ID Number
Unit code and titles
Clinical Project
[Name of Unit Coordinator]
Word count: 2421
Clinical Project
Introduction:
Sleep is the basic need for human and animal. The disturbance in sleeping pattern affects human health in various ways. People often misunderstand the sleeping disturbance and do not pay attention to it. However, if the problem regularly occurs, it interferes in daily life and affects routine. The sleeping disturbance is the problem which decreases the ability to acquire the quality sleep ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3NRFpasn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Sleep Disorders,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Sleep Disorders,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1020,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/GTNGEF7K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/GTNGEF7K"],"itemData":{"id":1020,"type":"webpage","title":"Sleep Disorders","container-title":"Cleveland Clinic","abstract":"Sleeping disorders prevent restful sleep and can cause daytime dysfunction. Learn more from Cleveland Clinic about the types of sleep problems.","URL":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11429-common-sleep-disorders","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Sleep Disorders,” n.d.). It is absolutely normal not to have enough sleep once in a while due to the work pressure, excitement, tension, or wrong daily routine but facing difficulties in sleeping on regular basis impact both physical and psychological health which implies that person should immediately consult to the physician. It not only impacts human health but also interferes with their emotional and social functioning. The most common types of sleep disturbance include insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B7Khi0bV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Common Sleep Disorders,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Common Sleep Disorders,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1038,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T84QRSS4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T84QRSS4"],"itemData":{"id":1038,"type":"webpage","title":"Common Sleep Disorders","container-title":"The Sleep Health Foundation","abstract":"TEN COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS\n1. Insomnia\nInsomnia is when it is hard to get to sleep or stay asleep. Often, the cause is discomfort from an illness. Other times, it can be feeling upset, sad or stressed. In these cases, what needs to be done is to get rid of the cause. But in other cases, there is no obvious cause. Her","URL":"https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/common-sleep-disorders.html","language":"en-gb","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Common Sleep Disorders,” n.d.).
Different reports indicate that sleep disturbance increase with age. Age is the crucial element that brings various factors which affect the daily routine of the individuals. For instance, children mostly face sleep disturbance due to health issues and restless environment. 33 to 45% of individuals face inadequate sleep due to restless legs, insomnia and sleep apnea. Average sleep duration is 7 hours where eight per cent of individuals are diagnosed with sleep apnea, 18% with restless legs and twenty per cent with insomnia. Data also indicates that 76% of people who sleep for less than 5.5 hours face different sleeping disorders in Australian adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QK7ouvZ3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(R. Adams, Appleton, Taylor, & Antic, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(R. Adams, Appleton, Taylor, & Antic, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1012,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NGCJ4864"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NGCJ4864"],"itemData":{"id":1012,"type":"article-journal","title":"Report to the Sleep Health Foundation 2016 Sleep Health Survey of Australian Adults","page":"55","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Appleton","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Antic","given":"Nick"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (R. Adams, Appleton, Taylor, & Antic, n.d.). Latest data indicates that the use of the internet also affecting the sleeping pattern as people use more of the internet before going to bed which disturb their sleep. Men mostly face more sleep disturbance than women where women mostly feel sleeping disturbance during pregnancy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2IBWdsp4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1018,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9SNJ4WTG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9SNJ4WTG"],"itemData":{"id":1018,"type":"webpage","title":"Chapter 3: Clinical Issues","URL":"https://www.menopause.org/publications/clinical-care-recommendations/chapter-3-clinical-issues","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,” n.d.). Employed people who face sleep disturbance recorded error in their work due to sleepiness. In addition, twenty percent of accidents in 2016 occurred as drivers nodded off while driving. All this data indicates that sleep disturbance is a problem which directly or indirectly impacts the daily performance of the person at work as well as in their personal life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mqUvhfCC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1018,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9SNJ4WTG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9SNJ4WTG"],"itemData":{"id":1018,"type":"webpage","title":"Chapter 3: Clinical Issues","URL":"https://www.menopause.org/publications/clinical-care-recommendations/chapter-3-clinical-issues","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Chapter 3: Clinical Issues,” n.d.).
Objective:
The main objective of the paper is to spread awareness about the clinical issue of "sleep disturbance". It is significant to identify the strategies for reducing the problem and ensuring better healthcare quality in the nation.
