Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric Surgery

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Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is a crucial health issue in America. It can lead to other health issues like diabetes, stroke, heart disease, hypertension, eating disorder and sometimes cancer. Different medical interventions like bariatric surgery are used to reduce the fats from the body. Offering bariatric surgery to individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders can be beneficial. Due to obesity, individuals lose self-esteem, confidence, and face various psychological disorders like anxiety and eating disorder. Bariatric surgery not only helps in reducing weight but also improves psychological health because it results in weight loss along with resultant gains in body image. The patient takes staff support and feels the sense of taking control of his life which increase confidence and self-esteem in the patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C99Xwn5T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yen, Huang, & Tai, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Yen, Huang, & Tai, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":852,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/UZSNJCJC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/UZSNJCJC"],"itemData":{"id":852,"type":"article-journal","title":"Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery","container-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry","page":"374-379","volume":"27","issue":"5","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Purpose of review\nBariatric surgery has been consistently shown to be effective in long-term marked weight loss and in bringing significant improvement to medical comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome. Empirical data suggest a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates. In this review, we focus on the studies published recently with a high impact on our understanding of the role of psychiatry in bariatric surgery.\n\nRecent findings\nThis article reviews the specific psychopathologies before surgery, changes in psychopathologies after surgery, suicide risk related to bariatric surgery, factors associated with weight loss, and recommendations for presurgical and postsurgical assessment and management. Research indicates a decrease in certain psychiatric symptoms after weight loss with bariatric surgery. However, the risk of suicide and unsuccessful weight loss in some bariatric surgery patients make monitoring following surgery as important as careful assessment and management before surgery. Specific considerations for youth and older populations and future potential research foci are discussed.\n\nSummary\nRecent publications suggest new directions for psychiatric evaluation and interventions for bariatric surgery patients. Future research on outcomes of specific populations, effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy, and underlying pathophysiology are warranted for the advancement of treating bariatric surgery patients.","DOI":"10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085","ISSN":"0951-7367","note":"PMID: 25036421\nPMCID: PMC4162326","journalAbbreviation":"Curr Opin Psychiatry","author":[{"family":"Yen","given":"Yung-Chieh"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Chih-Kuan"},{"family":"Tai","given":"Chi-Ming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yen, Huang, & Tai, 2014).

Bariatric surgery has various benefits as it reduces life-threatening health issues. It reduces the chances of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. It not only improves the psychological condition but also improves physical health and appearance by giving better body shape to the patient. It also increases energy expenditure. Besides the benefits, there are some risks related to the surgery. During the surgical procedure there are chances of excessive bleeding, leaks in the gastrointestinal system, breathing issue, infection, and sometimes death. There are also long-term risks like low blood sugar, vomiting, gallstones, malnutrition, hernias, and ulcer.

Bariatric surgery is not for every over-weighted individual. Therefore, the patient should meet specific medical guidelines to qualify for the surgery. In addition, different requirements are offered by surgeons, insurance companies, and weight loss programs to make positive changes in lifestyle. Therefore, the patient can be asked for permanent lifestyle changes, and long-term follow up plans as the post-operative period in bariatric surgery. In addition, cholecystectomy is also performed depending on the choice of surgeons ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jloLc6J6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kim, Kim, & Schafer, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Kim, Kim, & Schafer, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":849,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/54NS8BJB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/54NS8BJB"],"itemData":{"id":849,"type":"chapter","title":"Medical Management of the Postoperative Bariatric Surgery Patient","container-title":"Endotext","publisher":"MDText.com, Inc.","publisher-place":"South Dartmouth (MA)","source":"PubMed","event-place":"South Dartmouth (MA)","abstract":"Bariatric surgery can result in substantial weight loss and significant metabolic improvements. Therefore, clinicians should be prepared to taper treatments for chronic metabolic diseases. For patients with type 2 diabetes, early and dramatic improvements in glucose homeostasis require anticipatory management. This includes insulin dose reductions, discontinuation of certain oral agents, and close monitoring. Antihypertensive medications should be adjusted to avoid hypotension. Even after postoperative improvements in dyslipidemia, some patients will continue to meet criteria for statin therapy. While many obesity-related diseases will improve, clinicians should also be prepared to manage postoperative medical and nutritional complications. Micronutrient deficiencies are common, and professional guidelines provide recommendations for preoperative screening, universal postoperative supplementation, micronutrient monitoring, and repletion strategies. Changes in gastrointestinal physiology may result in dumping syndrome, and patients may report early gastrointestinal and vasomotor symptoms after eating. In contrast, post-gastric bypass hypoglycemia is a rare complication of malabsorptive procedures, resulting in insulin-mediated hypoglycemia after carbohydrate-containing meals. Rapid weight loss may increase the risk of cholelithiasis, which can be mitigated by ursodiol. After malabsorptive procedures, enteric hyperoxaluria and other factors may result in nephrolithiasis, which can be addressed with hydration, dietary interventions, and calcium. All bariatric surgeries induce a high bone turnover state, with declining bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Appropriate strategies include adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation and age-appropriate BMD screening. In summary, given dramatic physiologic changes with bariatric surgery, clinicians should be prepared to taper treatments for chronic metabolic diseases, and to manage postoperative medical and nutritional complications. For complete coverage of this and all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our FREE on-line web-textbook, www.endotext.org.","URL":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481901/","call-number":"NBK481901","note":"PMID: 29465932","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Tiffany Y."},{"family":"Kim","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Schafer","given":"Anne L."}],"editor":[{"family":"Feingold","given":"Kenneth R."},{"family":"Anawalt","given":"Bradley"},{"family":"Boyce","given":"Alison"},{"family":"Chrousos","given":"George"},{"family":"Dungan","given":"Kathleen"},{"family":"Grossman","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Hershman","given":"Jerome M."},{"family":"Kaltsas","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Koch","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Kopp","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Korbonits","given":"Márta"},{"family":"McLachlan","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Morley","given":"John E."},{"family":"New","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Perreault","given":"Leigh"},{"family":"Purnell","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Rebar","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Singer","given":"Frederick"},{"family":"Trence","given":"Dace L."},{"family":"Vinik","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Don P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kim, Kim, & Schafer, 2000).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kim, T. Y., Kim, S., & Schafer, A. L. (2000). Medical Management of the Postoperative Bariatric Surgery Patient. In K. R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, … D. P. Wilson (Eds.), Endotext. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481901/

Yen, Y.-C., Huang, C.-K., & Tai, C.-M. (2014). Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(5), 374–379. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085