ASTHMA
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[Name of the Institution]
ASTHMA
Asthma is a problem that affects every age group. In fact, age is one of the factors that causes complications for the patient. Chronic asthma is a chronic inflammatory syndrome of the bronchial mucosa. It can cause variable airflow obstruction, airways constriction and hyper-responsiveness of the bronchial cavity. It is the bronchoconstriction stimuli and rises in mucus secretion on a cellular level. Pathophysiology of chronic asthma can damage the lungs through epithelial cells. Toxic neuropeptides and eosinophil are released at the early stages of asthma which put a negative and direct impact on the tissue causing high bronchial hyper-responsiveness. In addition, the patient faces difficulty in oxygenation because of the constriction of the airway. Just as in chronic asthma, the patient experiences airways constriction and acute asthma exacerbation. However, the number of cells contribute to the airways hypersensitivity in case of acute asthma exacerbation. These cells include B lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophil, mast cells, T helper 2 lymphocytes, neutrophils and dendritic. These cells can also cause an increase in secretions, edema, and bronchospasm by acting differently during the latest release of inflammatory cells. Chronic asthma attacks are less prominent than the acute asthma exacerbation because the patient has the fast asthmatic response of their inflammatory cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fEthIIZW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Program & Asthma, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Program & Asthma, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":801,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/DQSW63BF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/DQSW63BF"],"itemData":{"id":801,"type":"book","title":"Section 2, Definition, Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Asthma, and Natural History of Asthma","publisher":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)","source":"www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","abstract":"Asthma is a common chronic disorder of the airways that involves a complex interaction of airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and an underlying inflammation. This interaction can be highly variable among patients and within patients over time. This section presents a definition of asthma, a description of the processes on which that definition is based—the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of asthma, and the natural history of asthma.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7223/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Program","given":"National Asthma Education and Prevention"},{"family":"Asthma","given":"Third Expert Panel on the Diagnosis and Management","dropping-particle":"of"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Program & Asthma, 2007).
Through hyperventilation, the patient faces issues with the arterial blood gas. It results in hypoxemia, which leads to respiratory alkalosis which means an increase in PH. Just like chronic asthma, the arterial blood gas get affected due to the exacerbations also. The expirations and inspirations become uneven. Inspirations become shorter while expirations become longer. This unevenness results in oxygenation that the patient receives. Patient having acute asthma exacerbation tries to trap air that causes respiratory disadvantage. It also results in respiratory acidosis due to the increase in CO2 and a decrease in tidal volume ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9XKtNbHD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Asthma}, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Asthma, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":803,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/983TVIJ4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/983TVIJ4"],"itemData":{"id":803,"type":"article-journal","title":"Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy","source":"eMedicine","abstract":"Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 24 million persons in the United States. It is the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting an estimated 7 million children.","URL":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview","title-short":"Asthma","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,24]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Asthma, 2019).
Five to ten percent of the population faces the issue of asthma, in which seven million are children. 250000 deaths happen worldwide due to chronic asthma each year. Chronic asthma and acute asthma have similar factors that create the issue. These are allergens, respiratory infections, and other environmental factors. Allergens include the exposure and sensitization to the dust mite. It becomes the main factor causing asthma in children. In addition animals like cats, dogs, and cockroach exposure can also cause asthma. During infancy, there are the chances of asthma due to the development of various respiratory viruses. Exposure to infection in early life weak the immune system which results in the development of asthma. Other environmental factors that cause chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation include; smoking, occupations, diet, and air pollution. Clinical manifestation includes coughing, wheezing, anxiety, tripodding, shortness of breath, tachypnea, and pale skin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SepCNXXn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Castillo, Peters, & Busse, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Castillo, Peters, & Busse, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":805,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/QSE4LYP5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/QSE4LYP5"],"itemData":{"id":805,"type":"article-journal","title":"ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS: PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT","container-title":"The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice","page":"918-927","volume":"5","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Guideline-based management of asthma focuses on disease severity and choosing the appropriate medical therapy to control symptoms and reduce the risk of exacerbations. However, irrespective of asthma severity and often despite optimal medical therapy, patients may experience acute exacerbations of symptoms and a loss of disease control. Asthma exacerbations are most commonly triggered by viral respiratory infections, particularly with human rhinovirus (RV). Given the importance of these events to asthma morbidity and healthcare costs, we will review common inciting factors for asthma exacerbations and approaches to prevent and treat these events.","DOI":"10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.001","ISSN":"2213-2198","note":"PMID: 28689842\nPMCID: PMC5950727","title-short":"ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS","journalAbbreviation":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract","author":[{"family":"Castillo","given":"Jamee R."},{"family":"Peters","given":"Stephen P."},{"family":"Busse","given":"William W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Castillo, Peters, & Busse, 2017).