Literature Review:
The article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5MrVTAvd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(R. J. Adams et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(R. J. Adams et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1006,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3PRL39I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3PRL39I"],"itemData":{"id":1006,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016: results of the 2016 Sleep Health Foundation national survey","container-title":"Sleep Health","page":"35-42","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence and social impacts of sleep problems in Australia.\nDESIGN: Cross-sectional national adult online survey.\nSETTING: Community-based sample.\nPARTICIPANTS: Australian adults ≥18 years, n=1011.\nRESULTS: Self-reported inadequate sleep, of either duration or quality, and its daytime consequences affect 33%-45% of adults. Diagnosed sleep apnea is reported by 8%, significant insomnia by 20%, and restless legs by18% of adults. Besides specific clinical sleep disorders, poor sleep habits were common. Average reported sleep time is 7 hours, although 12% sleep less than 5½hours and 8% over 9 hours. Three-quarters (76%) of those who sleep less than 5½hours report frequent daytime impairment or sleep-related symptoms. Frequent, loud snoring is reported by 24% of men and 17% of women. Among these, 70% report daytime impairment or other sleep-related symptoms. Twenty-six percent report Internet use most or every night just before bed and frequent sleep difficulties or daytime impairments. Similarly, 16% of working adults do work just before bed and also have frequent sleep difficulties or daytime sleep-related symptoms. Younger adults (18-34 years) sleep around 1 hour longer before non-work days than working days compared with 18 minutes in older age groups. In the past 3 months, 29% of adults report making errors at work due to sleepiness or sleep problems. Driving while drowsy at least every month is reported by 29% of people, 20% have nodded off while driving, and 5% have had an accident in the past year because they dozed off.\nCONCLUSION: Sleep problems and daytime consequences are endemic among Australian adults. A focus on healthy sleep at a policy level as well as increased clinician and public awareness may be warranted.","DOI":"10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.005","ISSN":"2352-7226","note":"PMID: 28346149","title-short":"Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016","journalAbbreviation":"Sleep Health","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Robert J."},{"family":"Appleton","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Anne W."},{"family":"Gill","given":"Tiffany K."},{"family":"Lang","given":"Carol"},{"family":"McEvoy","given":"R. Douglas"},{"family":"Antic","given":"Nick A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (R. J. Adams et al., 2017), highlighted the report of a health survey of Australian adults that sleep problems are common in the people. 23% of the people were unable to take average sleep due to tough schedule where older adults face more difficulties while sleeping. There is a sharp increase in sleep disturbance from 2010 onwards and excessive use of the internet is the crucial factor. The author explained that less sleep causes bad immune function and increase infection risks like cancer. It can also cause heart attack and hypertension in some cases as it links to the mental well-being and cognitive function. The article is useful for the project as it covers a large amount of population where researchers took telephonic interviews from more than a thousand adults of Australia who have age above 18. In addition, an online survey was conducted in which respondents filled the questionnaire. The findings indicate that 40% of women and 26% of men face sleep difficulties where 50% of women and 38% of men find it difficult to sleep again if they wake up during the night. The issues impact work and social activities.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O2eHHwqj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cormier, 1990)","plainCitation":"(Cormier, 1990)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1008,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YGIWW2SH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YGIWW2SH"],"itemData":{"id":1008,"type":"chapter","title":"Sleep Disturbances","container-title":"Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations","publisher":"Butterworths","publisher-place":"Boston","edition":"3rd","source":"PubMed","event-place":"Boston","abstract":"Sleep disturbances encompass disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS, insomnias), disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES), disorders of sleep–wake schedule, and dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals (parasomnias). Table 77.1 presents a useful classification.","URL":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401/","ISBN":"978-0-409-90077-4","call-number":"NBK401","note":"PMID: 21250242","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Cormier","given":"René E."}],"editor":[{"family":"Walker","given":"H. Kenneth"},{"family":"Hall","given":"W. Dallas"},{"family":"Hurst","given":"J. Willis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cormier, 1990), researchers highlighted the strategy to control the sleep disturbance it is important for the clinicians to identify the issue with the broad category of sleep disorders. Clinicians often relate sleep difficulties with the other health issues of the patient. However, it is necessary to identify that complain of the patient about "trouble sleeping' is actually a difficulty they are facing for falling asleep. Another strategy that the researcher discussed is to identify precipitating causes which can help to understand the pattern or duration of any sleep disturbance. In the case of insomnia, the study of drug history is essential for the clinicians. People who are addicted to some sort of drug wake up in the middle of the night and find it difficult to sleep again.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4fsDv4K2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alsaadi, McAuley, Hush, & Maher, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Alsaadi, McAuley, Hush, & Maher, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1027,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TQENTYJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TQENTYJE"],"itemData":{"id":1027,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with low back pain","container-title":"European Spine Journal","page":"737-743","volume":"20","issue":"5","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"Low back pain (LBP) is a common health condition that is often associated with disability, psychological distress and work loss. Worldwide, billions of dollars are expended each year trying to manage LBP, often with limited success. Recently, some researchers have reported that LBP patients also report sleep disturbance as a result of their LBP. However, as most of this evidence was obtained from highly selected groups of patients or from studies with small samples, high quality data on prevalence of sleep disturbance for patients with LBP are lacking. It is also unclear whether sleep disturbance is more likely to be reported by patients with recent-onset LBP than by patients with persistent LBP. Finally, it is not known whether high pain intensity, the most relevant condition-specific variable, is associated with higher rates of reported sleep disturbance. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of reported sleep disturbance in patients with LBP. In addition, we aimed to determine whether sleep disturbance was associated with the duration of back pain symptoms and whether pain intensity was associated with reported sleep disturbance. Data from 1,941 patients obtained from 13 studies conducted by the authors or their colleagues between 2001 and 2009 were used to determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance. Logistic regression analyses explored associations between sleep disturbance, the duration of low back symptoms and pain intensity. The estimated prevalence of sleep disturbance was 58.7% (95% CI 56.4–60.7%). Sleep disturbance was found to be dependent on pain intensity, where each increase by one point on a ten-point visual analogue scale (VAS) was associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of reporting sleep disturbance. Our findings indicate that sleep disturbance is common in patients with LBP. In addition, we found that the intensity of back pain was only weakly associated with sleep disturbance, suggesting that other factors contribute to sleep problems for LBP patients.","DOI":"10.1007/s00586-010-1661-x","ISSN":"1432-0932","journalAbbreviation":"Eur Spine J","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Alsaadi","given":"Saad M."},{"family":"McAuley","given":"James H."},{"family":"Hush","given":"Julia M."},{"family":"Maher","given":"Chris G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",5,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alsaadi, McAuley, Hush, & Maher, 2011), sleep disturbance among the people suffering from low back pain is observed. Low back pain is associated with the common health condition and can lead to disability and work loss. Finding indicates that patient with the low back pain is associated with sleep disturbance however it is difficult to identify that sleep disturbance is more with the new patient or who have low back pain for a long time. Psychotherapy and physical activities are some of the strategies that can be effective to reduce pain and sleep difficulties together.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uZsoREpk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bin, Marshall, & Glozier, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Bin, Marshall, & Glozier, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1015,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HXXIWZYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HXXIWZYG"],"itemData":{"id":1015,"type":"article-journal","title":"The burden of insomnia on individual function and healthcare consumption in Australia","container-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health","page":"462-468","volume":"36","issue":"5","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective: To determine the extent to which insomnia poses an independent burden on individual function and healthcare use in Australia. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 8,841 respondents and representative of the Australian population aged 16 to 85 in the 2007 National Mental Health and Wellbeing Survey were analysed. Insomnia was defined as ‘sleeping only in short bursts and being awake most of the night’ during the past week. This measure was validated against common epidemiological indicators of insomnia. Associations between insomnia, disability and healthcare consumption were explored using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Insomnia was reported by 5.6% of adults and was associated with older age, female gender, pain and psychological distress. Controlling for these and other a priori confounders, insomnia was associated with greater odds of (Adjusted Odds Ratio; 95% CI): disability days (1.62; 1.20–2.18), difficulties in daily activities (1.60; 1.10–2.31), life dissatisfaction (2.34; 1.11–4.93), use of sleep medication (1.78; 1.12–2.82) and a higher number of visits to general practitioners (1.57; 1.06–2.33). Insomnia was not significantly associated with the use of medications for mental health (1.17; 0.82–1.67), hospital admissions (1.31; 0.82–1.67), the use of complementary and alternative medicine (1.10; 0.73–1.67) or unmet need for healthcare (1.22; 0.84–1.77). Conclusions: One in twenty adult Australians experience a level of insomnia that is independently associated with impairments in functioning and increased use of healthcare. Implications: Increasing public and clinician awareness of the impact of insomnia, and promotion of available insomnia treatments may be warranted.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00845.x","ISSN":"1753-6405","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bin","given":"Yu Sun"},{"family":"Marshall","given":"Nathaniel S."},{"family":"Glozier","given":"Nicholas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bin, Marshall, & Glozier, 2012), the impact of insomnia is explained to understand the hurdles in individual function and health care use in Australia. 8841 respondents from Australia from the age group of 16 to 85 participated as a volunteer to acquire the cross-sectional data. The article is useful for the project as it determined the correlation between healthcare consumption, insomnia and disability. The findings indicate that insomnia is found among older adults and the main factor behind the issue are age, gender, psychological distress and pain. Strategies that clinicians use to avoid the problem includes providing a schedule for daily activities, medication for mental health, consultation of general practitioners, sleep medication use and hospital admission in extreme case. Researchers concluded that one Australian out of twenty face issue of insomnia which is directly linked to the availability of healthcare facilities and impairments in functioning.
The article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GnOSiMei","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Practitioners, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Practitioners, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1003,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T6XYWPMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T6XYWPMS"],"itemData":{"id":1003,"type":"webpage","title":"RACGP - Sleep problems in children","abstract":"Sleep problems in children | RACGP","URL":"https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/sleep-problems-in-children/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Practitioners","given":"The Royal Australian College of General"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Practitioners, n.d.), is about the sleep disturbance in children. Researchers claim that sleep disturbance in children is behavioural in origin. The article is significant as it highlighted the crucial strategy that is evidence-based behavioural management strategies to understand the sleep difficulties in infants and teenagers. The sleep difficulties in a younger age can be controlled by the home-based behavioural intervention. Community health practitioners and parents play a central role for the successful diagnosis and treatment of the problem. The article explains that the sleep issue in children is easy to treat, however, if no proper treatment is made at an early age, it can lead to serious disorders like insomnia in adulthood. In addition, the health and development of the children get affected due to the disturbance in the sleeping schedule.
Another article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KPiVWVon","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baird et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Baird et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1004,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/G3ST5TIL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/G3ST5TIL"],"itemData":{"id":1004,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep Disturbances in Australian Vietnam Veterans With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","page":"745-752","volume":"14","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Study Objectives:\nPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that may develop after a traumatic event, particularly combat-related trauma. Although sleep disturbance is a hallmark of PTSD, the prevalence of sleep disturbances in Australian veterans with PTSD remains uncertain. This study aimed to subjectively compare the prevalence of sleep disturbances in Australian Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD.\n\nMethods:\nA cross-sectional cohort study compared trauma-exposed Australian Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was confirmed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. Sleep information was evaluated using supervised structured questionnaires, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Berlin and Mayo Questionnaires.