Animals

Are animals conscious?

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Are animals conscious?

Animal consciousness is defined as the quality or state of being self-aware of both external or internal factors or instincts. The debate of animal consciousness is one of the critical topics, taking into account that many of the researchers believe animals are not conscious while others think that animals are conscious. (Ristau, 2018). It creates and represents a problem in terms of human subjectivity and the essence of rational experiences. There is a compact history of animal consciousness, accompanied by different experiments considering arguments and counter-arguments of different philosophers. This paper will argue either animals are conscious or not by exploring relevant articles.

Article against the consciousness of animals

The first article that appeared to me while searching, “Animals are not conscious”, is a website of research by Cambridge University. In this article, it is asserted that the essence of consciousness varies with the animals. It is affirmed that the term, consciousness is something that is more like abstraction because consciousness is associated with the cognitive skills that are present in some animals. According to research, it has been observed that most of the animals don’t have a centralized nervous system and they are not the sentient. (Ristau, 2018). Moreover, there are a number of animals who have a simple nervous system and they are sentients. The reasoning comprises of following premises:

Premise 1: The neural substrates of emotions is not confined to cortical structures. The possession of the centralized nervous system is the aspect that enables animals to undergo some experiences and it is the fact that differentiates an animal from other things such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. (Ristau, 2018).

Premise 2: In accordance with the study, it is suggested that the conscious perception is not a necessity for the operation of certain complex processes that are cognitive in nature such as attention, volition, cognitive control, and semantic analysis. It was supported by different theories such as inner sense theory and higher-order theory. (Rowlands,2019). 

Conclusion: Consciousness is more like a paradigm that is continuously evolving in a few animals and absent in some beings.

Evolution of the quality of the argument, “animals are not conscious”

The argument given appears to make strong points of view in accordance with the conclusion. The first premise highlights a general understanding and recorded observation that animals do have a central nervous system and it facilitates an experience that initiates the ideology of consciousness. It is asserted that it is the possession of the central nervous system and the compact framework of nerves that facilitates thinking and critical attributes. In principle, the beings that don’t have a nervous system are not able to think and feel something. However, the animals that have a well-developed nervous system are capable of critical thinking. (Rowlands, 2019). 

The second concern highlights that there are a variety of animals with different anatomy and physical features that determines that animals such as fish, bees and the higher order animals like chimpanzees do have bodily sensation and these assumptions were supported by theories such as higher-order theory, first-order theory, and inner sense theory. (Ristau,2018). The research is affirmed by an example of an experiment called mirror technique in which the skin of few animals is marked and then it is made to view itself in the mirror that makes an animal become aware of itself. Within the last thirty years, it has been observed that those animals are able to recognize the marks on their skin and it confirm that animals are aware of themselves. Those animals included apes, elephants, and few birds. (Ristau, 2018).

Articles in favor of animal’s consciousness

The article that appeared to me while searching, “Animals are conscious”, is a journal article that I found through google scholar, titled, “Insulting words, “They are animals”. In this article. It is asserted that the essence of consciousness in animals is related to the concept of feeling and awareness. The ideology of consciousness is associated with pain, taking into account that all the animals feel pain and they react. It is assumed and proved by different experiments that animals are living beings, they are reactive towards the stimuli they receive from their environment and it results in the fact that animals are conscious. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019).

Premise 1: Animals have neurochemical, petrophysical and neuroanatomical substrates of the conscious states that empower the capacity to initiate behaviors that are driven by intentions. Such instances and characteristics highlight the significance of consciousness in animals. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019).

Premise 2: The essence of being reactive and feel something is the most broader form of consciousness. If you hit an animal and it responds, it is one of the greatest forms of conscious response. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019).

Conclusion: Animals are conscious in both broad and narrow spectrums, they feel and react, similarly they also have conscious states. Analysis of anatomy and physiology both highlight the role of consciousness in animals.

