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339 4 29

[Author’s name]

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Introduction

Nightlife is one growing social prospect that is critically discussed by different researchers to examine different dimensions of these specific factors. The domain of nightlife is characterized as an important factor to determine the approach of urban renewal. The main argument presented by Daniel Campo and Brent D. Ryan about the concept of nightlife is that it enhanced the perspective of entertainment zones (EZs) at the small-scale expansion with the consideration of large-scale design, proper planning, and the active intervention of the government. On the other hand, the main argument of the research study, “Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon” is to analyze the perspective of nightlife as an important factor of culture that played role in the overall form of urban renewal. Here, the critical focus is to explore different aspects of nightlife delivered by authors in the form of research articles.

Discussion

Exploration of the actual goal of the research work is essential to figure out the actual implications of the findings in future. The exact goal of the research study presented by Campo and Ryan is to examine how the EZs play a vital role in the form of urbanism considering the approach of diverse downtown exist in the country. The goal of the other considered reading is how dramatically the phenomenon of nightlife impacts the urban revitalization in the specific social, spatial, economic, and cultural grounds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MTOWR9ci","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Campo & Ryan, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Campo & Ryan, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1197,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/535HJNQM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/535HJNQM"],"itemData":{"id":1197,"type":"article-journal","title":"The entertainment zone: Unplanned nightlife and the revitalization of the American downtown","container-title":"Journal of Urban Design","page":"291-315","volume":"13","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Campo","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Ryan","given":"Brent D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Campo & Ryan, 2008). The report comprised of the prospect of Toronto Nightlife Action Plan comprised of the specific goal to illustrate the competitive edge of this new development for the cities.

Researchers of both the research studies effectively cite other references about this topic to highlight the importance of increase development of nightlife. Development of the entertainment zone is critically discussed by different researchers to evaluate the actual implications of this development in case of urban renewal. Class is the main social indicator discussed by authors of the considered readings. The development of the urban areas is the point of discussion under the social perspective of cities. Residential change is the argument presented by authors to determine the social and economic implications of the concept of the nightlife industry.

It is also mandatory to examine specific research questions that guides researchers to discover different perspectives of nightlife under the spectrum of urban revitalization. The research study conducted by Jordi and his fellow researchers relevant to the question that how the important features of nightlife in the forms of tourism and studentification play their role in the urban transformation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qpOaQ0P9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nofre et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Nofre et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1198,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/7EDV99EG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/7EDV99EG"],"itemData":{"id":1198,"type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon 1","container-title":"City & Community","page":"330-344","volume":"16","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Nofre","given":"Jordi"},{"family":"Sánchez‐Fuarros","given":"Íñigo"},{"family":"Carlos Martins","given":"João"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"Patrícia"},{"family":"Soares","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Malet‐Calvo","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Geraldes","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López Díaz","given":"Ana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nofre et al., 2017). This certain research question is answered by researchers by examining the active role of the main shareholders in the context of current urbanization. The research work of Campo and Ryan based on the research question that how the growing development of entertainment zone play its role in the entire procedure of revitalization of the American downtown. Implications of the EZs in the form of flexibility and small-scale resilience are used as the basic arguments by the authors to answer this particular research question. Consideration of the functioning of nightlife is one unique perspective that exists in case of all the selected readings. Urban design and development theory are used by campo and Ryan to determine the actual application of the developing concept of EZs in cities.

Conclusion

Finally, it is vital to mention that the method of the thorough evaluation of the existing facts is used by the researchers to make better inferences about the implications of nightlife and its impact on urban change. All the considered readings are characterized as specific case studies that examine the concept of nightlife and EZs in the context of urban renewal in different areas of the country.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Campo, D., & Ryan, B. D. (2008). The entertainment zone: Unplanned nightlife and the revitalization of the American downtown. Journal of Urban Design, 13(3), 291–315.

Nofre, J., Sánchez‐Fuarros, Í., Carlos Martins, J., Pereira, P., Soares, I., Malet‐Calvo, D., … López Díaz, A. (2017). Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon 1. City & Community, 16(3), 330–344.

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339 5 5

[Author’s name]

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Introduction

The military department of any country is recognized as the critical stakeholder to maintain proper law and order situation. It is vital to examine the role of soldiers in the overall development of societies. Comprehensive context of the involvement of military individuals in the social spectrum is discussed by Eyal Weizman and Desmond Cole in their research articles. Here, the focus is to critically analyze both the readings to effectively apprehend the actual perspective of military functioning in cities.

Discussion

The main focus of Weizman in this research article is to comprehensively discuss the reorganization of the cities when it comes to winning wars. The author of this article used the example of the war zone of Palestine to illustrate the main research idea. It is argued by the researcher that the perspective of urban battle can only effectively win through the active involvement of the military that is possible with the reorganization of the areas. The horrific implications of urban operations are gigantic that ultimately appeared in the form of physical and social devastations. The consequences of the deadly involvement of armed forces are argued by Desmond Cole in the research article. According to the author, inappropriate police conflicts with society can only lead to horrible results.

The perspectives of empirical and theoretical knowledge are used by Weizman to discuss the phenomenon of urban operations, specifically in case of Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The aspect of military intervention closely relevant to political and human rights grounds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9abk5sbl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Weizman, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Weizman, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2029,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/DBD8J4T7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/DBD8J4T7"],"itemData":{"id":2029,"type":"article-journal","title":"Walking through walls","container-title":"Radical Philosophy","page":"8-22","volume":"136","issue":"March/April","author":[{"family":"Weizman","given":"Eyal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Weizman, 2006). On the other hand, the main goal of the article presented by Cole is to describe different events of police confrontation in the city to develop the idea that why it becomes essential to disarm the police department. Different other research articles are presented by Weizman such as “What Lies Beneath: Excerpts from an Invasion” and “War in the Age of Intelligent Machines” to make the argument strong while Cole never presents the content of any additional research work. The research work presented by Weizman closely linked with the social domains by considering the factors of race and ability. The military potential of Israel in case of existing conflict with the race of Palestine is discussed by the researcher. The ability of the military individuals in urban operations is just like the perspective highlighted by the author. The functioning of the social class in the form of the inappropriate role of police in case of a mass shooting is discussed by Cole by considering different events happened in the city ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"L5KnAm42","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cole, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Cole, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2030,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/7AK4HFRQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/7AK4HFRQ"],"itemData":{"id":2030,"type":"webpage","title":"It's time to disarm the police: Cole","container-title":"TheStar.Com","URL":"https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/12/03/its-time-to-disarm-the-police-cole.html","author":[{"family":"Cole","given":"Desmond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cole, 2015).

The increasing trend of urban warfare is the basic question that is used by Weizman to define the active involvement of the Israeli military in the entire conflict. Deep understanding of the practical prospects of the soldiers helped the researcher to find the solution of the research question. A critical examination of the real-life events of shooting by police officers in cities raised a question for Cole to identify the actual role of the armed police department in urban areas. The unique perspective of the research work completed by Weizman is that the actual involvement and the strategic actions of military individuals were considered by the author to define the actual argument. The unique feature of the study of Cole is that it is comprised of the details of those events that ultimately question the role of the police department. Different military theories in the form of operational and critical theories are used by the researcher to define the better argument.

Conclusion

To conclude the discussion about the critical explanation of the considered reading, it is important to indicate that conducting interviews from different stakeholders is used as a method by Weizman to figure out the actual perspective. Cole focused the illustration of the events to explain the magnitude of this issue. Both the cases presented in the considered readings are specific that highlight the issue of military involvement in a particular context. The perspective of the involvement of the military department in urban areas is the basic idea of consideration in both the readings.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cole, D. (2015). It’s time to disarm the police: Cole. Retrieved from TheStar.Com website: https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/12/03/its-time-to-disarm-the-police-cole.html

Weizman, E. (2006). Walking through walls. Radical Philosophy, 136(March/April), 8–22.

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Amazon’s New Headquarter or Zero-Sum Game

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

It is highly important for Amazon to find a potential location to established its second headquarter in the United States. Establishment of new headquarter is highly beneficial for a city to generate thousands of new jobs. It is notable to mention that the city is going to get numerous amount of advantages if Amazon built headquarter in it. Multiple cities were willing to get that opportunity, so they began to make an offer of tax incentives along with other offers. However, in this critical decision, it is essential to determine urban economics as it analyzes the economics of cities. Urban economics is highly critical aspect as it contributes to promoting urban strategies and policies to provide a significant advantage to citizens. Establishment of new headquarter is a part of a zero-sum game between Amazon and New York. The risk of gentrification can be increased if Amazon establishes it’s new headquarter in Long Islands City of neighborhood Queens. Here, the focus is to critically analyze certain factors that hinder the establishment of Amazon’s second headquarter in New York City.

Discussion

Amazon is one of the high-tech companies in the United States and it has a primary focus on cloud computing, e-commerce, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It is notable to mention that Amazon’s search for a better location to establish 2nd headquarter was given great preference. It was due to the fact that the chosen location can get billions of dollars, which can ultimately increase their economic level in the US. There are various positive and negative aspects for a location if Amazon chooses it for building its new headquarter. To get a better understanding of the establishment of second to headquarter in a city, it is necessary to get an insight into Amazon’s current headquarter in Seattle. It is notable to mention that Amazon invested more than 38 billion dollars into the Seattle economy from 2010 to 2016. However, being dependent on one a single company provides to be catastrophic for Amazon.

