez Montoya","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Georgeson","given":"Lucien"},{"family":"Graham","given":"Hilary"},{"family":"Haggar","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Hamilton","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Hartinger","given":"Stella"},{"family":"Hess","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Kelman","given":"Ilan"},{"family":"Kiesewetter","given":"Gregor"},{"family":"Kjellstrom","given":"Tord"},{"family":"Kniveton","given":"Dominic"},{"family":"Lemke","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Lott","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Sewe","given":"Maquins Odhiambo"},{"family":"Martinez-Urtaza","given":"Jaime"},{"family":"Maslin","given":"Mark"},{"family":"McAllister","given":"Lucy"},{"family":"McGushin","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Jankin Mikhaylov","given":"Slava"},{"family":"Milner","given":"James"},{"family":"Moradi-Lakeh","given":"Maziar"},{"family":"Morrissey","given":"Karyn"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Kris"},{"family":"Munzert","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Nilsson","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Neville","given":"Tara"},{"family":"Oreszczyn","given":"Tadj"},{"family":"Owfi","given":"Fereidoon"},{"family":"Pearman","given":"Olivia"},{"family":"Pencheon","given":"David"},{"family":"Phung","given":"Dung"},{"family":"Pye","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Quinn","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Rabbaniha","given":"Mahnaz"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Rocklöv","given":"Joacim"},{"family":"Semenza","given":"Jan C."},{"family":"Sherman","given":"Jodi"},{"family":"Shumake-Guillemot","given":"Joy"},{"family":"Tabatabaei","given":"Meisam"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathon"},{"family":"Trinanes","given":"Joaquin"},{"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Costello","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Montgomery","given":"Hugh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"16"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Watts et al., 2019). Approximately ninety percent of such incidents happened in low- and middle-income nations, including large amounts of pollutants emitting from factories, transportation, and farming, along with filthy cookware and domestic fuels. A major contributing factor to climate change is mainly air pollution which affects the wellbeing of individuals in various ways. Climate change is guaranteed to cause an extra 250,000 casualties each year between 2030 and 2050, from malnourishment, malaria, severe diarrhea and excessive heat ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bb171ECi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Watts et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/7B452HFR"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Lancet (London, England)","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6","ISSN":"1474-547X","issue":"10211","journalAbbreviation":"Lancet","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31733928","page":"1836-1878","source":"PubMed","title":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate","title-short":"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change","volume":"394","author":[{"family":"Watts","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Amann","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Arnell","given":"Nigel"},{"family":"Ayeb-Karlsson","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Belesova","given":"Kristine"},{"family":"Boykoff","given":"Maxwell"},{"family":"Byass","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wenjia"},{"family":"Campbell-Lendrum","given":"Diarmid"},{"family":"Capstick","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Dalin","given":"Carole"},{"family":"Daly","given":"Meaghan"},{"family":"Dasandi","given":"Niheer"},{"family":"Davies","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Drummond","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Dubrow","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Ebi","given":"Kristie L."},{"family":"Eckelman","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Ekins","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Escobar","given":"Luis E."},{"family":"Fernandez Montoya","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Georgeson","given":"Lucien"},{"family":"Graham","given":"Hilary"},{"family":"Haggar","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Hamilton","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Hartinger","given":"Stella"},{"family":"Hess","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Kelman","given":"Ilan"},{"family":"Kiesewetter","given":"Gregor"},{"family":"Kjellstrom","given":"Tord"},{"family":"Kniveton","given":"Dominic"},{"family":"Lemke","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Lott","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Sewe","given":"Maquins Odhiambo"},{"family":"Martinez-Urtaza","given":"Jaime"},{"family":"Maslin","given":"Mark"},{"family":"McAllister","given":"Lucy"},{"family":"McGushin","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Jankin Mikhaylov","given":"Slava"},{"family":"Milner","given":"James"},{"family":"Moradi-Lakeh","given":"Maziar"},{"family":"Morrissey","given":"Karyn"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Kris"},{"family":"Munzert","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Nilsson","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Neville","given":"Tara"},{"family":"Oreszczyn","given":"Tadj"},{"family":"Owfi","given":"Fereidoon"},{"family":"Pearman","given":"Olivia"},{"family":"Pencheon","given":"David"},{"family":"Phung","given":"Dung"},{"family":"Pye","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Quinn","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Rabbaniha","given":"Mahnaz"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Rocklöv","given":"Joacim"},{"family":"Semenza","given":"Jan C."},{"family":"Sherman","given":"Jodi"},{"family":"Shumake-Guillemot","given":"Joy"},{"family":"Tabatabaei","given":"Meisam"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathon"},{"family":"Trinanes","given":"Joaquin"},{"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Costello","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Montgomery","given":"Hugh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"16"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Watts et al., 2019).