Evaluation of the quality of argument, “Animals are conscious”

The argument makes strong points in addressing all the main concerns about the topic, "either animals are conscious". There are two strong and affirmative points that are highlighted in the article, and they stand the scrutiny of counter-arguments. The conclusion of the argument needs to be understood in the context of neurology and social experiences. It is, therefore, asserted that consciousness is a very broad term that needs to be understood differently with respect to the subject category. In the case of humans, consciousness is all about the attributes such as alertness, response, intellectual and awareness. However, in case of animals, consciousness is a two-dimensional concept, at one side, it is the product of human observation where animals are living beings and they are reactive towards the external factors that are affecting an animal. This statement also includes the element of “pain”. Animals do feel pain and they react where they are beaten. The other dimension highlights that there are animals who are positioned at the more refined and well-designed level at which one can find humanely attributes in them. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019). So, it would not be wrong to say that calling animal as animals in the context of lack of consciousness is wrong because all animals are conscious. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019).

Evaluation of non-scholarly and scholarly sources

An analysis of the sources reveals that scholarly sources have more sound reasoning as compared to non-scholarly reasoning. In scholarly sources, the target audience is the general public who are concerned with the study of the subject or an idea while in non-scholarly sources, the target audience is the people who belong to the panel of discussion and experimental board. (Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep, 2019). Moreover, the motif of the authors of the scholarly source is to enlighten and broaden understanding by undergoing qualitative or quantitative study, whereas in non-scholarly sources, the motif of the authors is to set a dimension of study that can prove or disprove a fact or an idea. There is no apparent fallacy in any of the researches.

Conclusion

This activity would prove to be quite helpful in conducting research in future because I came to know the significance of scholarly and non-scholarly resources. I got to know the overall framework of research and the patterns adopted to continue research such as data collection or experimentation and then the representation of data.

References

Animal Consciousness: New Report Puts All Doubts to Sleep. (2019). Psychology Today. Retrieved 11 July 2019, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/201801/animal-consciousness-new-report-puts-all-doubts-sleep

Ristau, C. A. (2018). Insulting words:" They are animals!". Animal Sentience, 3(23), 10.

Rowlands, M. (2019). Can Animals Be Persons? Oxford University Press.

Animals In Biomedical Science

One essay I Acknowledge Mine is about the importance of other creature present on the earth than human beings. Jane Goodall says that only human don't have personality, other creatures also have a strong personality. She finds out chimps as those creatures that have a strong personality and the best way of living. She also noticed one fact that females are the dangerous creatures in chimps because they try to maintain their dominance by killing other females at that place. She also finds that chimpanzees could be brutal in some cases and they also have the dark side of their nature same like a human being.

That side is used by them for the sake of their betterment. So I Acknowledge Mine is showing the importance and presence of animals in this universe. It is also representing that they have their own way to spend their life which can’t be denied. This essay also showing that animal life is very important similarly the life of chimpanzees is also important for this universe. Not only life their presence is important. On the other hand Use of animals in biomedical science is the essay that is representing how animals can be used for the betterment of human beings.

For the sake of human betterment the life of an animal can be threatened, which is totally opposite to the I Acknowledge Mine. Where a suitable environment was created for the better life of Chimps and in another essay the life of animals is used for experimentation. However, the public raised the voice against this kind of use of animal but researchers proved their point by providing different logics. So in this way, two essays are totally different from each other. Because one is showing the importance of animal life and the other one is showing how animal life can be used for human betterment.

Annie John

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Annie John

The novel Annie John, written by Jamaica Kincaid is based on a provocative story of a young girl growing up in the Island of Antigua. The story revolves around Annie and the hardships she faced since childhood (Caton 129). The novel highlighted various themes such as mother-daughter relationship, death, and transition of Annie John from childhood to teens yet the main theme that was identified in the novel multiple times, was about power.