Regardless of examining the critical situation of Seattle, many cities were interested to persuade Amazon to establish it’s headquarter in their territory. It is important to understand the extent of competition among various cities to get chosen for Amazon’s new headquarter. Among 238 applicants, 20 cities made significant offers to get chosen. Massive tax incentives and development sites were offered by 20 finalist cities to sweeten the pot. The basic reason behind all these gigantic offers was getting a better economic position in the US as Amazon was interested to invest more than 5 billion dollars on this project. Investment of massive amount was highly beneficial for any city to increase their lifestyle and economy. Unemployment is a serious issue in the modern world due to the ups and downs of the economy over time. People are unable to get a suitable job due to episodes of recessions. Due to such reason, many cities were interested in availing this opportunity as it adds up to 50,000 jobs for the chosen city. Mayor of Atlanta offered development space and huge tax incentives for the establishment of second headquarter in their city that would be worth more than 1 billion dollars. Cities were well-aware of the fact that being chosen can increase their chance to become “socially fabric”. Chicago even offered tax incentives of 2 billion dollars in order to get Amazon to build its new headquarter there. Along with potential tax incentives, New York offered lots of space for the potential development purpose and space for the accommodation of potential employees as well.

According to Butler et al. 1997, urban competition is a rivalry to attract various economic activities in order to increase the income level for a particular place. The major purpose of the urban competition is to enhance establishment opportunities at a specific place to get an additional benefit. Urban competition relates to various aspects of urban areas such as quality of life, education facilities, infrastructure, size of the tax base, levels of service, and cultural facilities. A dramatic shift has been experienced by various cities in the US due to the establishment of global capitalism (Pulido, 2016). A vertical and horizontal relationship has been experienced by these cities due to political-economic processes. Urban areas are considered as crucial geographical areas by the high-tech industries such as Amazon. High tech companies utilize these urban areas to articulate their politics of neoliberal productivism (Hayden, 1980). There is a lot of advancements and changes in the land-use and social courses due to the new logic of production, distribution, and employment. In the considered case of Amazon’s new headquarter, it is highly important to highlight the aspects of global capitalism and competition among cities. Urban entrepreneurialism has been introduced at the beginning of the 1980s that created a competition among the local state and nation-state in the framework of new urban politics. Major cities in North America are also working on the same principle to attract the investment of Amazon in their location by building its new headquarter. Establishment of a new headquarter in any city can enhance its economic stability as a minimum of 5 billion dollars would be invested in that city. Therefore, cities began to persuade Amazon through politics. Many offers were made to the Amazon to select a particular location for establishing headquarter. Mayors of every city made reasonable and massive offers to facilitate Amazon. In the end, Amazon was interested to select New York City to establish its new headquarter. The mayor and other prominent persons were eager to lure the company so that it can bring new headquarter in New York. For this particular purpose, the city lights the Empire State Building in Amazon orange. Amazon finally selected the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens to establish its new headquarter that could invest 2.5 billion dollars and produce more than 25,000 jobs in the city. Governor Andrew Cuomo trumpeted the decision as a massive success for New York.

Citizens of New York were well aware of the fact that what are they getting into by allowing Amazon to build its new headquarter in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens. Criticism started to pour after soon after Amazon’s announcement to establish its new headquarter in New York. Mayor and Governor of New York announced that they made a lot of special incentives and grants for the company around 1.5 billion dollars. However, the actual deal that includes all tax incentive and space for development reached up to 2.8 billion dollars. Anti-Amazon rallies were set up by the people of Amazon in the following weeks when Amazon announced that it is going to establish their new headquarter in New York. People of the New York were disappointed by the false promise of Amazon regarding new headquarter. It is notable to mention that Amazon announced that it would open a new headquarter which would provide more than 50,000 jobs. They also claimed that the office would be “a full equal” to the other headquarter of Amazon in Seattle. Due to such reason, many cities were trying to lure the company with massive offers like billion dollars of tax incentives along with other subsidies. Instead of building one new headquarter, Amazon decided to make two new headquarter that would provide 25,000 jobs each.

The impact of the establishment of Amazon’s new headquarter would mostly have a negative influence on the life of citizens in New York. It is notable to mention that the establishment of new headquarter would produce new jobs, but it will also increase pressure over New York. People will come from various locations to get a job in New York, but it will build up pressure on existing companies. There are various companies that are excelling in New York, but it is highly important to understand the fact that these existing businesses have the same labor pool. Amazon exerts its own economic gravitational pull over many tech workers as it is the center of the global knowledge economy. High tech companies in New York will feel pressurized due to the dominance of Amazon in cloud computing. Many tech workers are expected to come to New York as Amazon has created a gigantic talent vortex. Regardless of these factors, the local residents of New York started a protest against this decision. Amazon had to cancel its decision of making its new headquarter in New York due to local protest. Amazon announced that they want to build their new headquarter in a place where they had a positive, collaborative relationship with state and local elected officials.

The gigantic projects such as Amazon’s new headquarter is beneficial for municipality up to a significant extent. It is notable to mention that the project of Amazon is taking jobs in the region. The unemployment rate can be significantly reduced through Amazon’s new headquarter as it can build more than 25,000 jobs in the area. Secondly, it is essential to mention that Amazon is investing 2.5 billion dollars in any chosen city for its new headquarter. That massive amount of investment can easily increase the economic growth of a city. The brick and mortar presence of Amazon has significantly increased as it bought Whole Foods Market. The presence of Amazon can significantly improve the revenue for a city as it is highly stable as compared to other companies that are working in a particular area. However, the investment and establishment in New York do not seem beneficial for the municipality. Establishment of a new headquarter is a gigantic project which is a part of a zero-sum game. In a zero-sum game, there is often no middle ground and sometimes there are necessary scenarios, however, no one win or lose in this game. The advantage is only attained by both the elite class of an urban area and a potential company that invests in it. It is notable to mention that the establishment of Amazon’s new headquarter can increase the risk of gentrification in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens (Lees, Slater, & Wyly, 2010). Increased risk of gentrification is highly considered in the case of Amazon and New York as it can increase the mistreatment of minorities and corporate abuse to local unions in the considered region.

The Governor and Mayor of New York were playing a zero-sum game with the residents of New York by stating false promises. It is noteworthy to mention that Governor Andrew Cuomo claimed they would get 9 to 1 return on said investment. According to their indications, if they are giving 3 billion dollars tax incentives to Amazon, then they can easily get 27.5 billion dollars of revenue in return, which seemed profitable. However, the aspect of changes in the interest rate and inflation are highly considerate in this critical situation. The initial value of the deal can easily be decreased through the occurrence of changes in inflation and interest rates. According to a study, changes in inflation and interest rate can reduce the ration of 9-to-1 up to 6-to-1 for New York (Campbell, 2019). A massive gap can be polarized due to the difference between the supports of new headquarter and anti-headquarter activists. The majority of the benefits that Amazon is lauding are hypothetical. The real statistics are far away from their hypothetical assurances. Regardless of the fact that the officials of New York have promised that they would change the ratio of tax incentives if Amazon failed to fulfill its promises, the company would still receive special consideration in terms of economic treatment. It is notable to mention that the competitive advantage of Amazon would be greater in terms of taxes as local businesses would be trapped with higher tax rates.

In the past, Amazon announced that it is going to generate at least 50,000 jobs for the chosen city, which can increase their economic level in the US. Based on that decision, the majority of cities had made offers such as massive tax incentives and space for development and establishment. However, Amazon neglected that guaranteed minimum of jobs that it offered before. After selecting New York as a potential location for new headquarter, it decreased the number of total new jobs along with its proposed margin of economic growth. These changed proposals are clear identification of zero-sum game. Instead of allowing a high-tech company to establish its new headquarter in the city, it is important to persuade it to establish its businesses there. Establishment of a gigantic project like new headquarter can increase the prices of apartments in the chosen city (Athey & Luca, 2019). There will be an overall increase in rents and housing prices in the chosen city. The dramatic increase in the real estate prices of the chosen city will be catastrophic for middle-class and poor in the city. Scholars have investigated the entire scenario of this particular deal among Amazon and New York. They have suggested some conditions on which Amazon needs to abide in order to establish its new headquarter in New York. It is highly critical that Amazon should cease union busting in order to facilitate the people of New York. Taxpayer money should go to give advantage to Amazon in terms of tax incentives. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the establishment of Amazon’s new headquarter can destroy the distribution of unwanted wealthy demographic groups in the area. Amazon should not violate the distribution of various demographic groups in a city if it is interesting to establish its new headquarter in the area. Massive amount of rich high-tech people would be getting their job at the new headquarter in New York, which is like forcing New York to take in a flood of rich tech people. This will eventually increase the homeless issue in the area as well.

Conclusion

To conclude the above discussion, it is observed that establishment of Amazon’s new headquarter in New York is a part of the zero-sum game. The zero-sum game between Amazon and New York will only be beneficial for the elite class and Amazon. Amazon has the economic leverage that allows it to dictate its own terms. Middle-class and poor will have to suffer from soaring housing prices and homelessness issues in the chosen area of the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens. Such a gigantic project from a high-tech company can increase pressure on the local businesses due to common labor pools. Rich high tech persons will more likely be able to get a job in the new to headquarter of Amazon as the competition for business could heat up in that particular region.

References

Athey, S., & Luca, M. (2019). Economists (and economics) in tech companies. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(1), 209-30.