\n\nResults:\nTwo hundred fourteen male Vietnam veterans (108 with PTSD) were included. Participants with PTSD had higher body mass index (30.3 versus 29 kg/m2; P < .05), higher ESS score (9.2 versus 7.6; P < .05), and increased alcohol or medication use to assist with sleep (19% versus 6%; P < .01; and 44% versus 14%; P < .01). Those with PTSD were less likely to sleep well (32% versus 72%; P < .01) and reported higher rates of restless legs (45% versus 25%; P < .01), nightmares (91% versus 29%; P < .01), nocturnal screaming (73% versus 18%; P < .01), sleep terrors (61% versus 13%; P < .01) and dream enactment (78% versus 11.8%; P < .01). The PTSD group had higher rates of diagnosed OSA (42% versus 21%; P < .01) and an increased risk of OSA on the Berlin Questionnaire (69% versus 43%; P < .01).\n\nConclusions:\nCompared to trauma-exposed controls, Australian Vietnam veterans with PTSD demonstrated an increased prevalence of a wide range of sleep disturbances, including OSA. In veterans with PTSD, detailed sleep assessment, including consideration of polysomnography, is paramount.\n\nCitation:\nBaird T, McLeay S, Harvey W, Theal R, Law D, O'Sullivan R; PTSD Initiative. Sleep disturbances in Australian Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(5):745–752.","DOI":"10.5664/jcsm.7096","ISSN":"1550-9389","note":"PMID: 29734981\nPMCID: PMC5940424","journalAbbreviation":"J Clin Sleep Med","author":[{"family":"Baird","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"McLeay","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Harvey","given":"Wendy"},{"family":"Theal","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Law","given":"Dayna"},{"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Robyn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baird et al., 2018) identifies the issue of sleep disturbance with and without PTSD in Australian Vietnam Veterans. PTSD occurs after the traumatic incidence which also leads to sleep disturbance. With the help of cross-sectional analysis, the comparison was made between the Australian Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD. Findings indicate that patients with PTSD have more chances of sleep disturbance than People without PTSD. Among war veterans 1.9 to 8.8% face PTSD which ultimately leads to sleep disturbance. The problem can be controlled through two strategies that are considered of polysomnography and detailed sleep assessment.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9hDkrGXN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dorrian et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Dorrian et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1033,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZCWCQ4B5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZCWCQ4B5"],"itemData":{"id":1033,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep, stress and compensatory behaviors in Australian nurses and midwives","container-title":"Revista de Saúde Pública","page":"922-930","volume":"45","source":"SciELO","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To describe sleep, stress and compensatory behaviors in nurses and midwives. METHODS: The study included 41 midwives and 21 nurses working in Australian hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Participation was voluntary. All participants recorded on a daily basis their work and sleep hours, levels of stress and exhaustion, caffeine intake and use of sleep aids for a month (1,736 days, 1,002 work shifts). RESULTS: Participants reported moderate to high levels of stress and exhaustion on 20-40% of work days; experienced sleep disruption on more than 50% of work days; struggled to remain awake on 27% of work days; and suffered extreme drowsiness or experienced a near accident while travelling home on 9% of workdays. Age, perceived sleep duration and work hours were significant predictors of caffeine intake. About 60% of participants reported using sleep aids (about 20% reported taking prescription medications and 44% of nurses and 9% of midwives reported alcohol use as a sleep aid at least once during the study). Stress and workdays were significant predictors of sedative use. Overall, 22% reported being indifferent or mildly dissatisfied with their job. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep problems, high levels of stress and exhaustion and low job satisfaction are prevalent among nurses and midwives. The use of alcohol and sleeping pills as sleep aids, and the use of caffeine to help maintain alertness is also common. Nurses and midwives may use caffeine to compensate for reduced sleep, especially on workdays, and sleeping pills to cope with their daily work-related stress.","DOI":"10.1590/S0034-89102011005000059","ISSN":"0034-8910, 0034-8910, 1518-8787","journalAbbreviation":"Rev. Saúde Pública","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Dorrian","given":"Jillian"},{"family":"Paterson","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Dawson","given":"Drew"},{"family":"Pincombe","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Grech","given":"Carol"},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Ann E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",8,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dorrian et al., 2011), Dorrian and fellows conducted a study to identify and explore the compensatory behaviour among the nurses and participants were required to record their exhaustion, stress and intake of caffeine every day. The voluntary participants disclosed sleep disturbance, stress and exhaustion and extreme drowsiness on their working days. More than 60% of the participants of study informed about their intake of sleep aids and caffeine. Generally, 22% of them reported dissatisfaction and unhappiness with their jobs. This study indicates the high prevalence of stress and fatigue among midwives and nurses. In addition, it discloses the intake of caffeine and pills to cope up with the daily word stress and insomnia.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DUn8WQhZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waloszek, Raniti, & Melbourne, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Waloszek, Raniti, & Melbourne, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1023,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YS3Z4KR9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YS3Z4KR9"],"itemData":{"id":1023,"type":"webpage","title":"Sleep problems, anxiety and depression — it goes both ways","container-title":"ABC News","genre":"Text","abstract":"For many people, treating sleep problems before treating symptoms of anxiety and depression is less stigmatising and might encourage people to seek further help.","URL":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-12/sleep-problems-anxiety-and-depression-link-goes-both-ways/8521582","language":"en-AU","author":[{"family":"Waloszek","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Raniti","given":"Monika"},{"family":"Melbourne","given":"University","dropping-particle":"of"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",5,12]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waloszek, Raniti, & Melbourne, 2017), researchers explain the sleep problem in correlation with anxiety and depression. Disturbed sleep for one day can bring sadness, laziness, and cranky feeling while continuous sleep disturbance can result in anxiety and depression. Various researches indicated that anxiety and depression cause sleep disturbance while the latest researches indicate that both anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance are side by side. It is possible that firstly disturbance in sleep can occur which may result in anxiety and depression. The strategy that the researcher highlighted for the problem is cognitive behaviour therapy. A recent study found that online therapy improves not only depression but also insomnia symptoms. The intervention is cost-effective and accessible to a large number of people.