In the novel, Antigua was colonized by the British and Annie was born during this period. Due to the colonialism, black people were suppressed by the white people and were considered less privileged as compared to the white people. The colonial school acts as a physical manifestation of an empire that catalyzes the development of the protagonist (Kincaid 75). The author challenges the imperial foundation of the colonial schools where the books that were taught to the students were written by the western authors. The British also asserted the use of not only English books but English manners as well to persuade peers to obey the British rulings. However, Annie John resisted to be suppressed by the colonial education system therefore she tried to raise her voice against colonialism. According to Annie, Columbus was responsible for bringing colonialism to the Island due to which she despised Columbus. So, after seeing the image of Columbus tied in chains in the history book, she responded “What just deserts, I thought, for I did not like Columbus. How I loved this picture—to see the usually triumphant Columbus, brought so low, seated by the bottom of the boat watching things go by" (Kincaid 77). Annie was against slavery and according to her, Africans would not have colonized Europeans the way Europeans colonized Africans. She believed that it is justified that Columbus was brought to the New World tied in chains like slaves because he was the one who brought the idea of colonialism on the Island. Annie proceeded further to deface Columbus's image and wrote the caption “The great man can no longer get up and go”. This clearly explains that when Columbus had the power, he brought colonialism but as soon as he lost power, he was treated as slaves.

However, as Annie was studying in a colonial school where Columbus was treated as a god, she faced the consequences of defacing Columbus's image. Although, she was a brilliant student yet, due to defacing the picture, she was demoted to second place in her class. Annie wanted to read more about the discrimination that black people faced but, her voice was suppressed by the colonial education system that was imposed on her due to colonialization. During colonization, Antiguans were pushed into poverty, and England embraced all the financial benefits of natural resources present in Antigua. Due to the power of British rule, the rights of Antiguans were repressed and they were not able to attain necessities of life. Annie was against this discrimination and despite getting demoted to second place in the class, she was determined to work harder for black women empowerment and to advocate for the rights of black people.

In the novel, the author also depicted power by describing gender discrimination. In Antigua, Annie’s village continues to embrace polygamy for men. In contrast, according to British expectations, women were expected to embrace monogamy (Perry 129). This imbalance of power was the reason that women were suppressed by men. Annie resisted the idea of being suppressed by males and societal pressure. Due to this reason, she decided to leave her parent’s home to start a new life in England so that she can escape the suppression that she had to face in Antigua.

Works Cited

Caton, Lou Freitas. "An Antigua Caribbean American Perspective: The Quest for Empowerment in Jamaica Kincaid’s Annie John." Reading American Novels and Multicultural Aesthetics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008. 159-179.

Kincaid, Jamaica. Annie John: A Novel. Macmillan, 1985.

Perry, Donna. "Initiation in Jamaica Kincaid’s Annie John." Contemporary American Women Writers. Routledge, 2017. 128-137.

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Topic: Civil Rights Act (1964) and its Role in the U.S. Constitution

Civil Rights Act (1964) characterized as the one important historical event in the history of the United States of America. The significance of this event referred to the different crucial prospect of society. The domain of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 based on the social and economic issue of employment discrimination. This particular act was crafted and adopted with the approach to ended prevailing segregation in public places and eliminate the option of any form of employment discrimination. The phenomenon of employment discrimination can observe in the form of prospects of race, color, religion, sex, or difference of origin. This particular issue or the domain of policy plays a vital role in the overall constitutional paradigm of the country. Proper implementation of this act impacts the lives of the public referring to different social and economic domains.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Wright, G. (2015). The regional economic impact of the civil rights act of 1964. BUL Rev., 95, 759.