Blanks, Benjamin (2019). The Failure of the Zero Sum Game - Wake Forest Review. Wake Forest Review. Retrieved 15 July 2019, from http://wakeforestreview.com/the-failure-of-the-zero-sum-game/

Campbell, John (2019). Does New York's Amazon math add up? State study relies on big assumption. Democratandchronicle.com. Retrieved 15 July 2019, from https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/albany/2018/11/15/new-york-amazon-revenue-estimate/2003646002/

Crang, M. (2000). Public space, urban space and electronic space: would the real city please stand up?. Urban Studies, 37(2), 301-317.

Hayden, D. (1980). What would a non-sexist city be like? Speculations on housing, urban design, and human work. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(S3), S170-S187.

Lees, L., Slater, T., & Wyly, E. K. (Eds.). (2010). The gentrification reader (Vol. 1). London: Routledge.

Pulido, L. (2016). Flint, environmental racism, and racial capitalism.

Shaw, K. (2008). Gentrification: What it is, why it is, and what can be done about it. Geography Compass, 2(5), 1697-1728.Smith, N. (1979). Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital, not people. Journal of the American planning association, 45(4), 538-548.

Weeks, J. R. (2010). Defining urban areas. In Remote sensing of Urban and Suburban areas (pp. 33-45). Springer, Dordrecht.

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[Name]

[Institution]

[Date]

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Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil

The book, Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil describes the key roles played by local women to get land and housing rights. The book is an ethnographic study of the North-western part of Brazil. This part of the country consists of poor black’s community whose main occupation is fishing. The author has studied the struggle of a black woman in this community and reveals the main role of community base politic of black people. Perry has focused on the struggle of black women to get their social rights of dignified housing and drinking water (Perry, 2013).

The books say the local women activist became part of the citywide movement to get their basic rights. It also labels the importance of geographical locations in the gender aspect of the renewal of urban areas. The author explains the formations of a social movement led by a black woman (Perry, 2013).

However Keisha-Khan Y. Perry further discusses in her book that how can black women take part in the redevelopment of urban areas by shaping the political makeover of the country. She also reveals that such an intervention explains the legacy of black women. Her work highlights the ways in which black women stood against institutionalized racism and fight for their right to have resources and to be the citizen of Brazil. The books focus on the political life of black people who are considered as politically corrupt in urban areas. It correlates our understanding of black women and their role in politics and it has emphasized (Perry, 2013).

The main argument that the author has focused I am the historical racism in Brazilian Social life and its politics. The case of black racism is being narrated and pictured the failed Brazilian democracy. The land grabbing of Bahia’s white society. The author explains the strategies opted by black women to keep their lands despite experiencing racism, violence and poverty. The book talks about the disconnection of black women with politics and reveals the renewal practices of racism, in urban areas (Perry, 2013).

The main topic discussed in this book is about black politics and gender racism. The author has beautifully presented her work on black identity and black culture. The content of this book is unique as compare to other work done on racism because it has a special focus on black politics (Perry, 2013).

In chapter one of the book, the author explains the neighborhood of Gamboa de Baixo as a neglected urban world and the white upper class has kept black people for domestic works in this locality. In chapter second of the book, the author talks about how history used to be a community of tourism and public consumption in Salvador. The urban renewal programs have tried to preserve the great historical places in the areas and the living areas of black people have now being used for commercial purposes (Perry, 2013).

However, in chapter three of the book the author discuss the community movements in Gamboa de Baixo against renewable urban programs which were aiming to access the natural resources in the city. Furthermore, the chapter talks about the issue faced by black people in this community including water issues (Perry, 2013).

In chapter four the author explains, gender, class and racial discriminations that have been the base of Brazilian society. Black women have the highest rate of unemployment and they are facing a lifelong struggle to get respectable jobs. Chapter five talks about the violence of police against black women in the neighborhoods of Gamboa de Baixo. It also reveals how black women guided their community to fight against this violence. The chapter also talks about police terrorism in the area. Despite all these challenges the black women in the community accepted this violence and struggled to fight against this (Perry, 2013).

However, the political consciousness of the country is shooed by violence, racial and gender sensibilities and the local community had to fight to get their basic rights. The local back women build up their leadership skills and became part of the domestic movement to get rid of the discriminations and violence by the dominant class. The black women came in front with their unique style of protest by explaining the level of racial and genetic violence in the community. The black women with the help of local Gamboa de Baixo association became able to stand for the development of their community. They organized their association as a residence of the community and demanded to improve their social conditions (Perry, 2013).

In the concluding part of the book, Perry talks about the need of professional architects and engineers to develop the community without destroying the cultural heritage of the area. The local; government should take care of the needs of the local black community. Regularized land should be given to the state for their own use and the rest of them should be given to the local community in order to maintain the dignity of the local people (Perry, 2013).

Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil gives an in-depth understanding of black culture and the leadership of black women. The book is helpful to understand social movements and the mechanism of the struggle of black women against racial discriminations (Perry, 2013).

The book is also contributing to the public policy areas by discusses the non- inclusion of the citizen in policymaking. Its main emphasis is on the poor policy making of Brazil which has an authoritarian politics. This political system has completely excluded the poor black community in Brazil and thus the book is an eye-opener for the rest of the world regarding citizen right (Perry, 2013).

Recent directions in the area of neighborhood discrimination

It is not just only Brazil but Black people in other developed countries face discriminations. Ranganathan (2016) explains that the case of Michigan water dispute is mainly associated with environmental racism. The poisoning of the Flint population in Michigan is not merely a racist intent but is a matter of liberalism that is usually ignored in the modern ages.

However, the city of Flint has been facing property dispossession due to the financial forces of the city. Majority of the population of Flint consists of lower-class black people. Black constitute 57 per cent of the population and 42 per cent of people live below the poverty line. These people faced water issue as the source of pour treated water was diverted to an untreated source. The water is full of chemical poured from the industrial sites of the city. These industries are used to make motor vehicles from the upper class of the United States (Ranganathan, 2016).

This incident shows that racism is used to judge individual actors and is an example of racial killing. The previous government of the United States had promised to support the people of Flint but the racial discrimination in Flint is not just “de facto”. Because the segregation of black people is due to the priority of the government towards white and high-class people (Ranganathan, 2016).

To control this situation racialized personification of liberalism needs to be stopped. In such a system the rights of the individual are colure coded (Ranganathan, 2016).

Like the communities in Brazil and the United State, indigenous people of Canada also face legal policy issue. They are charged with a fee to have ownership of their own indigenous land. Modern treaties in Canada are saving the ownership of indigenous land making the original deprived of their basic right in the country. The country is having failed property laws that are giving rise to property gap and people are struggling for a legitimate claim of their geography. The indigenous understanding of geography and property should be focused to cope up with such circumstances (Egan & Place, 2013).

The public housing estate of Canada is also facing issues of territorial stigmatization. The residents of Regent Park have different social housing development than the rest of Canada. These people live in concentrated poverty and the state has redeveloped public housing with socially mixed patterns. The people have access to the support system and have strong community relationships. But this area is neglected from THE REST OF Canada due to the welfare state retrenchment program. This community is also facing an issue related to safety and drug abuse. Socially mixed development approaches are not appropriate to tackle such issues and other mechanisms need to be adopted for the benefits of the community (August 2014).

Moreover, violence in the colonial geography of British Columbia is used to eliminate indigenous people. Colonial power always intercepted in the bio political geography of children and indigenous women by tender disruptions. Colonial violence is conducted to remove the ontology of indigenous children and women. The conditions of these women and children need complete focus in order to understand the geography in which colonialist operate their bio politics. Canadian colonial was are full of Indian problem and yet the indigenous people are facing the issue with bio politics (De Leeuw, 2016).

The contemporary situation in Canada also shows social justices issues. In Toronto up to 125000 children living in poverty. Despite being the symbol of wealth and property the city is not able to control poverty of Children. Toronto is given the status of Canada’s Child poverty capital. Poverty is confined to the 25 ward structure of the city and its tendency is high in a certain part of the city. Child poverty is 15.5 per cent in the St. Paul’s region and it is 24.7 per cent in the Oakwood Ave, the northwest corner of Ward 12.

Many provincial youth funded projects are being operated in the city to eliminate the rate of childhood poverty. The rate of poverty is more in children belong to West Asia, Latin America, and black families. A serious commitment is needed to overcome the poverty among these ethnic groups in Toronto, Canada ("Child Poverty Plagues Every Corner of Toronto, Census Data Shows | The Star").

There are various programs that were implemented to upgrade the status of neighborhoods. Favela-Bairro is one of those programs that was designed in 1994 to upgrade Favelas to a suitable neighborhoods. The program has introduced new public policies, public services and public facilities to the Favela people of Brazil. The program was started by César Maia, the then mayor and continued during his second term as well ("25 Years On, Seminar Celebrates Favela-Bairro Upgrading Program | Rioonwatch").

The education system, of Favela, is also under progress and new research programs are going to be implemented. Other areas of Rio de Janeiro are also under great concern and their social, political and overall development are focused ("25 Years On, Seminar Celebrates Favela-Bairro Upgrading Program | Rioonwatch").

However, the book, Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil represents the struggle of marginalized groups. The strategies black women being discussed in this book could be helpful to guide to marginalized people worldwide.

References

 "25 Years On, Seminar Celebrates Favela-Bairro Upgrading Program | Rioonwatch." Rioonwatch.org. N.p., 2019. Web. 2 July 2019.