Diagnosis of chronic asthma includes CXRay, pulse oximetry, exposure to allergens, recurrent respiratory infections, and pulmonary function test. It is important to know the inspirations and expirations of the patient. If the person faces uneven inspirations and expirations then there can be the possibility of asthma. It can be measured through pulmonary function test and pulse oximetry. In addition exposure to allergens is a crucial factor which can be helpful to diagnose the problem. Treatment for the cause include corticosteroids, a personalized plan, and oxygen in case of emergency. On the other hand diagnosis of acute asthma exacerbation includes peak flow and pulmonary function test to identify the shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. It can be treated through the administration of oxygen and magnesium, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"992kOM29","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2015)","plainCitation":"(“Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management,” 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":802,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/8YPK4KMU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/8YPK4KMU"],"itemData":{"id":802,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","container-title":"American Nurse Today","abstract":"Learn about new research findings and current treatment strategies for this common disorder.","URL":"https://www.americannursetoday.com/understanding-asthma-pathophysiology/","language":"en-US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",7,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management,” 2015).
Mind Maps
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Leukotriene
4705350243840
503872524765Oxygen
Oxygen
5324475264795Personalized plan
00Personalized plan
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Treatment
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Allergen contact
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Bronchodilators
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Chronic Asthma
1047745716004676775215265Clinical Manifestation
Clinical Manifestation
3981449180976003905257620IgE production
IgE production
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Epidemiology
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Coughing
302133018097500
5267325175895center71120Diagnosis
Diagnosis
123825292100250000 deaths worldwide
00250000 deaths worldwide
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Chest tightness
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Tripodding
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00Affects 7 million children
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CXRay
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Anxiety
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00Affect 5-10 % of the population
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Pulse oximetry
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Risk factors
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Breath shortness
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Pale skin
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00Exposure to allergens
270510076835
2771775288290
233362433020History of recurrent respiratory infections
00History of recurrent respiratory infections
-647700358140T cell activation
T cell activation
4705350243840503872524765Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators
149860329565005324475264795Corticosteroids
00Corticosteroids
3676650160020Treatment
Treatment
82867576200Pathophysiology
00Pathophysiology
5219700133350
200024361950Oxidation of lipids and proteins
00Oxidation of lipids and proteins
60007418097400506730066674Administration of oxygen and magnesium
00Administration of oxygen and magnesium
48482251162054000500106680
1144906116204001600200514352114550346710Acute Asthma Exacerbation
Acute Asthma Exacerbation
4676775215265Clinical Manifestation
Clinical Manifestation
left5715Increase oxygen free radical production
00Increase oxygen free radical production
398144918097600
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Epidemiology
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Wheezing
302133018097500
5267325175895center71120Diagnosis
Diagnosis
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00Allergy
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Chest tightness
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Anxiety
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00Pollution
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Peak flow
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Coughing
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00Pulmonary function test
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00Family history
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581025225425
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy. (2019). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview
Castillo, J. R., Peters, S. P., & Busse, W. W. (2017). ASTHMA EXACERBATIONS: PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice, 5(4), 918–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.001
Program, N. A. E. and P., & Asthma, T. E. P. on the D. and M. of. (2007). Section 2, Definition, Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Asthma, and Natural History of Asthma. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7223/
Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. (2015, July 7). Retrieved July 3, 2019, from American Nurse Today website: https://www.americannursetoday.com/understanding-asthma-pathophysiology/