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l9DIkO7b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pilowsky, Crettenden, & Townley, 1985)","plainCitation":"(Pilowsky, Crettenden, & Townley, 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1025,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XK8HJLCK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XK8HJLCK"],"itemData":{"id":1025,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep disturbance in pain clinic patients","container-title":"Pain","page":"27-33","volume":"23","issue":"1","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"One hundred out-patients, referred to a multidisciplinary pain clinic for the management of chronic pain, were questioned regarding their sleeping habits and were grouped according to whether they reported ‘good,’ ‘fair’ or ‘poor’ sleep. All patients were administered questionnaires to measure illness behaviour, depression and anxiety. Information was also obtained regarding the site, intensity and quality of pain as well as amount of general activity. ‘Good’ and ‘poor’ sleepers were found to differ on most measures, particularly depression, pain intensity, activity levels and hypochondriasis. These findings suggest that reported sleep disturbance may provide an index of impairment and act as an indicator of psychological disturbance in chronic pain patients.","DOI":"10.1016/0304-3959(85)90227-1","ISSN":"0304-3959","journalAbbreviation":"Pain","author":[{"family":"Pilowsky","given":"I."},{"family":"Crettenden","given":"I."},{"family":"Townley","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pilowsky, Crettenden, & Townley, 1985), researchers study the sleeping habit of patients with back pain. Hundred patients with back pain were studied and asked about their sleeping habits. Findings indicate that sleep disturbance is linked to the psychological disturbance in chronic pain patients. In addition, sleep disturbance varies with the condition of the patient that is patients with less pain faceless issue of sleep difficulty while patients more pain intensity were recorded as poor sleepers. The strategies that are recommended include the proper assessment of pain and sleeping pattern of the patient along with the introduction of physical activities. In addition, communication and discussion with the patient can help to reduce the psychological problems which can cause sleep disturbance.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BkqFDOeJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hiscock, Canterford, Ukoumunne, & Wake, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Hiscock, Canterford, Ukoumunne, & Wake, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1029,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBQ9NZGD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBQ9NZGD"],"itemData":{"id":1029,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adverse Associations of Sleep Problems in Australian Preschoolers: National Population Study","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"86-93","volume":"119","issue":"1","source":"pediatrics.aappublications.org","abstract":"OBJECTIVE. In contrast to school-aged children, the impact of sleep problems in preschool-aged children is not well documented. We aimed to determine relationships between preschool-aged child sleep problems and child behavior; health-related quality of life; verbal, preliteracy, and early numeracy skills; diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury.\nPARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Participants included families (n = 4983) participating in the first wave of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, a nationally representative study of Australian children aged 4 to 5 years surveyed from March to November 2004. Measures consisted of a primary caregiver's report of whether their child had a sleep problem (none versus mild versus moderate/severe); specific sleep patterns occurring ≥4 nights per week; health-related quality of life (by using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0); behavior (by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and parent-reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury requiring medical attention in the past 12 months. Tests of receptive vocabulary and preliteracy/numeracy skills (by using the Who Am I? developmental assessment and the adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition) were directly administered to each child.\nRESULTS. Sleep problems were common, and compared with children without sleep problems, children with sleep problems had poorer child health-related quality of life, more behavior problems, and higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Difficulty going to sleep and morning tiredness had greater adverse associations than snoring or night waking.\nCONCLUSIONS. Given that sleep problems are very common, the adverse outcomes shown here could affect the transition to school for a very large number of preschoolers.","DOI":"10.1542/peds.2006-1757","ISSN":"0031-4005, 1098-4275","note":"PMID: 17200274","title-short":"Adverse Associations of Sleep Problems in Australian Preschoolers","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hiscock","given":"Harriet"},{"family":"Canterford","given":"Louise"},{"family":"Ukoumunne","given":"Obioha C."},{"family":"Wake","given":"Melissa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hiscock, Canterford, Ukoumunne, & Wake, 2007), national population study was made to identify the sleep disturbance in Australian preschoolers. The main objective of the research is to find out the correlation between sleep disturbance in preschool-aged children and their behaviour in terms of life quality, early numerical skills, verbal, preliteracy, injury, and hyperactivity disorder. The finding indicates that health issues are observed among the children who face sleep disturbance than the children who take proper sleep. Sleep disturbance impacts their physical and psychological development which can increase the risk of hyperactivity disorder.
In the article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rQGLfxRD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Halson, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Halson, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1036,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/P533WP3Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/P533WP3Z"],"itemData":{"id":1036,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nutrition, sleep and recovery","container-title":"European Journal of Sport Science","page":"119-126","volume":"8","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Ensuring athletes achieve an appropriate quality and/or quantity of sleep may have significant implications for performance and recovery and reduce the risk of developing overreaching or overtraining. Indeed, sleep is often anecdotally suggested to be the single best recovery strategy available to elite athletes. A number of nutritional factors have been suggested to improve sleep, including valerian, melatonin, tryptophan, a high glycaemic index diet before bedtime, and maintenance of a balanced and healthy diet. Conversely, consumption of alcohol and caffeine and hyper-hydration may disturb sleep. Strategies such as warming the skin, hydrotherapy, and adoption of appropriate sleep hygiene (maintenance of good sleep habits and routines) are other tools to aid in sleep promotion. Ensuring athletes gain an appropriate quality and quantity of sleep may be important for optimal athletic performance.","DOI":"10.1080/17461390801954794","ISSN":"1746-1391","author":[{"family":"Halson","given":"Shona L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Halson, 2008), the impact of sleep disturbance among athletes is being discussed. Researchers found that proper sleep is required for the efficient performance of athletes. Sleep disturbance can cause physical weakness and low-quality performance. Sleep can be disturbed due to the use of alcohol or any other drug, caffeine and hyper-hydration. Different strategies can be introduced to decrease sleep disturbance like warming up the body, proper diet plan, appropriate sleep hygiene, and hyper-hydration.