"Child Poverty Plagues Every Corner of Toronto, Census Data Shows | The Star." thestar.com. N.p., 2019. Web. 2 July 2019.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY August, M. (2014). Challenging the rhetoric of stigmatization: The benefits of concentrated poverty in Toronto’s Regent Park. Environment and Planning A, 46(6), 1317–1333.

De Leeuw, S. (2016). Tender grounds: Intimate visceral violence and British Columbia’s colonial geographies. Political Geography, 52, 14–23.

Egan, B., & Place, J. (2013). Minding the gaps: Property, geography, and Indigenous peoples in Canada. Geoforum, 44, 129–138.

Perry, K. K. Y. (2013). Black women against the land grab: The fight for racial justice in Brazil.

Ranganathan, M. (2016). Thinking with Flint: Racial liberalism and the roots of an American water tragedy. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(3), 17–33.

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Title: HR Origin

The plan is an intention that consists of an objective and an action statement. Planning is a process that involves a series of actions that need to accomplish the objectives of the plan. The article has provided information regarding the planning, management, and evaluation of a project. The article has highlighted the knowledge and information about planning, uncertainty, and decision making processes. The interesting topics, highlighted in the document, were related to the management, organization, and communication. The article has described that the organizational process involves designing of responsibilities and networks to effectively achieve the objectives of the project. Also, staff management and controlling activities were stated to increase the performance of the organization. Various plans, procedures, and classification of programs were discussed in the article.

The topics that were new for me were related to tactical planning and strategic planning. These strategies are highly important for an organization to achieve the aims and objectives of the plan. Different management and planning horizons were also discussed in the article. Various levels of management in the pyramid were presented such as top management, middle management, and lower management. Also, a concept of budgets and policies for the effective management and leadership were useful and new. For example, the information related to mission, vision, and management was new to me that without it, an organization cannot achieve its objectives. Also, the economic policies discussed in the article were effective in achieving and facilitating top managers to effectively address the issues of management. The important knowledge delivered by the article was to identify the effective strategies to manage financing, advertising, planning and scheduling of organizations that will help me to develop business and my practice. Course of action and implementation strategies were also described that will enable me to utilize in my business practices. The ending notes highlighted the concepts to address the psychological issues, commitment and efficient planning strategies that are required for the business to compete in the market.

Armenia Country Profile

Essay: Armenia Country Profile

Abdul

14November 2019

Physical geography of Armenia

Armenia is found in the South of Transcaucasia, this region is at Russian southwest between Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The present Armenia also have some parts of the historical Armenia which ancient center is at Aras River valley and across the Lake Van region in Turkey. In north Armenia is bordered with Georgia, on east with Azerbaijan, on southwest with Azerbaijan Republic, on west with Turkey and on South with Iran. Due to the geological upheaval the earth crust is pushed upwards and formed the Armenian Plateau which make the modern Armenian topography complex. The situated mountains made travelling difficult from north towards south. The continuous geological turmoil in the devastating earthquake form completely plagued Armenia. Armenia is situated at the Armenian mountains southern slopes at Lesser Caucasus. The highest peak of Armenia is 13,415ft or 4,090m and named as Mount Aragats while the deepest valley lie 1,200-1,870ft above the level of sea. The Akstafa River and the Debt valley create the major routes towards Armenia through North as it passes by mountains. Lake Sevan is 72.5km wide and 376km in length, it is the largest lake of east region. It is 2,070 m above the sea level. The terrain is mostly rugged at southeast region that is drained through Bargushat River as well as mostly moderate in the Valley of Aras River to southwest. Armenia is mostly drained through Aras and Razdan that flows from the Lake Sevan. Most of the Armenian border is with Turkey, Iran and the Nakhichevan that is bordered with Aras. Almost ½ of Armenian area is almost 29,800 km2 with 2000m elevation while 3%of the country is below 650m. The Armenian plateaus are masked through extinct volcanoes and intermediate ranges of mountain. The population of Armenia mostly lives in the country northwestern and western parts in which the two main cities Gyumri and Erevan are located. Generally the Armenia temperature is based on the elevation. The moderate climate influence the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea developing the huge seasonal variations. Armenian Plateau, average temperature of mid-winter is 0oC and the average mid-summer temperature is more than 25oC.The mean precipitation is 250mm/year in the lower valley of Aras River to highest altitudes of 800mm. Despite the winter harshness in most of the parts the soil of volcanic plateau made Armenia a fertile land which can be used for agricultural activity.

Armenia environmental issues discussion is broad starting from mid of 1980s from the generation of intense air pollution through industry and nuclear plant and finally the Chernobyl reactor explosion. In the era of post-communist Armenia encounters huge cleanup of environment which confronts the previous Soviet republics that emerged through the system of centralized planning with resource management disastrous approach. The major environmental concern is the drop in the water level of Lake Sevan due to irrigation drawdowns and water diversion towards hydroelectric plants to the electric power compensation. It is reported by the Environment Ministry that the level of water is dropped by 50cm in 1993.

Linguistic Geography

Most of the population of Armenia is ethnically homogenous, Armenian nation mostly speaks Armenian as their first language. This is also the official language of the nation. Though the Russian language is introduced during the rule of Russia in Armenia and it is also widely spoken in the entire country. Whereas, English is also becoming popular as the foreign language while the minority communities also speak Greek, Assyrian, Russian and Yazidi which is spoken by respective country minority communities. According to the Armenia constitution, Armenian is the official language which is used widely by the country media and government. In the beginning of 19th century Russian Empire entered in Armenia and from then the Russian language become popular in the country. Though in 20th century only 3-4%population of Armenia can speak this language, although, during the rule of Communist they enforced Armenian people to use Russian language in administration, education and government that soon increased the number of Russian speakers in Armenia. In this time this language gained the second language status. Though the status and significance of Russian language is lost when in 1991 Armenia became independent. According to the report almost 70% of Armenian have basic Russian language knowledge while 52.7% population can speak Russian as second language. Almost 40% of the Armenian population has English language basic knowledge while only 4% have strong knowledge of English. Education in the English language is well promoted and accepted by the population of Armenia. Almost 33,509 Armenian citizen speaks Yezidi Kurdishas first language. In which 32,688 are ethnic Kurds while rest are non-Kurds.

Religious Geography

The Apostolic Church of Armenia is the Armenian national church and also 92.5% population of Armenia is associated with this church. According to Armenia constitution state and church are two separate units but on the same time the Apostolic church is considered as the Armenia national church that means this church has several privileges which are not provided to other churches. Though the religious freedom is guaranteed as the constitutional right however various people have filed religious oppression reports. Such reports range from difficulty in acquiring permission for construction to the verbal and physical harassment. From the total 3.1 million people of Armenia almost 98% have ethnicity with Armenian descent. Almost 92.5% of these individuals recognized as the Apostolic Church members although they are not the only religious identity of country. The other minority religions are Molokan, Orthodox Christians, Islam, Mormon, Protestants, Paganism, Yazidism and Judaism. Armenia became the world first nation who declared Christianity as their national religion in fourth century. With this faith practitioners celebrated Christmas on the 6th January combining the Epiphany feast and Jesus birth. The largest minority religion of Armenia is Yazidis who presented as the huge ethnic minority. The Yazidi religion is the combination of various religion which consist of Islam, Judaism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism. They came to Armenia from escaping the religious persecution of Sunni Kurds and Ottoman Turks from late 19th to early 20thcentury. Though these groups are now building the world huge temple in the Armenia. Now, the fastest growing religion of Armenia is Roman Catholic.

Population Geography

The total population of Armenia recorded in July, 1998 is almost 3,421,775, it is the smallest Eurasian country though its current population is 2.96 million which is estimated in 2019 which makes the population density of almost 256 people/sq. miles. In this way, this country population is ranked as 84th in the world. Almost 63% of Armenian population lives in the main metropolitan areas and the largest city is Yerevan which has the population of almost 1.075 million which is roughly estimated as 1/3 of the entire country population. It is the capital of country and is one of the oldest city of the world and is population is increasing continuously. Yervan is also the home of several major industries of the country and also have various international headquarters. The expectancy of life in Armenia is more than most of the other Soviet Republics with average life of men is almost 71.6 years while women are 78.3 years old. Armenian middle age is almost 35.6 years though this country population is largely dispersed in the world about 8 million Armenian are living in the entire world. The largest communities outside the Armenian country lives in Iran, Russia, US, Syria, Canada, France and Lebanon. As compared to the southern portion the country northern part is more densely populated. The yearly population growth rate in Armenia is near to zero from the start of this century. In the year 2019, this country population is standstill in growth on 0.09% per year. Also, the net migration to this country is extremely low though negative as well as the huge contributing factor to low population growth is child birth rate, which is 1.61 that is below-average and the lowest birth rate in comparison to the rest of the world. The lowest birth rate of Armenia was recorded in 1990s.

Political Geography

The Armenian Republic was independent from the year 1918 to 1921, although in 1921 this land was under the control of Soviet Union. Through the referendum of 21 September 1991 this nation became independent. In July 1995 the new constitution was approved as well as this constitution is revised two times both in November, 2005 and in 2015. In December, 2015 the constitutional reform occurred which made changes in the government system from the presidential system to the parliamentary system which was approved through referendum. The major political parties of Armenia are: Prosperous Armenia Party (PAP), My Step Alliance (which is based on Mission Part and Civil Contract), Armenian Revolution Federation (ARF or Dashnaksutiun), Bright Armenia and Armenia Republic Party (RPA). Currently the national assembly of Armenia have 105 deputies which are elected through the proportional system of two-tier. The candidates elected through the list of single national and the list of thirteen districts. In 2018 the presidential elections were conducted in March while the legislative elections were conducted in December. In reference to the constitutional changes, president is elected now through the parliament for the tenure of seven years. Prime minister is elected through the majority of the Parliamentarians. Prime minister as well as his cabinet should be approved through the vote of confidence given by parliament.