The subject of the right civil act of 1964 is critically discussed by the researcher, Gavin Wright in research work. It is noteworthy to mention that the idea or the significant impact of the civil rights act of 1964 in the form of regional economic domain. Undoubtedly, it is one influential and effective approach to effectively identify the strong impact of this act on the lives of individuals. Research of this study ranked this legal action as the prospect of a genuine landmark that strongly influences the lives of the public. It referred to as the most important legislative act passed by Congress that change the living paradigm of people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"icotmFfK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wright, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Wright, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":554,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/MB3S95IS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/MB3S95IS"],"itemData":{"id":554,"type":"article-journal","title":"The regional economic impact of the civil rights act of 1964","container-title":"BUL Rev.","page":"759","volume":"95","author":[{"family":"Wright","given":"Gavin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wright, 2015). According to the researcher of this study, the significance of this legal act can observe in different forms of economic, moral, and legal domains. It illustrated as the one important social concern that caters to the issues related to the different forms of discrimination.

The outcomes of this study are an effective source of information to better understand the impact of the civil right act of 1964 on the lives of African Americans. This particular piece of research work is vital to consider to figure out the domain that how the constitution of the country facilitates the lives of the African Americans who faced an immense form of discrimination. This specific research work can use as the effective source of knowledge to understand the approach of the country’s constitution concerning to the idea of the different social and legal rights for all the citizens without any discrimination.

Andrews, K. T., & Gaby, S. (2015). Local protest and federal policy: The impact of the civil rights movement on the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 30, pp. 509–527). Wiley Online Library.

This research study primarily focuses on the particular events that lead to constitutional development in the country known as the civil right act of 1964. It is important to critically observe the actual social and legal prospects that refer to the consideration of the idea of the provision of the rights of all the citizens without any form of discrimination. The objective of this study determines as the crucial role of the different movements in the legal procedure of the formulation and implementation of the constitution act. According to the researchers in this research work, the role of movements can never ignore that can determine through the legal and constitutional idea of the civil right act of 1964 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lOnzidBP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Andrews & Gaby, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Andrews & Gaby, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":555,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/YCUP2NE4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/YCUP2NE4"],"itemData":{"id":555,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Local protest and federal policy: The impact of the civil rights movement on the 1964 Civil Rights Act","container-title":"Sociological Forum","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","page":"509-527","volume":"30","ISBN":"0884-8971","author":[{"family":"Andrews","given":"Kenneth T."},{"family":"Gaby","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Andrews & Gaby, 2015). The approach of movement referred to as the one key prospect that changes the overall form of the executive branch in the form of legislation. Researchers of this study strongly presented the idea that the social movement had the potential to change the existing domain of the legislation and enforce the idea of the legal paradigm that focuses on the civil right without any form of discrimination.

The information attained from this research work is helpful to critically identify and assess the effectiveness of the indicators that lead to the adoption of the legal prospect of the civil right act of 1964. This form of knowledge helps to determine the need of the civil right act of 1964 and its significance in the changing American society.

Heitzeg, N. A. (2015). On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Persistent White supremacy, relentless anti-Blackness, and the limits of the law. Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol’y, 36, 54.

The specific issues related to the approach of civil right act 1964 in the form of persistent white supremacy, relentless anti-blackness, and the limit of the law critically discussed by the Heitzbeg in their research work. The main aim of this form of consideration is to determine the effectiveness of the legal approach of the particular legal paradigm referring to the main idea of the civil right act of 1964. Undoubtedly, it is one important and beneficial approach to determine the effectiveness of the legal perspective of the act of 1964 and its impact on the lives of the individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HMKQI18Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Heitzeg, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Heitzeg, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":556,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/WQEJF8MF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/WQEJF8MF"],"itemData":{"id":556,"type":"article-journal","title":"On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Persistent White supremacy, relentless anti-Blackness, and the limits of the law","container-title":"Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol'y","page":"54","volume":"36","author":[{"family":"Heitzeg","given":"Nancy A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Heitzeg, 2015). The facet of the white supremacy associated with the approach of the slavery that negatively influenced the lives of the African Americans. It refers to the fact that makes it difficult to survive in a society where they faced different forms of discrimination.

This particular research work is effective to critically identify the impact of the civil right act of 1964 on the constitutional approach of the United States of America. It indicates the impact of this act on the society referring to different domains of social, legal, and economic paradigms.