Evaluation:
The clinical issue of sleep disturbance can be evaluated from the literature review that provided the detail about the problem its symptoms, treatment and intervention. The report indicates that women face more sleep disturbance than men. Age is one of the main factor associated with sleep difficulties ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pLb9BUT6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(R. J. Adams et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(R. J. Adams et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1006,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3PRL39I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3PRL39I"],"itemData":{"id":1006,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016: results of the 2016 Sleep Health Foundation national survey","container-title":"Sleep Health","page":"35-42","volume":"3","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence and social impacts of sleep problems in Australia.\nDESIGN: Cross-sectional national adult online survey.\nSETTING: Community-based sample.\nPARTICIPANTS: Australian adults ≥18 years, n=1011.\nRESULTS: Self-reported inadequate sleep, of either duration or quality, and its daytime consequences affect 33%-45% of adults. Diagnosed sleep apnea is reported by 8%, significant insomnia by 20%, and restless legs by18% of adults. Besides specific clinical sleep disorders, poor sleep habits were common. Average reported sleep time is 7 hours, although 12% sleep less than 5½hours and 8% over 9 hours. Three-quarters (76%) of those who sleep less than 5½hours report frequent daytime impairment or sleep-related symptoms. Frequent, loud snoring is reported by 24% of men and 17% of women. Among these, 70% report daytime impairment or other sleep-related symptoms. Twenty-six percent report Internet use most or every night just before bed and frequent sleep difficulties or daytime impairments. Similarly, 16% of working adults do work just before bed and also have frequent sleep difficulties or daytime sleep-related symptoms. Younger adults (18-34 years) sleep around 1 hour longer before non-work days than working days compared with 18 minutes in older age groups. In the past 3 months, 29% of adults report making errors at work due to sleepiness or sleep problems. Driving while drowsy at least every month is reported by 29% of people, 20% have nodded off while driving, and 5% have had an accident in the past year because they dozed off.\nCONCLUSION: Sleep problems and daytime consequences are endemic among Australian adults. A focus on healthy sleep at a policy level as well as increased clinician and public awareness may be warranted.","DOI":"10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.005","ISSN":"2352-7226","note":"PMID: 28346149","title-short":"Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016","journalAbbreviation":"Sleep Health","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Robert J."},{"family":"Appleton","given":"Sarah L."},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Anne W."},{"family":"Gill","given":"Tiffany K."},{"family":"Lang","given":"Carol"},{"family":"McEvoy","given":"R. Douglas"},{"family":"Antic","given":"Nick A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (R. J. Adams et al., 2017). Older adults face different disorders like insomnia which leads to other physical and psychological healthcare issues. One out of twenty Australian face issue of sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance and its negative consequences among Australian adults increased the focus of the healthcare representatives to focus on the policy which can increase the awareness of this issue with the public to avoid the increased clinical issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"umunR6AY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Melinda, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Melinda, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1017,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/PLG4B329"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/PLG4B329"],"itemData":{"id":1017,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Sleep Disorders and Problems - HelpGuide.org","container-title":"https://www.helpguide.org","abstract":"Struggling with sleep problems, such as insomnia or daytime sleepiness? Learn the symptoms of common sleep disorders and how you can help yourself.","URL":"https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/sleep-disorders-and-problems.htm","language":"en_US","author":[{"literal":"Melinda"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Melinda, n.d.). People often avoid sleep disturbance and link it to the other healthcare issue however sleep disturbance can be the factor which leads to other health issues. Clinicians should consider the drug history of the patient as it is a crucial factor for the problem ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iy1QVoN8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cormier, 1990)","plainCitation":"(Cormier, 1990)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1008,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YGIWW2SH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YGIWW2SH"],"itemData":{"id":1008,"type":"chapter","title":"Sleep Disturbances","container-title":"Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations","publisher":"Butterworths","publisher-place":"Boston","edition":"3rd","source":"PubMed","event-place":"Boston","abstract":"Sleep disturbances encompass disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS, insomnias), disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES), disorders of sleep–wake schedule, and dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals (parasomnias). Table 77.1 presents a useful classification.","URL":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401/","ISBN":"978-0-409-90077-4","call-number":"NBK401","note":"PMID: 21250242","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Cormier","given":"René E."}],"editor":[{"family":"Walker","given":"H. Kenneth"},{"family":"Hall","given":"W. Dallas"},{"family":"Hurst","given":"J. Willis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cormier, 1990). In addition, people with cognitive problem or low back pain feel sleep disturbance. The intensity of the pain is associated with a high risk of sleep difficulties ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lmbunmmD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pilowsky et al., 1985)","plainCitation":"(Pilowsky et al., 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1025,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XK8HJLCK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XK8HJLCK"],"itemData":{"id":1025,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep disturbance in pain clinic patients","container-title":"Pain","page":"27-33","volume":"23","issue":"1","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"One hundred out-patients, referred to a multidisciplinary pain clinic for the management of chronic pain, were questioned regarding their sleeping habits and were grouped according to whether they reported ‘good,’ ‘fair’ or ‘poor’ sleep. All patients were administered questionnaires to measure illness behaviour, depression and anxiety. Information was also obtained regarding the site, intensity and quality of pain as well as amount of general activity. ‘Good’ and ‘poor’ sleepers were found to differ on most measures, particularly depression, pain intensity, activity levels and hypochondriasis. These findings suggest that reported sleep disturbance may provide an index of impairment and act as an indicator of psychological disturbance in chronic pain patients.","DOI":"10.1016/0304-3959(85)90227-1","ISSN":"0304-3959","journalAbbreviation":"Pain","author":[{"family":"Pilowsky","given":"I."},{"family":"Crettenden","given":"I."},{"family":"Townley","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1985",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pilowsky et al., 1985).