Economic Geography

After the independence, Armenia adopted the infeasible and unsustainable economy through the system of Soviet and then faced critical situations. Though Armenia is agricultural industry with various rich resources initially unable to utilize neither their fertile soil nor their rich natural resources. Without the resources of gas and oil Armenia encountered economic blockade since its independence due to its conflicts with Nagorno-Karabakh which separated it from Turkey and Azerbaijan. Though slowly and steadily Armenia boosted its economy in 1991 privatization begun in Armenia initially at the agriculture level then with the small as well as mid-sized business and in 1995 main businesses were privatized. In 1994, Armenia obtain funds from the World Bank and IMF this is the time when the national economy of Armenia is stabilized gradually. The GDP boost a little and the rate of inflation is also decreased. The current Armenia is agrarian-industrial country whose aim is to enhance agricultural production at small scale. The GDP of country is based 31.1% on agriculture, 21.8% on industrial production, 8.7% on trade, 8.5% on construction, 5.1% on transport and 24.9% on other sectors. The total agricultural land of Armenia is 44% of the total land. The most leading industries of Armenia are of metal working and mechanical engineering. In 1993 the ‘dram’ is introduced as the nation currency of Armenia. According to the report given by Armenia World Bank this country belongs to the middle income people.

Land use and Urban Geography

The total Armenia housing stock residential area is almost 95.024 million m2 in which 54.1% covered the urban housing. The entire accommodation number is 863,307 based on individual buildings and the buildings of multi-apartments, the 66% of which is in cities while 34% in the rural area. 92% houses in villages are based on the single-family system.

Figure 1: Map of Armenia with boundaries and cities location

Figure 2: Map of Armenia identifying the elevations in country.

Figure 3: Chart of Armenia in relation to religious affiliation in country.

Figure 4: Graph of age break-down in Armenia

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Armenia | Geography & History | Britannica.” Accessed November 15, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia.

“Armenia Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).” Accessed November 15, 2019. http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/armenia-population/.

“Economy of Armenia.” Accessed November 15, 2019. https://www.advantour.com/armenia/economy.htm.

“Political Structure.” Accessed November 15, 2019. https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=517911635&Country=Armenia&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure.

“Religion In Armenia - WorldAtlas.Com.” Accessed November 15, 2019. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religion-in-armenia.html.

Article On Agriculture

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[Subject]

[Date]

Article on Agriculture

Agriculture brought a rapid change in the development of human societies. There are numbers of positive changes happened due to agriculture revolution like people become able to produce more food with less effort and time. However, the author argued that agriculture has negative consequences as well, which make the evolution of agriculture as the worst mistake in the history of the human race. The first argument that the author gave was that food today is less nourish than in the past. In the past, the hunter-gatherer diet was much healthier than the heavy grain consumed by people today. Second, expansion of agriculture brought the inequality and class division in society. Before agriculture revolution, people were more satisfied than contemporary time. I think the author's arguments make sense. The government is trying to bring equality in the nation which was there when people go for hunting just to fill their stomach. There was no competition or greediness of wealth, but after engaging in agriculture, people are now trying to get more profit and wealth.

The way agriculture revolution brought some positive as well as negative consequences; industrialization also brought rapid change. In the past, Americans were against the wilderness, and they worked hard for technology advancement and innovations to make human life easier. However, in the process, issues like pollution, waste production, soil depletion, biodiversity depletion, and habitat destruction changed the perspective of Americans. Today, the nation is more concerned for the wilderness as forest. Wild animals are necessary for a healthy ecosystem. Wilderness is the factor that can help to clean water for drinking, clean air for breathing, help to recover from vast waste production, and loss of wild animals. In past America, was more concerned about civilization and growth in term of economy, and society but today they are focusing on the quality of life and increase in life expectancy which is impossible without wilderness.

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Assignment: Hydrosphere Hazard

Discussion on Tsunami

Tsunamis are waves which are not caused by the normal blowing of the wind and are usually caused by earthquakes, or massive forceful displacement of water by a meteorite or a landslide. They can be theoretically caused by abnormal tides which cannot happen here on Earth. Tsunamis are also different from storm surges brought in by harsh storms. The shaking alone will not cause devastating waves, however, in an earthquake, one section of the earth moves, disturbing the water and kicking it up or dragging it down billions of liters at a time. 

Tsunami Poster Idea

Case Study of 2011 Tsunami

The 2011 tsunami that hit the coastal strip of Japan was actually a series of waves which struck in sequence. So, one wave would sweep in and begin sweeping out, and another would follow. In fact, reports predominantly indicate that the second wave was actually the largest in many locations. Following 30 minutes of the earthquake, the water had begun pulling back from the shore ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nT9Bj7oI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mori et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mori et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"itemData":{"id":1214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up","container-title":"Geophysical research letters","volume":"38","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Mori","given":"Nobuhito"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Tomoyuki"},{"family":"Yasuda","given":"Tomohiro"},{"family":"Yanagisawa","given":"Hideaki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mori et al.). It varied with location, but in northern Miyagi Prefecture, following one hour of the earthquake, the first wave came.

The 2011 tsunami was not a singular event at all, however, there were multiple tsunamis and the repercussions lasted for days throughout oceans, and aftershocks continued to compound the dynamics of the tsunami. The speed of the tsunami on land looked really fast at times, and the speed of the wave was not sustained either. At Sendai, the water reached over 6 miles inland at 10 mph and it took less than 40 minutes to go that distance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lkqxOwqg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mori et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mori et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"itemData":{"id":1214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up","container-title":"Geophysical research letters","volume":"38","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Mori","given":"Nobuhito"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Tomoyuki"},{"family":"Yasuda","given":"Tomohiro"},{"family":"Yanagisawa","given":"Hideaki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mori et al.). Had the speed of the wave been more the 10 mph, the time taken by waves to cover 6 miles would have been reduced. As far as time to recede was concerned, the complexity of multiple events coupled with localized topology would play a pivotal role in the receding rate.

One cannot fail to mention the global economic impact of 2011 tsunami. Japan is the third-largest economy in the world- and tsunami shut down all business-related activities for weeks.  Multiple auto factories and steel production units were shut down. The 2011 tsunami caused not only uncertainty in economic spheres and had a negative impact on financial markets and oil prices worldwide (at least in the short term).  Besides, the 2011 tsunami not only hit Japan, rather it brought along serious repercussions for global climate/weather ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"agBi7Dq1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mori et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mori et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1214,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/IMJ2PNXW"],"itemData":{"id":1214,"type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up","container-title":"Geophysical research letters","volume":"38","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Mori","given":"Nobuhito"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Tomoyuki"},{"family":"Yasuda","given":"Tomohiro"},{"family":"Yanagisawa","given":"Hideaki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mori et al.). Tsunami waves traveled radially outward from the point of origin and tsunami warnings had already been issued for other areas that might be affected. Albeit, the 2011 tsunami localized to one area, however, it brought along serious economic implications that affected the rest of the world.

Of the coastal villages that were directly impacted by the tsunami, over one third will never be rebuilt as they were completely wiped out - literally in terms of infrastructure and survival. Some regions will eventually reclaim the land that was once a village or small town, but when, it is unclear so far. Yet immediately to the north in Miyagi and Miayto-Jima, hundreds of acres of coastal homes and small businesses buildings have not returned to their shape yet. The land on which the residents of Miyagi and Miayto-Jima stood remains vacant and probably will remain vacant for another 10 to 15 years, if not longer. The agricultural impact varied from region to region because the height of the tsunami varied along the coast.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mori, Nobuhito, et al. “Survey of 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Inundation and Run-Up.” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 38, no. 7, 2011.

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Portfolio

I am an honest and trustworthy individual with 2(Two) years experience in working environment. My career objective is to leading resource person in facilitating research and conveying what happenings worldwide though writings. Besides I am a highly motivated person who believes in better service delivery. I peruse to build a reputable image as competent and efficient employee and serve the organization to best of my ability so that an organization can realize its set goals.

Work Experience

I have worked as a policy advisor Volunteer for the United Nations Association of the National Capital Area (UNA-NCA) - Washington DC. During my volunteer work my responsibilities were to advice delegates on topics being discussed at the conference, to assist the delegates to arrive at the best solution on how HIV- AIDs and youth problems should be solved, to urge delegates to participate during the open, close and lead discussion at the conference. I was also in charge of helping delegates to draft various resolutions on Human rights, UNICEF HIV/AIDs and youths. I am also participated in organizing the conference room and sitting arrangement method at the conference.

I have worked as a volunteer internationally in a country called Uganda to help mitigate communal problem. I volunteered with Save A Child foundation between 2017 and 2018 where I worked with local CBOs and youth groups in mobilizing the youth and women to participate in HIV/Aids awareness campaign. I participated in leading a campaign in advocating the rights and freedom of African child to reduce the rate of child abuse in Northern Uganda facilitate the recruitment of local volunteers to spearhead teaching of child rights among the communities and also coordinated collaboration between local activists and advocacy NGOs in the United States through US Embassy in Uganda

Education Background

2017-2019: United States International University

()High School

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Part -1

An article published in Newsweek titled "COULD CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKES TRIGGER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS? 'NO IMMINENT THREAT' SAYS USGS," written by Chris Morran. In June, California faced a high magnitude earthquake. On July 4, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 shook Southern California. Moreover, the very next day, on the night of July 6, an earthquake of magnitude 7.1 occurred, which became the strongest since 1999. It happened 17 kilometers from the city of Ridgecrest, which is 202 kilometers from Los Angeles.