Another global health issue is the prevalence of Non-infectious diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders which contribute to seventy percent of casualties globally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZNNtYbJJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BACKGROUND: After Action Reviews (AARs) provide a means to observe how well preparedness systems perform in real world conditions and can help to identify - and address - gaps in national and global public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) systems. WHO has recently published guidance for voluntary AARs. This analysis builds on this guidance by reviewing evidence on the effectiveness of AARs as tools for system improvement and by summarizing some key lessons about ensuring that AARs result in meaningful learning from experience.\nRESULTS: Empirical evidence from a variety of fields suggests that AARs hold considerable promise as tools of system improvement for PHEP. Our review of the literature and practical experience demonstrates that AARs are most likely to result in meaningful learning if they focus on incidents that are selected for their learning value, involve an appropriately broad range of perspectives, are conducted with appropriate time for reflection, employ systems frameworks and rigorous tools such as facilitated lookbacks and root cause analysis, and strike a balance between attention to incident specifics vs. generalizable capacities and capabilities.\nCONCLUSIONS: Employing these practices requires a PHEP system that facilitates the preparation of insightful AARs, and more generally rewards learning. The barriers to AARs fall into two categories: concerns about the cultural sensitivity and context, liability, the political response, and national security; and constraints on staff time and the lack of experience and the requisite analytical skills. Ensuring that AARs fulfill their promise as tools of system improvement will require ongoing investment and a change in mindset. The first step should be to clarify that the goal of AARs is organizational learning, not placing blame or punishing poor performance. Based on experience in other fields, the buy-in of agency and political leadership is critical in this regard. National public health systems also need support in the form of toolkits, guides, and training, as well as research on AAR methods. An AAR registry could support organizational improvement through careful post-event analysis of systems' own events, facilitate identification and sharing of best practices across jurisdictions, and enable cross-case analyses.","container-title":"Globalization and Health","DOI":"10.1186/s12992-019-0500-z","ISSN":"1744-8603","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Global Health","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31601233\nPMCID: PMC6785939","page":"58","source":"PubMed","title":"Getting the most from after action reviews to improve global health security","volume":"15","author":[{"family":"Stoto","given":"Michael A."},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Piltch-Loeb","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Mayigane","given":"Landry Ndriko"},{"family":"Copper","given":"Frederik"},{"family":"Chungong","given":"Stella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"10"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoto et al., 2019). This comprises of fifteen million individuals expiring predominantly with ages between 30 to 69 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7XgdaGPn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BACKGROUND: After Action Reviews (AARs) provide a means to observe how well preparedness systems perform in real world conditions and can help to identify - and address - gaps in national and global public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) systems. WHO has recently published guidance for voluntary AARs. This analysis builds on this guidance by reviewing evidence on the effectiveness of AARs as tools for system improvement and by summarizing some key lessons about ensuring that AARs result in meaningful learning from experience.\nRESULTS: Empirical evidence from a variety of fields suggests that AARs hold considerable promise as tools of system improvement for PHEP. Our review of the literature and practical experience demonstrates that AARs are most likely to result in meaningful learning if they focus on incidents that are selected for their learning value, involve an appropriately broad range of perspectives, are conducted with appropriate time for reflection, employ systems frameworks and rigorous tools such as facilitated lookbacks and root cause analysis, and strike a balance between attention to incident specifics vs. generalizable capacities and capabilities.\nCONCLUSIONS: Employing these practices requires a PHEP system that facilitates the preparation of insightful AARs, and more generally rewards learning. The barriers to AARs fall into two categories: concerns about the cultural sensitivity and context, liability, the political response, and national security; and constraints on staff time and the lack of experience and the requisite analytical skills. Ensuring that AARs fulfill their promise as tools of system improvement will require ongoing investment and a change in mindset. The first step should be to clarify that the goal of AARs is organizational learning, not placing blame or punishing poor performance. Based on experience in other fields, the buy-in of agency and political leadership is critical in this regard. National public health systems also need support in the form of toolkits, guides, and training, as well as research on AAR methods. An AAR registry could support organizational improvement through careful post-event analysis of systems' own events, facilitate identification and sharing of best practices across jurisdictions, and enable cross-case analyses.","container-title":"Globalization and Health","DOI":"10.1186/s12992-019-0500-z","ISSN":"1744-8603","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Global Health","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31601233\nPMCID: PMC6785939","page":"58","source":"PubMed","title":"Getting the most from after action reviews to improve global health security","volume":"15","author":[{"family":"Stoto","given":"Michael A."