McClain, L. C. (2015). Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Legislating Morality: On Conscience, Prejudice, and Whether Stateways Can Change Folkways. BUL Rev., 95, 891.

Linda McClain presents her views about the civil rights acts of 1964. She made excellent research on the legislative history of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It is notable to mention that this article examines arguments regarding legislate morality. It is argued that Congress should ‘legislate morality.’ Many people have different views regarding the role of the Civil Rights Act in addressing the prejudice and discrimination. McClain demonstrates that the supporters of the Civil Rights Act believe about ‘legislate morality’ a way to remove the artificial barriers which are being created by segregation. It is obvious that normal or natural human interaction is being limited without that ‘legislate morality.’ Whereas, the opponents believe that segregation should be maintained otherwise people will get doomed. McClain demonstrates the views of opponents by stating that the Civil Right Act would usher in a forced and critical line-crossing and intermingling. Strong reference from the United States v. Windsor is provided in which the Defense of Marriage Act is found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The author examines the rhetoric bigotry and other controversies over the civil and constitutional rights. The author also demonstrates the discrimination and oppression of whites toward other races in the United States. African Americans are still treated as slaves, and they are not given proper rights as compared to white. The author argues that the Civil Right Act is not effective in providing support to non-whites; therefore, there is a fear of discrimination in American society. This article will be beneficial for my work as it critically evaluates the rhetoric bigotry and conscience over civil and constitutional rights. This article gives an insight view of the nature and dimension of prejudice which will be effective for my research.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, K. T., & Gaby, S. (2015). Local protest and federal policy: The impact of the civil rights movement on the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 30, pp. 509–527). Wiley Online Library.

Heitzeg, N. A. (2015). On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Persistent White supremacy, relentless anti-Blackness, and the limits of the law. Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol’y, 36, 54.

Wright, G. (2015). The regional economic impact of the civil rights act of 1964. BUL Rev., 95, 759.

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Cook, Philip J., and Harold A. Pollack. "Reducing access to guns by violent offenders." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 3.5 (2017): 2-36.

Limiting gun access is proposed as the solution to the burning issue of gun violence by the researchers. It is established by the researchers in this particular research work that it is utmost important to limit the access of guns to violent offenders to reduce the growing rate of gun shooting in the country. This form of consideration can be recognized as the solution proposed by the authors of the study to better address the concern of gun control. The massacre of children and teachers in different educational institutes made it essential to strategically thinks about this problem and offer some rational solutions. Researchers successfully build the connection between the importance of the main causes and the ultimate solution to the problem. It is vital to first explore the root cause to effectively handle the issue of gun violence.

Duggan, Mark, Randi Hjalmarsson, and Brian A. Jacob. "The short-term and localized effect of gun shows: Evidence from California and Texas." Review of Economics and Statistics93.3 (2011): 786-799.

The incidents of California and Texas are used as the case study by the researchers to discuss the impacts of gun violence in different forms. The aspect of the gun show is considered as the growing issue in the country. This form of consideration is vital to explore its impact on the increasing rate of gun violence in the form of homicides and suicides. All these factors are related to the adoption of the practical and useful strategy to handle all the issues related to guns and more specifically from gun shows. The impact of the existing gun regulations is also critically assessed by the researchers. The statistics from this study helps to determine that existing regulatory measures are not enough. It is worthy to mention that the results of the study provide useful information about the problem of gun show and gun usage that ultimately negatively influence the lives of the citizens at an extensive level. It is vital to explore that existing regulations adopted by the California state are not enough to overcome the problem of gun usage that ultimately increases the death rate in the area.

Koper, Christopher S. "Crime gun risk factors: buyer, seller, firearm, and transaction characteristics associated with gun trafficking and criminal gun use." Journal of quantitative criminology 30.2 (2014): 285-315.