The reason for the increased seismic activity in the region is its tectonic structure. Both earthquakes, which occurred on July 4-5, took place in the Eastern California landslide zone. The notorious San Andreas Fault is located, where the Pacific Plate collides with the North American Plate. The site is strewn with cracks caused by the movement of closely spaced tectonic plates. The events that took place last week were provoked by the fact that the tectonic plates shifted somewhat and began to rub one by one. This caused tremors (as previously reported, over the period from July 4 to 7, their number was more than 4,700).

Even though there were no casualties (neither the dead nor the wounded are known), however, the earthquakes were powerful enough to form cracks in the roads and cause "vibrations" of buildings in the region so strong that goods rained from store shelves. Two earthquakes that occurred in California, and fears of a possible third, "serious," led many to think about the threat that increased seismic activity in the region. It would contribute to the eruption of a giant super volcano located in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. The latter can have truly catastrophic consequences for the climate. To the point that global temperature will drop, humanity will no longer be able to grow plants on Earth, and there will be little food.

Part-2 Reflection

Geologists note that earthquakes - at least the first - were quite atypical. For example, what happened on July 4 was characterized by changes in two fault sections at once. However, how substantiated are they? The National Geographic noted that usually, a powerful earthquake could give rise to several "successors" - significantly inferior in strength. This happens because a severe shock causes tension in the region. Furthermore, earthquakes are the way the Earth gets rid of this built-up underground energy.

The San Andreas Fault usually causes severe earthquakes every 150 years. The Yellowstone Super Volcano has not erupted for 70 thousand years. Last time it was a vast outpouring of magma, not a catastrophic explosion. For all this time, according to simple calculations, there were about seven thousand earthquakes of magnitude more than seven.

Moreover, none of them caused an eruption. Caldera did not explode in 1992, when the Landers earthquake in Southern California (M7.3) happened, and in 1999 during the earthquake in the Hector mine in the same region (M7.1). Moreover, tremors did not provoke eruptions of other volcanoes, including the Long Valley super volcano, which was much closer to the epicenter of seismic activity than Yellowstone is now.

According to geologists, there may be several causes of secondary earthquakes. Seismic waves may cause fluid coming from magma reservoirs to move underground, destroying the rocks. Another explanation is the increase in fluid pressure in hydrothermal systems, in which the pressure is already at a critical level. As a result, microcracks and weak earthquakes occur. Perhaps, both scenarios are often implemented.

Nevertheless, Yellowstone does pose a real danger but not quite the same as many news articles, websites, documentaries, and videos talk about it. Hydrothermal explosions pose the most urgent threat when overheated, and under high-pressure, water escapes to the surface with a large number of rock fragments with the formation of a crater.

Work cited

Morran, Chris. “Could California Earthquakes Trigger Volcanic Eruptions in the Region?”

Newsweek, Newsweek, 6 July 2019, https://www.newsweek.com/could-california-earthquakes-trigger-volcanic-eruptions-no-imminent-threat-says-usgs-1447896.

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Plate tectonics also called Lithospheric plate, is a scientific theory that deals with the Earth's outer shell (Lithosphere) and different processes of mountain-building, volcanoes and earthquakes. It also talks about the evolution of the earth's surface and the construction of its past continents and oceans. When a plate with oceanic lithosphere hits another plate, it plunges beneath that plate and sinks into the mantle pulling the lithosphere in every direction. This is the main cause of plate tectonic occurrence.

Some of the most destructive natural hazards caused by plate tectonics are earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes occur due to the sudden movement of two adjacent tectonic plates and when one plate slides over the top of another plate, it results in a volcanic eruption. Their energy and friction makes the rock melt and pushes it upwards, causing swelling in the surface of the mountain. These also cause seismic sea waves, also known as tsunamis.

An abrupt climate change is the occurrence of a new sudden climate state. The whole earth undergoes an entirely different process of climate change that includes a sudden change in parameters outside the system and internal changes in the climate system itself. We have a bunch of examples of abrupt climate change in the past and we are still in the process. Events like the Younger Dryas, occurred 12,800 years ago. Dansgaard-Oeschger events, Heinrich events, and Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse happened in the past. Abrupt climate change can occur at any time and some climatic changes are already underway. This happens due to a lot of reasons which include unawareness about such a critical issue. Not all the people who have high school education know this process of abrupt climate change. They are familiar with the term but unaware of all the reasons behind it which result in the climatic change. They get involved in activities that are harmful to climate like the recent decline of the Arctic sea due to warmer polar temperature and this increase in temperature is caused by humans. So it is important to know the process of climate change to save our planet.

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ePortfolio

I am a self-driven personality who has the ability to work with others. I have noted this as a result of the things that I have achieved both on my own and when working with other people. Throughout the duration when I was in school and when I started working with other people, I have learnt how to relate with other people with the view of increasing productivity as a team. Apart from being able to work other people to achieve a common goal, I have also been selected to lead some of the teams. I have always believed that I possess good leadership skills that can enable me to help a certain group of people to achieve a goal.

On my work experience, I have been able to work in different institutions. Most of them deal with environmental issues. I have landed in such organizations as a result of the passion that I have for Geography related fields. I believe that my interaction with people in such institutions has helped to shape my personality. I currently more interested in issues related to conservation of the environment than any other issue that can be related to Geography. I have been working in such organizations for the past three years.

Before I started working in different organizations, I also attended different schools to help polish my knowledge in the field of Geography. From elementary school, I was passionate about Geography. I have continued to become more specific in my field over the years. I also feel that I still need to continue with my education so that I can contribute to the improvement of environment. My level of practice will also go up when I take time to get more knowledge about the field. I believe that my education has helped me to come up with issues related to Geography that need to be discussed.

WORKS CITED

Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D., Pinsonneault, A., Donovan, R. (2006). Management Information Systems for the Information Age. Building an E-portfolio(XLM-J). Toronto: Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-095569-7.

Assagment

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

El Niño Southern Oscillation

Introduction

Taking a look at the Pacific Ocean, it could be seen that there is some type of oscillation in it periodically. Scientists have observed that the ocean water used to oscillate back and forth and cause the warm and cold water to move in both the directions (back and forth). Researches have shown that there are three phases of oscillation first is neutral, second is El Niño and the last one is La Nina. For scientists, the most important phase is of El Niño. El Niño-Southern Oscillation is (ENSO) is being declared as the irregular periodic variation in the wind. Temperature of the sea surface also changes over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that cast an impact on the temperature on the overall climate in most of the tropics and sub-tropic areas. This warming phase of the sea temperate is termed as El Niño Southern Oscillation by scientists. Along with El Niño Southern oscillation atmospheric component couples with the sea temperature. Over the western tropical Pacific, El Niño is accompanied by the high air surface and on the other hand, there could be seen low surface air pressure over the La Niño. Scientists claimed that these two periods last for several months and occur continuously after a few years but the intensity varies as per each period. In simple words, it could be said that El Niño is the natural turbulent fluctuation in weather that is known as El Niño-Southern Oscillation or ENSO.

Discussion

Scientists studying environmental conditions believe that El Niño- Southern Oscillation is the most important inter-annual phenomenon that occurs on this planet. It is the only phenomenon that impacts climate patterns worldwide. Veritably, El Niño is older than its name. Before the climate scientists started making researches on El Niño, fishermen in Southern America sort out ways for predicting whether the coming year would be El Niño year or not as they become expert to read it on the water (Godoi,et,al, 2019). According to the fishermen of Southern America, during the El Niño year, they witnessed a rise of 30 cm in the eastern Pacific and water felt to be palpably warner to the touch. There are various researches that are being made by the climate experts who are engaged predicting El Niño year. According to the Pohang University of Science and technology, it is hard to accurately predict the El Niño year, but studies have found that there is a distant oscillation in water that helps the scientists for predicting climatic events. Scientists claimed that prediction for El Niño is still limited to only a year or less before the Swing of the ENSO.

“The developing El Niño conditions are likely to contribute to the warmer global average temperature in 2019-it is a little too early to say whether or not it will be a record year"

There are several means used by climatic scientists for predicting El Niño. These means include moored ATLAS, satellites, PROTEUS buoys, sea level analysis, XBT's and drifting buoys (Wang,et,al,2017). According to the research of some climatic scientists, abnormal temperature drop in the sea surface water, especially in the Northern Atlantic in the start of spring, predicted the conditions for El Niño in the Pacific Ocean about some nine months before. As per the scientific studies and researches, Climate Prediction Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, claimed that around eighty percent of El Niño had already begun in 2019 that would last till the end of February 2019.