},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Piltch-Loeb","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Mayigane","given":"Landry Ndriko"},{"family":"Copper","given":"Frederik"},{"family":"Chungong","given":"Stella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"10"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoto et al., 2019). Developing and underdeveloped countries contribute to eighty percent of these immature casualties. Five factors mainly play their role in the prevalence of these diseases which include excess smoking, lack of physical activity, utilization of alcohol, poor nutritional diet, and most significant air pollution. Mental health issues are also aggravated by these factors leading eventually to the prevalence of suicide attempts in teenagers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2prXGG4s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BACKGROUND: After Action Reviews (AARs) provide a means to observe how well preparedness systems perform in real world conditions and can help to identify - and address - gaps in national and global public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) systems. WHO has recently published guidance for voluntary AARs. This analysis builds on this guidance by reviewing evidence on the effectiveness of AARs as tools for system improvement and by summarizing some key lessons about ensuring that AARs result in meaningful learning from experience.\nRESULTS: Empirical evidence from a variety of fields suggests that AARs hold considerable promise as tools of system improvement for PHEP. Our review of the literature and practical experience demonstrates that AARs are most likely to result in meaningful learning if they focus on incidents that are selected for their learning value, involve an appropriately broad range of perspectives, are conducted with appropriate time for reflection, employ systems frameworks and rigorous tools such as facilitated lookbacks and root cause analysis, and strike a balance between attention to incident specifics vs. generalizable capacities and capabilities.\nCONCLUSIONS: Employing these practices requires a PHEP system that facilitates the preparation of insightful AARs, and more generally rewards learning. The barriers to AARs fall into two categories: concerns about the cultural sensitivity and context, liability, the political response, and national security; and constraints on staff time and the lack of experience and the requisite analytical skills. Ensuring that AARs fulfill their promise as tools of system improvement will require ongoing investment and a change in mindset. The first step should be to clarify that the goal of AARs is organizational learning, not placing blame or punishing poor performance. Based on experience in other fields, the buy-in of agency and political leadership is critical in this regard. National public health systems also need support in the form of toolkits, guides, and training, as well as research on AAR methods. An AAR registry could support organizational improvement through careful post-event analysis of systems' own events, facilitate identification and sharing of best practices across jurisdictions, and enable cross-case analyses.","container-title":"Globalization and Health","DOI":"10.1186/s12992-019-0500-z","ISSN":"1744-8603","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Global Health","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31601233\nPMCID: PMC6785939","page":"58","source":"PubMed","title":"Getting the most from after action reviews to improve global health security","volume":"15","author":[{"family":"Stoto","given":"Michael A."},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Piltch-Loeb","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Mayigane","given":"Landry Ndriko"},{"family":"Copper","given":"Frederik"},{"family":"Chungong","given":"Stella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"10"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoto et al., 2019). Further, it is reported that six billion individuals of the total world's population reside in communities where prolonged disasters including multiple issues like water shortage, hunger, war, dispersion of the population and feeble medical services deprive them of necessary health care. Delicate parameters appear in nearly all parts of the world, where half of the main objectives of sustainable development objectives such as infant and women's health stay unfulfilled ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"izPCFTCA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Stoto et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/PHV9LSVH"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BACKGROUND: After Action Reviews (AARs) provide a means to observe how well preparedness systems perform in real world conditions and can help to identify - and address - gaps in national and global public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) systems. WHO has recently published guidance for voluntary AARs. This analysis builds on this guidance by reviewing evidence on the effectiveness of AARs as tools for system improvement and by summarizing some key lessons about ensuring that AARs result in meaningful learning from experience.\nRESULTS: Empirical evidence from a variety of fields suggests that AARs hold considerable promise as tools of system improvement for PHEP. Our review of the literature and practical experience demonstrates that AARs are most likely to result in meaningful learning if they focus on incidents that are selected for their learning value, involve an appropriately broad range of perspectives, are conducted with appropriate time for reflection, employ systems frameworks and rigorous tools such as facilitated lookbacks and root cause analysis, and strike a balance between attention to incident specifics vs. generalizable capacities and capabilities.