Advanced Pharmacology

Advanced Pharmacology

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Advanced Pharmacology

Response 1

Children should be treated as children not as small adults. Their weight, age, and surface area need accurate and appropriate dosing. Different psychological conditions occur in response to the composition of the body in children such as body fat and hormones. These changes in children require suitable and appropriate dosing of medicines. Specific medicines should be prescribed to the children as and when required such as inherited diseases and structural deformities. There are different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that occur in response to the medicine dose; therefore, children need a suitable dose appropriate for their illness and disorder. They should be prescribed with off-label medicines according to the laws. Off-label medicines prescribed in children are atenolol used for hypertension in children and also Sildenafil which is used for pulmonary hypertension in children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ap2g7iosfn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lee, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Lee, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":241,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/J4WZQPCG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/J4WZQPCG"],"itemData":{"id":241,"type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical Implications of Clinical Genomic Information, Records Research, and Informed Consent","container-title":"The Ochsner Journal","page":"196","volume":"18","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Susannah W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lee, 2018). There are specified laws that need to be followed when prescribing drugs to children for example, under a certain age, children should not be prescribed off-label medicines.

Response 2

The most important factor for the use of off-label medicines in children is the non-availability of licensed medicines. Also, safe and effective therapeutic medicines are often not available for children. The absence of relative information regarding rules and regulations for prescribing medicines to children in healthcare facilities is another reason for this use ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1nohue0h6p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gore et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Gore et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1196,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/88VUF48N"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/88VUF48N"],"itemData":{"id":1196,"type":"article-journal","title":"Pediatric off-label and unlicensed drug use and its implications","container-title":"Current clinical pharmacology","page":"18-25","volume":"12","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Gore","given":"Rajeshwari"},{"family":"K Chugh","given":"Preeta"},{"family":"D Tripathi","given":"Chakra"},{"family":"Lhamo","given":"Yangshen"},{"family":"Gautam","given":"Sandhya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gore et al., 2017). For example, age-related information is available for physicians and healthcare providers, also information regarding weight-specific medicines should be shared in the healthcare facilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1uo7q2s7g3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kruger, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Kruger, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1199,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KCA53F69"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KCA53F69"],"itemData":{"id":1199,"type":"article-journal","title":"Promoting access to safe medicines for children","container-title":"Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology","page":"12-14","volume":"30","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Kruger","given":"Mariana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kruger, 2017). Contraindications should be given to the staff and nurses to safely use the medicines for children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2lue3ko28b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mukattash et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mukattash et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1197,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JHFTKHVC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JHFTKHVC"],"itemData":{"id":1197,"type":"article-journal","title":"Perceptions and attitudes towards off-label dispensing for pediatric patients, a study of hospital based pharmacists in Jordan","container-title":"Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal","page":"20-24","volume":"26","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mukattash","given":"Tareq L."},{"family":"Alzoubi","given":"Karem H."},{"family":"Abuirjie","given":"Amani M."},{"family":"Jarab","given":"Anan S."},{"family":"Farha","given":"Rana K. Abu"},{"family":"Nusair","given":"Mohammad B."},{"family":"McElnay","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mukattash et al., 2018). Children are vulnerable to illness and disease; therefore, physicians should apply evidence-based practices and knowledge when prescribing off-label medicines to the children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1tvdppfhoa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schrier et al., 2020)","plainCitation":"(Schrier et al., 2020)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1198,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L4PK859K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/L4PK859K"],"itemData":{"id":1198,"type":"article-journal","title":"Off-label use of medicines in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents: a joint policy statement by the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European society for Developmental Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacology","container-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","page":"1-9","author":[{"family":"Schrier","given":"Lenneke"},{"family":"Hadjipanayis","given":"Adamos"},{"family":"Stiris","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Ross-Russell","given":"Rob I."},{"family":"Valiulis","given":"Arunas"},{"family":"Turner","given":"Mark A."},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Wei"},{"family":"De Cock","given":"Pieter"},{"family":"Wildt","given":"Saskia N.","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Allegaert","given":"Karel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schrier et al., 2020). Professional knowledge and drug-related information should be completely guided to the healthcare facility members for the safe use of off-label medicines.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"omitted":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9HFTMLFI"],["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FI9ADEV8"],["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VKBRWW4E"]],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gore, R., K Chugh, P., D Tripathi, C., Lhamo, Y., & Gautam, S. (2017). Pediatric off-label and unlicensed drug use and its implications. Current Clinical Pharmacology, 12(1), 18–25.

Kruger, M. (2017). Promoting access to safe medicines for children. Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 30(1), 12–14.

Lee, S. W. (2018). Ethical Implications of Clinical Genomic Information, Records Research, and Informed Consent. The Ochsner Journal, 18(3), 196.

Mukattash, T. L., Alzoubi, K. H., Abuirjie, A. M., Jarab, A. S., Farha, R. K. A., Nusair, M. B., & McElnay, J. C. (2018). Perceptions and attitudes towards off-label dispensing for pediatric patients, a study of hospital-based pharmacists in Jordan. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 26(1), 20–24.

Schrier, L., Hadjipanayis, A., Stiris, T., Ross-Russell, R. I., Valiulis, A., Turner, M. A., Zhao, W., De Cock, P., de Wildt, S. N., & Allegaert, K. (2020). Off-label use of medicines in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents: a joint policy statement by the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Society for Developmental Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacology. European Journal of Pediatrics, 1–9.