Main concerns relevant to the paradigm of gun control are critically analyzed by the researcher. Different related aspects are significantly explored and indicated through this particular research work. It is vital to identify the actual approach of the gun market that ultimately leads to the issue of growing gun violence. Gun trafficking is one major concern to identify all the risk factors of gun violence. Buyers, sellers, firearms, and transactions are characterized as the major entities involves in the whole scenario of increasing business of guns and use them for the violence at a great level. The method of multivariate survival analysis is used to make inferences of the main objective of the study. The outcomes of this research can play a vital role to make inferences about the investigation about gun violence. This phenomenon is also linked with the idea of different valuable regulations under the facet of gun control.

Smidt, Corwin D. "Not all news is the same: Protests, presidents, and the mass public agenda." Public Opinion Quarterly 76.1 (2011): 72-94.

Media plays a critical role to highlight different public concern concerning the objective of policymaking. The contribution of mass media in the drastic issue of gun violence is efficiently explored by the researcher. This particular research paper is comprehensive knowledge to explore the approach of public agenda about the paradigm of gun control. The role of different political shareholders and events are associated with the main domain of public agenda. The outcomes of this specific study are vital that indicate about the role of different political agents as the influence on the public agenda. The social problem of gun violence is considered as the subject of discussion by the researcher to identify the influence of different corresponding entities to the public perception about the particular issue. The role of media is crucial that is indicated in this research article considering the impact of the opinion of different and relevant facets of concern.

Parham-Payne, Wanda. "The role of the media in the disparate response to gun violence in America." Journal of Black Studies 45.8 (2014): 752-768.

The influential role of media is critically discussed by the researcher in the context of the growing issue of gun violence. It is also illustrated as a concern about the adoption of different strategies to adopt the aspect of gun control. The particular incident of December 2012 was considered as the model event to raise the issue of gun violence. The researcher of this study explained the prevailing association between the instant reactions of media to the issue of gun violence. This form of consideration further helps to depict the strong role of media news in handling the entire social concern appears like the problem of gun violence. Another crucial feature is established by the research by indicating the increasing issue of gun violence for low-income and different ethnic communities. Undoubtedly, there is a need for proper focus all the related causes to effectively address the growing concern of gun violence in the country.

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Childhood Obesity, Causes, Consequences and Role of Socioeconomic Status

Pan, Liping et al. “Incidence of Obesity Among Young US Children Living in Low-Income Families, 2008–2011.” Pediatrics, vol. 132, no. 6, Dec. 2013, pp. 1006–13. pediatrics.aappublications.org, doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2145.

In this site, the authors have divided the tasks of revision, data collection, study design, and conceptualization and have given the reference of a center named "Center for Disease Control and Prevention". Dr. Pan is a prominent researcher who belongs to this center and together they will study the occurrence of obesity in low-income infants. For this, they conducted a study where they used the participants of the child health and nutrition programs and started examining their weights and heights. A multivariable log-binomial model was used to figure out the risk of obesity. The very first result of this study revealed that the occurrence of obesity was higher among younger boys than younger girls and among Hispanics than American Indians. Along with this, the study also showed that the reversal of obesity in Hispanics was not significant. Like other results, this result also revealed that it is important to prevent childhood obesity to reduce the risks of adulthood obesity, especially for kids who belong to low income or poor families.

Rogers, Robert, et al. “The Relationship between Childhood Obesity, Low Socioeconomic Status, and Race/Ethnicity: Lessons from Massachusetts.” Childhood Obesity, vol. 11, no. 6, Nov. 2015, pp. 691–95. liebertpub.com (Atypon), DOI:10.1089/chi.2015.0029.

This site gives a detailed description of the study that was carried out by the author of the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. This study aimed to discover the reasons for obesity and taking income-status under consideration, they studied ethnicity or race as the core reason for obesity among different communities in Massachusetts. For this purpose, they collected data from district schools and used multiple ways to find the relationship between obesity, low income and ethnicity rates. The study revealed the occurrence of obesity among the kids of Massachusetts and at the same time, it was also high as compared to the African Americans and Hispanic students. Concerning the socioeconomic status, it expands the existing knowledge of the link between kids with obesity and their low-income background. Unlike other findings, this study suggests that socioeconomic status is more likely to be the reason for obesity than ethnicity or race.