"A significant increase in sea surface temperature over the eastern and central equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals, generally ranging between two and seven years"

According to the researches, there has been observed various effects of El Niño. These effects include flooding, rains, food insecurity, malnutrition and rise of temperature, etc. Talking about impacts of El Niño particularly on California; records affirm that jet stream of Southern side hits California that beholds storms and moisture (Timmermann,et,al,2018). In California, there has been recorded increased rainfall along with landslides, coastal erosion and floods because of El Niño. Climate experts support the research of many scientists that El Niño terribly affects Indonesia. Evidence show that El Niño effect after every two to seven years when the warm water moves back eastward across the Pacific Ocean. Impacts of El Niño include floods, bushfire, landslides, and drought that affect the lifestyle of Indonesia.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the various sources, it could be asserted that El Niño is a natural phenomenon of oscillating warm and cold water to and fro in the Pacific Ocean. This oscillation cast great impacts of the countries worldwide. By utilizing new technology, scientists predict in which country or location people are going to face issues because of El Niño. Number of events could be witnessed across the world because of El Niño oscillations. These events involve landslides, drought, increased rainfall, and bushfire, etc. Pieces of evidence from WMO's climate prediction showed that there is no El Niño expected in the coming few years that would be as powerful as El Niño of 2015-2016. As a whole, it won’t be wrong to say that scientists have observed various impacts of El Niño at different locations. In many of the countries, El Niño oscillation becomes the cause of different diseases as well. Scientists are devising new ways and instruments for more accurate predictions about El Niño oscillation.

Work Cited

Godoi, Victor A., et al. "Regional‐scale ocean wave variability associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation‐Madden‐Julian Oscillation combined activity." International Journal of Climatology 39.1 (2019): 483-494.

Timmermann, Axel, et al. "El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity." Nature 559.7715 (2018): 535.

Wang, Chunzai, et al. "El Niño and southern oscillation (ENSO): a review." Coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific. Springer, Dordrecht, 2017. 85-106.

Assagment

Student Name

Professor’s Name

Institution

Course

Date

Geography

The idea of accessing and retrieving ideas and information from the internet has its grounds on the dynamism of technology. Development of technology and various advancements support critical thinking and capture recapture methods for survival. Future references require understanding of the online platforms and manoeuvring to create a meaning. Therefore, e-portfolio is a basis that links the user to the resources in an online platform. It provides access of a collection of evidence in the internet. Hence, assembling and management of the evidence by the user becomes easier. The electronic evidences vary depending on the nature and user but include electronic files, input texts and images (Jafari and Ali, 2006). The availability of electronic evidence attracts my thoughts and makes me like the electronic portfolio. This platform enables storage of important information including, the recordings that are critical. Therefore, it facilitates tutorials for future use by the users and any other authorised person.

Making tutorials and inputting texts sounds easier when dealing with the electronic portfolio. The experience with the platform I must say is exemplary as there is ease of work. Storage, recordings and filing makes the site capture the mind of other people. Creating my own files, images inputting relevant texts makes me admire the site and what to use it for my learning purposes. Building the pages does not take much long but depends on the bulk of information and the purpose of the page. For my page it took me some few hours as I was establishing relevant information for reference by other people. Subsequently, I still update on the pages to have a clear view and perspective that defines the use of an electronic portfolio. The collection of images, texts and files makes the page look as if creativity was included in designing it.

Use of technology and the information technology skills support the development of various products. These products arise as a result of having interfaces that link resources to the main source and provide relevant information. This is the main reason as to why the portfolio idea needs to integrate these resources and provide a collection of evidence. The images used show the diagrammatic presentation of various ideas that have a meaning to the learning process for individuals. Therefore, the platform needs close administration and idea development to support other functions. This means it supports accessibility and ease of retrieving necessary resources in the learning process.

Users and other people with intentions to use the e-portfolio need to be dependent on the information for them to create a good page. Use some graphics and collect information from various sources to create a strong collection of evidence resources. Moreover, several references will create a good ground or basis for creating the platform. For those that are having public content it is necessary to have a clear and easy way for access of the information to support the others in their adventure.

The history of hurricanes is quite adventurous although this has claimed lives in some cities. Areas affected include Greater Antilles, Bahamas, most of the eastern United States (especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States), Bermuda, Eastern Canada (Goldenberg, Stanley, et al, 2001). These areas consist of many people that face the wrath of such a natural disaster. Therefore, linking these disasters with the creation of the online portfolio assists in mapping purposes. The affected areas are geographic areas that are close to other major cities. Meaning, if they are affected then the other areas is affected. The occurrence of this disaster comes with effects such as power black outs, blowing of roofs of the buildings and other killings that accompany the vast effects in the hurricane prone areas.

Work Cited

Goldenberg, Stanley B., et al. "The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications." Science 293.5529 (2001): 474-479.

Jafari, Ali, ed. Handbook of Research on ePortfolios. IGI Global, 2006.

Assagment

Name

Course

Tutor

Date

Hazard Field Trip Pamphlet

This is a guide of a tour of the southern parts of the United States. It involves a visit to the areas widely known for a variety of natural hazards. This tour will provide deeper insights into understanding the causes of the hazards, ways to mitigate, and dangers they pose to human existence.

Stop 1: Track of huge tornadoes in Tennessee, Mississippi as far as Alabama 

Places such as Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi are infamous for their violent tornadoes. They are nicknamed Tornado Alley. The reason for the frequent occurrence of tornadoes is attributed to warm and moist air from the Mexican Gulf, which collides with dry air from the Rocky Mountains in the east. The resulting force of this collision is thunderstorms and tornadoes. Geographers have found a long track in tornado alley in areas of Mississippi and Tennessee. Such long-track tornadoes are powerful and strong enough to stay in the ground for long. Tornadoes in the alley measure up to scale six in the Fujita Tornado Scale. At this scale, tornadoes have a high capacity of huge damage to property and even loss of lives.

Long track tornadoes in Tennessee and Alabama

Long track tornadoes

Stop II: Loss of Flood regions and wetlands of coastal Louisiana Over the years, there has been a loss of wetlands and flood especially in the coastal parts of Louisiana. This loss is caused by the uncensored human effect on the environment. The human activities such as increasing urbanization, extreme logging, and levees used to prevent flooding as well as canals for shipping has contributed to the loss. Besides, increased dredging for oil in the region has elevated the problem. Significantly, climate change has brought about adverse climate change and Rising Ocean levels which has further exasperated the problem. Degrading wetlands make people living in lower regions such as New Orleans highly susceptible to flooding, especially during storm surges.  

Land loss in Louisiana

Disappearing Louisiana coastline by Adam Wernick

Stop III: Earthquake zones in New Madrid  Earthquakes rarely occur in southern regions such as Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. However, according to United States Geological Survey (USGS) regions along the Mississippi River including Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, and other regions have a high potential of receiving an earthquake of a magnitude of more than six in years to come. USGS further predicts a good chance of occurrence of earthquake magnitude of over eight. The cause of earthquakes according to USGS is a weak spot just below the surface in the North American Plate. Geologists have identified the exact location of the weak spot as the New Madrid Seismic Zone (USGS, 3). Geologists forecast that the occurrence of earthquakes can be very dangerous since people in this region are ill-prepared in case of a major earthquake. In addition, some do not know how to react in the event of an occurrence. Earthquakes in this region can have a devastating impact because people living in major towns and population centers do not have proper building codes like those usually found in parts of the United States known for frequent seismic activities. Notably, city and town planning in areas such as Memphis and St. Louis are poorly choreographed. This could aggravate and heightened the effects of earthquakes leading to damage to the property and even death of people.

Effects of earthquakes in the regions include destruction of property

Seismic activity in New Madrid

References

United States Geological Survey (USGS). Summary of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes Sequence. US.Geological Survey. Accessed October 9, 2019 from <https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/1811-1812newmadrid/summary.php>

Photograph of disappearing coastline in Louisiana. Adam Wernick. 23 September, 2014. <https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-23/louisianas-coastline-disappearing-rate-football-field-hour>

Assagment

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Assignment

Q.1

Any time of the year which is identified or associated with any specific climate conditions is referred to as a season. The four seasons which mark a year following one another on time are summer, winter, spring, and fall. Every season has some specific properties associated with it such temperature, light, and climate.

Change in seasons is witnessed due to the way in which earth rotates around the sun and spin at its axis. The axis of the earth is an imaginary tilted line, passing right through the middle, around which the earth spins. This tilt in the earth’s axis is responsible for the changing seasons.

A transition in a season is witnessed throughout the year. Specific dates are associated with certain seasons which marks the beginning of a new season. There are four significant dates linked with seasons. June 1 is linked with summer, December 1 is associated with winter, March 1 is connected with spring while September 1 marks the start of fall.

Q.2

A continuous change in the climate of the planet has been witnessed over time. The mean temperature of planet earth is recorded at 15C. Taking into account the historical evidence, this mean temperature has had been lower and higher before. However, recent unprecedented changes in weather patterns have concerned scientists and they have termed the process as climate change.

When fossil fuels are burned down, toxic gases are released. These toxic gases are not only detrimental for human beings but also rendering irreparable harm to the environment (Urry, 3). Moreover, these gases are getting trapped in the earth’ atmosphere and causing a severe change in weather patterns, otherwise known as climate change.

The fact that the objects which are contributing to exacerbating the earth's climate are often used by human beings. Fossil fuels are the biggest contributors to worsening the climate and are used by human beings.

Q.3

To present the academic work or an idea of someone else falls under the category of plagiarism (Sutherland-Smith, 6). The act of plagiarism is also known as stealing someone's work. There are grave consequences associated with plagiarism. Moreover, plagiarism violates the honor codes that have been placed by academic institutions. Additionally, plagiarism renders damage beyond repair to the reputation of an individual. Any academic work that has been done and plagiarism is found in it can result in the student earning a failing grade. Additionally, there have been numerous instances when plagiarism was done by students resulted in suspension and expulsion from academic institutions. Certainly, the issue of plagiarism is not something which the students should take lightly. It is the responsibility of the students to work with the utmost academic integrity. If the students act with integrity regarding their academics, they would not indulge in plagiarism.