One of the literature highlights the factors like age, gender, psychological distress and pain that can lead to sleep disturbance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xDr5jOTn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alsaadi et al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Alsaadi et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1027,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TQENTYJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TQENTYJE"],"itemData":{"id":1027,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with low back pain","container-title":"European Spine Journal","page":"737-743","volume":"20","issue":"5","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"Low back pain (LBP) is a common health condition that is often associated with disability, psychological distress and work loss. Worldwide, billions of dollars are expended each year trying to manage LBP, often with limited success. Recently, some researchers have reported that LBP patients also report sleep disturbance as a result of their LBP. However, as most of this evidence was obtained from highly selected groups of patients or from studies with small samples, high quality data on prevalence of sleep disturbance for patients with LBP are lacking. It is also unclear whether sleep disturbance is more likely to be reported by patients with recent-onset LBP than by patients with persistent LBP. Finally, it is not known whether high pain intensity, the most relevant condition-specific variable, is associated with higher rates of reported sleep disturbance. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of reported sleep disturbance in patients with LBP. In addition, we aimed to determine whether sleep disturbance was associated with the duration of back pain symptoms and whether pain intensity was associated with reported sleep disturbance. Data from 1,941 patients obtained from 13 studies conducted by the authors or their colleagues between 2001 and 2009 were used to determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance. Logistic regression analyses explored associations between sleep disturbance, the duration of low back symptoms and pain intensity. The estimated prevalence of sleep disturbance was 58.7% (95% CI 56.4–60.7%). Sleep disturbance was found to be dependent on pain intensity, where each increase by one point on a ten-point visual analogue scale (VAS) was associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of reporting sleep disturbance. Our findings indicate that sleep disturbance is common in patients with LBP. In addition, we found that the intensity of back pain was only weakly associated with sleep disturbance, suggesting that other factors contribute to sleep problems for LBP patients.","DOI":"10.1007/s00586-010-1661-x","ISSN":"1432-0932","journalAbbreviation":"Eur Spine J","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Alsaadi","given":"Saad M."},{"family":"McAuley","given":"James H."},{"family":"Hush","given":"Julia M."},{"family":"Maher","given":"Chris G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",5,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alsaadi et al., 2011). The issue can be decreased through proper assessment, medication and physical activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O4xFNgXn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bin et al., 2012)","plainCitation":"(Bin et al., 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1015,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HXXIWZYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/HXXIWZYG"],"itemData":{"id":1015,"type":"article-journal","title":"The burden of insomnia on individual function and healthcare consumption in Australia","container-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health","page":"462-468","volume":"36","issue":"5","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective: To determine the extent to which insomnia poses an independent burden on individual function and healthcare use in Australia. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 8,841 respondents and representative of the Australian population aged 16 to 85 in the 2007 National Mental Health and Wellbeing Survey were analysed. Insomnia was defined as ‘sleeping only in short bursts and being awake most of the night’ during the past week. This measure was validated against common epidemiological indicators of insomnia. Associations between insomnia, disability and healthcare consumption were explored using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Insomnia was reported by 5.6% of adults and was associated with older age, female gender, pain and psychological distress. Controlling for these and other a priori confounders, insomnia was associated with greater odds of (Adjusted Odds Ratio; 95% CI): disability days (1.62; 1.20–2.18), difficulties in daily activities (1.60; 1.10–2.31), life dissatisfaction (2.34; 1.11–4.93), use of sleep medication (1.78; 1.12–2.82) and a higher number of visits to general practitioners (1.57; 1.06–2.33). Insomnia was not significantly associated with the use of medications for mental health (1.17; 0.82–1.67), hospital admissions (1.31; 0.82–1.67), the use of complementary and alternative medicine (1.10; 0.73–1.67) or unmet need for healthcare (1.22; 0.84–1.77). Conclusions: One in twenty adult Australians experience a level of insomnia that is independently associated with impairments in functioning and increased use of healthcare. Implications: Increasing public and clinician awareness of the impact of insomnia, and promotion of available insomnia treatments may be warranted.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00845.x","ISSN":"1753-6405","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bin","given":"Yu Sun"},{"family":"Marshall","given":"Nathaniel S."},{"family":"Glozier","given":"Nicholas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bin et al., 2012). Sleep disturbance in children is less than the adults but its consequences are high as it impacts both physical and psychological development of the children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Jik52h1M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hiscock et al., 2007)","plainCitation":"(Hiscock et al., 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1029,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBQ9NZGD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZBQ9NZGD"],"itemData":{"id":1029,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adverse Associations of Sleep Problems in Australian Preschoolers: National Population Study","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"86-93","volume":"119","issue":"1","source":"pediatrics.aappublications.org","abstract":"OBJECTIVE. In contrast to school-aged children, the impact of sleep problems in preschool-aged children is not well documented. We aimed to determine relationships between preschool-aged child sleep problems and child behavior; health-related quality of life; verbal, preliteracy, and early numeracy skills; diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury.\nPARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Participants included families (n = 4983) participating in the first wave of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, a nationally representative study of Australian children aged 4 to 5 years surveyed from March to November 2004. Measures consisted of a primary caregiver's report of whether their child had a sleep problem (none versus mild versus moderate/severe); specific sleep patterns occurring ≥4 nights per week; health-related quality of life (by using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0); behavior (by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and parent-reported diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and injury requiring medical attention in the past 12 months. Tests of receptive vocabulary and preliteracy/numeracy skills (by using the Who Am I? developmental assessment and the adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition) were directly administered to each child.\nRESULTS. Sleep problems were common, and compared with children without sleep problems, children with sleep problems had poorer child health-related quality of life, more behavior problems, and higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Difficulty going to sleep and morning tiredness had greater adverse associations than snoring or night waking.\nCONCLUSIONS. Given that sleep problems are very common, the adverse outcomes shown here could affect the transition to school for a very large number of preschoolers.","DOI":"10.1542/peds.2006-1757","ISSN":"0031-4005, 1098-4275","note":"PMID: 17200274","title-short":"Adverse Associations of Sleep Problems in Australian Preschoolers","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hiscock","given":"Harriet"},{"family":"Canterford","given":"Louise"},{"family":"Ukoumunne","given":"Obioha C."