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GEO Essay’s
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GEO Essay's
#6:
Development varies among Developing and Developed countries because there is a difference in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sectors of these countries. The share of GNI in the developing countries is decreasing in comparison to the past, but it is still higher than the Developed countries although they face the issue of Productivity. Productivity refers to the value of a certain kind of product against the amount of labor it requires for the production process. The Developed countries use the latest available technology for production that decreases the expenditures and increases the production under the Secondary Sector. This enables them to perform well in the Tertiary Sector and boost development by spending more on education and infrastructure.
The geographers understand development by the infrastructure in a country. They do not take into consideration other factors of development like education, and literature. They just focus on the material development like buildings, roads, dams, bridges, schools, and industry, but they do not measure the academic development of the countries. They measure the development by examining Gross National Income and Purchasing Power Parity of a country. Moreover, they measure the Productivity and the Value Added factors of a country. They have categorized the global regions into Developed, and Developing countries. The countries with high GNI are developed whereas the countries with overall low GNI are developing.
Development relates to standard of living, access to knowledge, and health and wealth in a way that the countries where these factors show positive figures are developed whereas the countries with negative expressions regarding these factors are developing countries. For instance, the people living in Africa and South Asia less have least possible access to these factors, therefore, they are called developing countries whereas the people living in Europe and North America have easier access to knowledge and education, they live healthy life because of proper nutrition, and they earn more than the African and Asian countries so they are called the citizens of Developed countries.
#7:
Industries are changing their locations from the developed countries to the developing countries in the pursuit of cheaper labor. Every industry attempts to produce the most valuable goods in the lowest possible expenditures. Only North America and Europe were possessing almost 70% of the global industry during the 20th century whereas currently, the developing countries are the house of 50% global industry. It is because the industries get direct and indirect labor at cheaper rates in developing countries. Indirect labor means the independent suppliers of the finished goods: the method is called Outsourcing. The characteristics of the emerging industrial regions are that they have cheaper skilled labor which can meet the requirements of industries for standard production. Moreover, the emerging industrial regions have the facility of Outsourcing. The cheaper skilled labor and outsources are available in the regions where people are educated, but their standard of living is poorer because the governments have not performed well in the field of Tertiary Sector so far. These regions include Latin America, India, and Nigeria, etc. The industry is changing in the developed countries with time as industrial regions are emerging in the developing countries. The industry in the developed countries either shifts to any developing country or rely on outsourcing. Cheaper labor is available in all the developing countries like Latin America, Africa, and South Asian countries, but attractive destinations for industry are India in South Asia, Brazil in Latin America, and Nigeria and South Africa in Africa because these countries have skilled labor due to better education and skill development facilities unlike their neighbors. Fordist production facilities where a person performs only one task might be available in the low-developing countries, but the contemporary era demands post-Fordist production where one person is supposed to do multiple tasks can only be availed in the middle-developing countries. Recycling refers to remaking of the same product which has expired whereas manufacturing refers to the manufacturing of a new product after one product expires. For instance, making clip-board of the paper that was earlier used in the manufacturing of newspaper. The developed countries are now over-burdened with wastes even after recycling and manufacturing therefore the industries shift to other locations within a country or a developing country for recycling that would create unrecyclable wastes.
#8:
Geographers propose three models to explain the expansion of urban areas: the concentric zone model, the sector model, and the multiple nuclei model. The concentric zone model proposed by E.W. Burgess in 1923 explains that a city grows outward in a ring circle shape, like the growth rings of a tree. The sector model was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. According to this model, expansion happens parallel to transportation corridors. Two geographers C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman developed the multiple nuclei model in 1945. This model claims that the expansion happens in several nodes. These models are interesting methods to understand urban expansion in countries. Three models have three different claims and interestingly they all are true. The models can be understood with the application. A Social Area analysis by James Rubenstein attempts to explain these models with reference to different societies. The data collected from North America reveals the following results according to Rubenstein. If the concentric zone model is applied, the data showed that many high-income people with the same ethnic groups choose the place of living differently. One group chooses to live in the inner ring or the center whereas the other groups choose the outer ring. This trend is apparent among the rich Asian Americans. The analysts of the sector model propose that people with the same religious and ethnic background but different income would not choose to live in the same sector. The richer group would shift to a more developed sector. Multiple nuclei model analysts argue that people with the same ethnic group choose to live near to each other. The nuclei among them is their ethnicity, for instance, Sikh community living in Canada.
References
Rubenstein, James. (2015). the cultural landscape an introduction to human geography. Pearson Education, Inc.
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