Stealing something from someone is unacceptable. Same goes for plagiarism. In plagiarism, an individual steals someone else's work and present it under their name. Moreover, plagiarism is unacceptable because any individual that is involved in any act of plagiarism can find themselves mired in legal battles. Moreover, plagiarism is unacceptable because it impedes the personal development of any individual and stops them from using their minds to think and reflect critically. Another reason for which plagiarism is unacceptable is that it stops the students from assessing where they stand regarding the learnings they have completed so far. Although there exist different variants of plagiarism, it is a widely held view that every form of plagiarism is unacceptable. Furthermore, plagiarism is unacceptable because it disappoints the teachers who put so much effort into teaching students. The students must understand that plagiarism can help them in short-term but will hurt them in the long run.

Works Cited

Sutherland-Smith, Wendy. "Is student plagiarism still a serious problem in universities today?." Student Plagiarism in Higher Education. Routledge, 2018. 47-61.

Urry, John. "Climate change and society." Why the social sciences matter. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015. 45-59.

Assignment

Geography Lianis

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Geography

Introduction

Science and human systems affected me the most. The reason is human system is one of the major themes in geography that explains how humans can change and reshape the earth with their daily activities.

As I am a visual learner, so I prefer to observe things, including pictures and diagrams, along with visual aids like demonstrations, handouts, etc. When my teacher presents, I learn more through her presentation. Similarly, a class presentation can widen up the knowledge as every student contributes towards the topic under discussion, and for me, this process is easy to retain things.

My learning style fits in face to face modality as it involves visual work. This method stimulates better learning and gives higher grades. As an active visual learner, my academic strengths are writing papers and researching to enhance my knowledge. Time management and staying organized are my two greatest strengths, which support me in my academic career. In geography, I feel like my weakness is learning something without a visual aid, and it affects my learning process as well.

I am trying to overcome my weakness by taking help from visual aids available online. In geography, it is difficult for me to retain those things which are not provided with visual aids, so I make my own aids to facilitate myself.

In education, when two or more students interact with each other, they learn more rather than learning on their own. It is suggested that such interactions require purposeful aim so that students can get the maximum benefit from inter-professional collaborations. CITATION Bar15 \l 1033 (Bart N. Green, 2015).

Conclusion

I prefer visual learning, and it helps me in improving my grades. I create my ways of visual learning if not provided by the instructor. In this course, I studied through visual aids and learned a lot of new things that I did not know before. I hope that I will be learning new things in future as well.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bart N. Green, C. J. (2015). Interprofessional collaboration in research,education and clinical practice. The Journal of Chiropractic Education , 3.

Assignment - GeoMatters Submit Assignment

Assignment

[Author Name]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Assignment

Article 1

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/opinion/migrants-dying-sahara-niger.html

Location Name= Sahara Desert

Coordinates (latitude and longitude) = 23.416° N, 25.662° E.

Location= It is located on the African Continent.

Article Title= Why more migrants are dying in the Sahara

Article published Date= 22 August 2017

Summary

Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. Its area is approximately 9,200,000 square kilometers (Schuster & Brunet, 2006). The article explains how smugglers from all over the world abandon migrants while they attempt to cross the desert. To evade new patrols by the Nigerien military, many human traffickers are leaving their charges to die of thirst in the unforgiving heat of the Sahara Desert. Despite the efforts of the European Union, human trafficking is at its peak. However, after the Nigeria’s 2015 law was approved, the financial support was given to the Saharan country. This helped police to crack down the smugglers to protect migrants from dying and stop human trafficking. Due to the police crackdown, smugglers leave the migrants they had kidnapped in the middle of the desert. The migrants not only include male adults but it includes children and females as well. The temperature of the desert can reach up to approximately 110 F degrees causing many people to die of thirst. Although, after the law, many smugglers were caught, yet the issue of human trafficking persists (Penney, 2019). Since, the desert is spread over a vast area, many smugglers have found alternate route to kidnap migrants. This exposes migrants to an increased risk of being held captive. It is believed that the number of people dying in the desert are more as only few people survive the desert’s heat. Thus, there is a need for government and social workers’ interventions to save migrants from dying in the desert.

Article 2

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/06/mount-everest-has-lost-its-magic/591025/

Location Name = Mount Everest

Coordinates (latitude and longitude) = 27.9881° N, 86.9250° E.

Location = It is located in Nepal

Article Title = Everest is over

Article published Date = 5 June 2019

Summary

Mount Everest is undeniably one of the true miracles on the planet earth. Mountain climbers all over the world arrive at this destination. There are two routes through which this summit can be approached. One route is in southeast Nepal while the other is in the north in Tibet (Stevens, 1993). The article explained how crowds, trash, and selfies are ruining this miracle. Since the explosion of Mount Everest, the infatuation of climbers has grown tremendously. Climbers have to wait in lines at Everest peak just to take selfies. Due to the selfie craze, the crowd has been more attracted to Mount Everest and while visiting, they leave a pile of litter as well. Manty amateur climbers pay the money just to take selfies. This concerns people as this beauty is being misused and several groups that are responsible for taking care of the mountains are profiting off this miracle. Even the Nepalese government is selling a large number of permits to people to visit the mountain. This overcrowding is destroying the beauty of the place.

Another issue that this beautiful miracle is facing is the spiking death rates of the climbers. It is not new that while climbing, many climbers lost their lives and natural forces are a reason for this death. However, due to the rise in technology, people are more concerned about the spiking death rate. Despite that climbers still, believe that some things are worth risk-taking and due to this reason, they are still willing to climb the mountain (Grebowicz, 2019). Thus, there is a need to restore the beauty of the place by putting a limit on the people who are there to take selfies and also preventing the people from dying by making mountain climbing safe.

References

Grebowicz, M. (2019). Everest Is Over. Retrieved 30 September 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/06/mount-everest-has-lost-its-magic/591025/

Penney, J. (2019). Opinion | Why More Migrants Are Dying in the Sahara. Retrieved 30 September 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/opinion/migrants-dying-sahara-niger.html

Schuster, M., Duringer, P., Ghienne, J. F., Vignaud, P., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., & Brunet, M. (2006). The age of the Sahara desert. Science, 311(5762), 821-821.

Stevens, S. F. (1993). Tourism, change, and continuity in the Mount Everest region, Nepal. Geographical Review, 410-427.

ASSIGNMENT 2 Part 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

ASSIGNMENT 2 part 1

Introduction

The country of United States of America has undergone a number of changes, since its discovery. Many presidents ruled this land and devised many new laws. Some of them proved to be favorable for the nation, the others did not bring many fruitful results. One of the most drastic changes that the American society went through was its shift from Communism to Capitalism (Miller & Masur). Where this abrupt shift brought dramatic changes in the economy, it also brought alterations in the landscape of the beautiful Midwestern region of the country. Chicago, being a prominent city of Midwestern region, also underwent a number of changes, which contributed significantly in the progress and uplifting of the city.

Discussion

Chicago is a city rich in history. Its beautiful structures, the amazing landscapes, and the fascinating architecture, never ceases to amaze us. It is a city full of lush green parks and bustling shopping centers, historic museums and jaw-dropping skyscrapers; but this city never stood up like this. Just like every other city in this country, Chicago has also undergone multiple changes to reach such a progressive point.

Chicago is the city located in the Midwestern region of America. Over the years, the structure and natural landscape of the region have changed dramatically. During the pre-settlement era of the early 1800s, the area used to consist of near-pristine prairie and forests, which later transformed into an agriculturally dominated landscape by 1880 and then beautifully transformed into a major metropolis of the twenty-first century.

Chicago is a blend of both industrial revolution and agricultural production, as Cronon has rightly said in his article “Nature’s Metropolis” (Cronon). It has become the one of the world’s most revolutionized industrial and financial services center with an organized and sophisticated transportation service, the city provides a vast array of services, keeping a deep interaction with its urban core. Not only it facilitates industry and factories, but the region of Chicago also contains some of the world’s most productive farmlands that stretch several hundred kilometers from the southwestern corner of Lake Michigan.

Although the city has progressed a lot, it still depends on its agricultural hinterland to provide support to its business and financial sector. Most of the landscape in Chicago was unsettled and uncultivated until 1800. The climate and the natural environment paved the way for a healthy agricultural growth and farmers started considering it suitable for agriculture. Until 1900, 90% of the land in Chicago was under cultivation and even most of the land in the region is used for agricultural purposes. The increase in population and the drive to become richer caused the agricultural land to cover up and different buildings started to erupt on the surface of Chicago.

Conclusion

It is not that the city of Chicago has stopped evolving, it is still changing and bring glorious changes in itself. It is a great tourist destination as well as a great business center for the whole state of Illinois. It serves as a pivotal point for many business activities as well as agricultural conferences.

References

Cronon, William. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. WW Norton & Company, 2009.

Miller, D., & Masur, L. (2019). A Bio. of America: The Rise of Capitalism - Transcript. Retrieved from https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog07/transcript/index.html

Miller, Donald L. "A Bio. Of America: The New City - Transcript". Learner.Org, 2019, https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog15/transcript/index.html. Accessed 1 Apr 2019.