Sahoo, Krushnapriya, et al. “Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 187–92. PubMed Central, doi:10.4103/2249-4863.154628.

The researchers of this study are from the universities of India who studied different aspects and consequences of obesity. According to the researchers, adulthood obesity is very much linked to childhood obesity and that is the reason why people suffer from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at a very young age. Obesity occurs due to several factors such as environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural factors and is the outcome of fat and calorie consumption, high sugar intake and lack of physical activities. The researchers also suggest ways to reduce obesity and highlighted the roles of parents and communities in reducing obesity. For the elimination of obesity, it is important to be aware of the reasons for its occurrence. This study is only about the causes and effects of obesity.

Xu, Shumei, and Ying Xue. "Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment (Review)." Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 15–20. www.spandidos-publications.com, doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2853.

The authors of this study are from the Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital. This study is about another kind of obesity called Pediatric obesity and its causes and symptoms. At the end of the study, the researchers also recommend treatments and prevention. Pediatric obesity occurs due to imbalanced eating, genetics, lifestyle and environment, and does not involve causes that are related to gender, race and ethnicity. Out of the obesity cases, 90 percent are idiopathic. This study suggests that obesity occurs when more calories than the body needs, are injected in the body and due to lack of exercise. The problems that obesity can cause are high cholesterol, bowel, sleep apnea, uterine cancer, coronary heart diseases, life and gallbladder problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression. The ways to reduce obesity include less calorie consumption and exercise. It can also be controlled through medications and surgery. This site talks about both the symptoms of obesity and preventive measures.

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Bailey, R. (2000). Eating tasty clones: Is cloned meat good for you. True State of the Planet.

The article provides useful information about the adverse impacts of cloned meats that can be used in a research project for determining changes in the patterns of food consumption. Bailey the article highlights the positive and negative aspects of the cloned meat with a central focus on the health-related issues. Author's expertise and education remain one of the central element in assessing their knowledge and credibility. It claims states that better qualification and expertise of the author adds more validity to the argument. Bailey is a science journalist working for the Reason Magazine and also an editor of The True State of Planet and Earth. He has been active in the profession since 1997 and known as a libertarian science writer. The author completed his bachelor's degree from the University of Virginia. The career and the years of experience depict that Bailey is a credible writer. Although his education does not make him an expert journalist, his research skills progressed with time. Bailey in the discussion included the claims of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). He mentions, “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals” (Bailey, 2000, p. 367). The author includes sufficient support for increasing validity.

Has well explained the subject by highlighting how cloned meat has become part of our society. The unified proposition makes the judgment competent and responsible. The author in the argument has chosen a strong position of argument. The appropriate argumentative technique is of unified proposition used for persuading the people about the problems associated with the topic as he mentions, "cloning becomes more efficient, milk and meat from clones will be sold to consumers. Is that a problem?” (Bailey, 2000, p. 367). While the support of Bailey for cloned meat reflects his personal choice. The investigation of the texts depicts that Bailey in his discussion addresses how it is for the advantage of the people. He states that the clones cause no harm to the people indicating that they are not at the losing end. He highlights the benefits by stating, “the products of offspring of cloned animals were regarded as posing no safety concerns because they are the result of natural mattings” (Bailey, 2000, p. 367). The source will be used for my research project because it highlights how consumption patterns have increased risks for future generations.