},{"family":"Wake","given":"Melissa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hiscock et al., 2007). The sleeping issue in children can be reduced through the attention of the parents and evidence-based behavioural management ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RIiuwclY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Practitioners, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Practitioners, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1003,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T6XYWPMS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/T6XYWPMS"],"itemData":{"id":1003,"type":"webpage","title":"RACGP - Sleep problems in children","abstract":"Sleep problems in children | RACGP","URL":"https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/december/sleep-problems-in-children/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Practitioners","given":"The Royal Australian College of General"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Practitioners, n.d.). Sleep disturbance is also associated with psychological disorder PTSD. Patient with PTSD often face difficulties in sleeping. They wake up in the middle of the night and find it difficult to sleep again ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rIwrKouu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baird et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Baird et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1004,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/G3ST5TIL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/G3ST5TIL"],"itemData":{"id":1004,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sleep Disturbances in Australian Vietnam Veterans With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","page":"745-752","volume":"14","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Study Objectives:\nPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that may develop after a traumatic event, particularly combat-related trauma. Although sleep disturbance is a hallmark of PTSD, the prevalence of sleep disturbances in Australian veterans with PTSD remains uncertain. This study aimed to subjectively compare the prevalence of sleep disturbances in Australian Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD.\n\nMethods:\nA cross-sectional cohort study compared trauma-exposed Australian Vietnam veterans with and without PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was confirmed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. Sleep information was evaluated using supervised structured questionnaires, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Berlin and Mayo Questionnaires.\n\nResults:\nTwo hundred fourteen male Vietnam veterans (108 with PTSD) were included. Participants with PTSD had higher body mass index (30.3 versus 29 kg/m2; P < .05), higher ESS score (9.2 versus 7.6; P < .05), and increased alcohol or medication use to assist with sleep (19% versus 6%; P < .01; and 44% versus 14%; P < .01). Those with PTSD were less likely to sleep well (32% versus 72%; P < .01) and reported higher rates of restless legs (45% versus 25%; P < .01), nightmares (91% versus 29%; P < .01), nocturnal screaming (73% versus 18%; P < .01), sleep terrors (61% versus 13%; P < .01) and dream enactment (78% versus 11.8%; P < .01). The PTSD group had higher rates of diagnosed OSA (42% versus 21%; P < .01) and an increased risk of OSA on the Berlin Questionnaire (69% versus 43%; P < .01).\n\nConclusions:\nCompared to trauma-exposed controls, Australian Vietnam veterans with PTSD demonstrated an increased prevalence of a wide range of sleep disturbances, including OSA. In veterans with PTSD, detailed sleep assessment, including consideration of polysomnography, is paramount.\n\nCitation:\nBaird T, McLeay S, Harvey W, Theal R, Law D, O'Sullivan R; PTSD Initiative. Sleep disturbances in Australian Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(5):745–752.","DOI":"10.5664/jcsm.7096","ISSN":"1550-9389","note":"PMID: 29734981\nPMCID: PMC5940424","journalAbbreviation":"J Clin Sleep Med","author":[{"family":"Baird","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"McLeay","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Harvey","given":"Wendy"},{"family":"Theal","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Law","given":"Dayna"},{"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Robyn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baird et al., 2018). Consideration of polysomnography and detailed sleep assessment are the strategies that can help PTSD patient to avoid sleep difficulties. Just like a PTSD patient, the patient of anxiety and depression also face sleep disturbance. However, it is possible that regular sleep disturbance may result in anxiety and depression. Therefore, it is important to consult the physicians if the person is having a problem with the normal sleeping pattern ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lLSPHHAp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Waloszek et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Waloszek et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1023,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YS3Z4KR9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/YS3Z4KR9"],"itemData":{"id":1023,"type":"webpage","title":"Sleep problems, anxiety and depression — it goes both ways","container-title":"ABC News","genre":"Text","abstract":"For many people, treating sleep problems before treating symptoms of anxiety and depression is less stigmatising and might encourage people to seek further help.","URL":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-12/sleep-problems-anxiety-and-depression-link-goes-both-ways/8521582","language":"en-AU","author":[{"family":"Waloszek","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Raniti","given":"Monika"},{"family":"Melbourne","given":"University","dropping-particle":"of"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",5,12]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Waloszek et al., 2017). A healthy person like athletes nurses and mother can face sleep disturbance which can be due to the use of drug, caffeine, hyper-hydration and unhealthy diet ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rEtjn7Cr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Halson, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Halson, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1036,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/P533WP3Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/P533WP3Z"],"itemData":{"id":1036,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nutrition, sleep and recovery","container-title":"European Journal of Sport Science","page":"119-126","volume":"8","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Ensuring athletes achieve an appropriate quality and/or quantity of sleep may have significant implications for performance and recovery and reduce the risk of developing overreaching or overtraining. Indeed, sleep is often anecdotally suggested to be the single best recovery strategy available to elite athletes. A number of nutritional factors have been suggested to improve sleep, including valerian, melatonin, tryptophan, a high glycaemic index diet before bedtime, and maintenance of a balanced and healthy diet. Conversely, consumption of alcohol and caffeine and hyper-hydration may disturb sleep. Strategies such as warming the skin, hydrotherapy, and adoption of appropriate sleep hygiene (maintenance of good sleep habits and routines) are other tools to aid in sleep promotion. Ensuring athletes gain an appropriate quality and quantity of sleep may be important for optimal athletic performance.","DOI":"10.1080/17461390801954794","ISSN":"1746-1391","author":[{"family":"Halson","given":"Shona L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Halson, 2008).
Recommendation:
The first recommendation for the clinicians is about the C6 because most of the people are unaware of the negative aspect of the sleep disturbance. Therefore, the professional must understand the issue and discuss it with the patients in a balanced way.
Pharmacologic sleep is an effective treatment for the patient. Besides other strategies like cognitive therapy, sleeping assessment, drug history, polysomnography, evidence-based behavioural management, and sleep medication are also effective strategies.
Most important, clinicians should know their code of ethics and they should provide complete guidance through discussion or awareness program so people can so self-care.
The patient suffering from PTSD, anxiety, depression, back pain or any other physical issue must be referred for diagnosis and treatment for sleep disturbance.
Conclusion:
Sleep disturbance is the clinical issue which is not in the focus in most of the clinicians as well as the patient. People often link sleep disturbance with other health issues while the diagnosis and treatment of this clinical issue are equally important. A patient diagnosed with low back pain, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and physical injury face sleep difficulties. Sleep disturbance once in a while is normal but if it happens regularly than the person should consult to the doctor for treatment. Children faceless sleep disturbance than the older adults but it impacts their development both physically and psychologically. Age is one of the important factors related to sleep disturbance while useful strategies include cognitive therapy, sleeping assessment, drug history, polysomnography, evidence-based behavioural management, and sleep medication.
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