\nCONCLUSIONS: Employing these practices requires a PHEP system that facilitates the preparation of insightful AARs, and more generally rewards learning. The barriers to AARs fall into two categories: concerns about the cultural sensitivity and context, liability, the political response, and national security; and constraints on staff time and the lack of experience and the requisite analytical skills. Ensuring that AARs fulfill their promise as tools of system improvement will require ongoing investment and a change in mindset. The first step should be to clarify that the goal of AARs is organizational learning, not placing blame or punishing poor performance. Based on experience in other fields, the buy-in of agency and political leadership is critical in this regard. National public health systems also need support in the form of toolkits, guides, and training, as well as research on AAR methods. An AAR registry could support organizational improvement through careful post-event analysis of systems' own events, facilitate identification and sharing of best practices across jurisdictions, and enable cross-case analyses.","container-title":"Globalization and Health","DOI":"10.1186/s12992-019-0500-z","ISSN":"1744-8603","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Global Health","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 31601233\nPMCID: PMC6785939","page":"58","source":"PubMed","title":"Getting the most from after action reviews to improve global health security","volume":"15","author":[{"family":"Stoto","given":"Michael A."},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Piltch-Loeb","given":"Rachael"},{"family":"Mayigane","given":"Landry Ndriko"},{"family":"Copper","given":"Frederik"},{"family":"Chungong","given":"Stella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]],"season":"10"}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoto et al., 2019).
In the year 2018, two distinct Ebola infections were seen in the Democratic Republic of Congo, both were extended to settlements with approximately more than one million individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o03duciG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","plainCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019","author":[{"family":"World Health Organisation","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (World Health Organisation, 2019). Several of the afflicted regions are in an alerted war zone. It demonstrates that perhaps the perspective in which an outbreak of an elevated-threat virus such as Ebola emerges is crucial.
Dengue, which is a mosquito-borne illness that shows symptoms of the flu, is fatal and destroy almost twenty percent of people suffering from severe dengue. It has been reported to be a rising threat for years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Q1Pbt7IN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rahman et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Rahman et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":193,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GBFZH757"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GBFZH757"],"itemData":{"id":193,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Emerging infectious diseases","issue":"7","page":"738","source":"Google Scholar","title":"First outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Mahbubur"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Khalilur"},{"family":"Siddque","given":"A. K."},{"family":"Shoma","given":"Shereen"},{"family":"Kamal","given":"A. H. M."},{"family":"Ali","given":"K. S."},{"family":"Nisaluk","given":"Ananda"},{"family":"Breiman","given":"Robert F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rahman et al., 2002). During the rainy seasons of nations such as Bangladesh and India, a shockingly high number of incidents arise ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RsMdmEaK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rahman et al., 2002)","plainCitation":"(Rahman et al., 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":193,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GBFZH757"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GBFZH757"],"itemData":{"id":193,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Emerging infectious diseases","issue":"7","page":"738","source":"Google Scholar","title":"First outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Mahbubur"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Khalilur"},{"family":"Siddque","given":"A. K."},{"family":"Shoma","given":"Shereen"},{"family":"Kamal","given":"A. H. M."},{"family":"Ali","given":"K. S."},{"family":"Nisaluk","given":"Ananda"},{"family":"Breiman","given":"Robert F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rahman et al., 2002). Today, its duration of stay in such nations is substantially extending and hence the virus is propagating to more temperate regions such as Nepal, which haven't yet seen the virus historically than less tropical countries. Approximately forty percent of the total Earth population is at threat of dengue fever and nearly 390 million outbreaks are reported annually ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zSQBcJUv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","plainCitation":"(World Health Organisation, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/GV2JYEK5"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019","author":[{"family":"World Health Organisation","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (World Health Organization, 2019).
Conclusion
It is evident from the studies that the world is continuously suffering at the expense of increasing issues surrounding health. The most significant global issue that impacts the overall health in various communities is Air pollution, ultimately leading to Climate Change. Other global health issues prevailing nowadays are a non-infectious disease, Ebola and Dengue outbreaks.
References
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Stoto, M. A., Nelson, C., Piltch-Loeb, R., Mayigane, L. N., Copper, F., & Chungong, S. (2019). Getting the most from after action reviews to improve global health security. Globalization and Health, 15(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0500-z
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World Health Organisation. (2019). Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019.