DeFazio, F. (2017). Are We Eating Cloned Meat? Retrieved 09 26, 2018, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-we-eating-cloned-meat/

The article reveals useful information about cloned meat that I will use in my project of identifying how food consumption changes in modern times. DeFazio (2017) in his article discuss the impact of cloned meat on the health of consumers. DeFazio is an agricultural specialist and a writer at Scientific American. He completed his education at Brock University. The academic credentials of the author make the source credible, although he posses fewer experience in journalism. The role of DeFazio is accepted more like that of an expert because his specialization in agriculture makes him better assessor of artificial foods and cloned meat. Irrespective of the limited bibliographic information of DeFazio it is easy to determine how his background may influence his writing. The author is an active participant on the e-magazine and present logical concerns on the debate over cloned meat. However, he lacks neutrality due to his reliance on natural foods. DeFazio adopts a similar technique by including the facts provided by the DC-based Center for Food Safety. He mentions, "the available science shows that cloning presents serious food safety risks, animal welfare concerns, and unresolved ethical issues that require strict oversight” CITATION Fra171 \l 1033 (DeFazio).

DeFazio identifies the implications of the cloned meat indicating that the consumers are at a loss. He mentions, "milk and beef were taken from just six cloned animals, and the study did not take into account whether clones were more susceptible to infection or other microbial problems, as many scientists suspect” CITATION Fra171 \l 1033 (DeFazio). The risks highlighted by the author reflects its negative impacts on the consumers. Bias in absent in the article because the background of DeFazio in agriculture makes his supporter of natural products. The article raises questions about the morality of eating cloned meat. The article is useful for the current paper because it helps in understanding transformations in the food consumption patterns due to the manufacturing of cloned meat. It also highlights the concerns related to artificial methods of meat production.

Levitt, Tom. These Are The Reasons You Might Quit Meat In 2018. 2017. 17 03 2019 <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/plant-based-protein-burger_us_5a392ed6e4b0860bf4ab477a>.

Tom Levitt in the article highlights the disadvantages and risks of eating cloned meat. It uncovers the reasons that contributed to the growth of cloned meat in America. The processed meat industry has been running successfully in America for the last 80 years. One reason for the growth of processed meat’s manufacturing has been significant growth in the fast food industry. To fulfil the demands of a larger population, the firms started relying on artificial meat. The author of the article worked as an editor at Guardian Sustainable Business and worked as a deputy editor at Ecologist Magazine. He presented many articles on food consumption, the transformation of society from natural to artificial meat and related issues. The article is credible because the author holds adequate writing experience. His ability to producing significant content on the topic proved his expertise and credibility. The source relied on reliable facts such as by including the findings of the World Health Organization.

I will use the article by highlighting the adversities of eating cloned meat. The article will be used for explaining why people must quit their dependence on artificial meat. The reason for using the article is not to consider disadvantages only but also solutions. The article mentions, “the boom in demand has been driven to some extent by the availability of new and better alternatives like plant-based burgers”. This reveals that an appropriate solution to quit consumption of artificial meat is by switching to plant-based food. The author suggests that we need to invest in such alternatives that will prove to be healthy for the nation. There is a need for changing the livestock production and mega-farms that contain a large number of animals in close confinement. The purpose of using this article is to explain how artificial farming is damaging the lives of humans and causing destructions to the environment. The author mentions, “eating processed red meat like burgers and sausages is linked to cancer, with 50 grams (about 1.7 ounces) of processed meat a day less than two slices of bacon increasing the chance of developing colorectal cancer by 18 percent”. This indicates that increased dependence on processed meat is linked to chronic disease like cancer. The source will be used for explaining why cloned meat must be avoided. I will use the quotes that confirm the correlation between artificial meat consumption and deadly disease. Another reason for ending the consumption of cloned meat is to minimize the extent of green-house gas emission. This is due to the fact that dairy and meat production leads to the generation of greenhouse gases.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin, 2007.

Michael Pollan in his book provides a deeper analysis of the agriculture system in America. He criticizes the artificial methods of producing meat due to the transformation of the meat industry to the methods relying on fossil fuel. This affects the quality of meat and health of the people. The article highlights the implications of eating unhealthy meat such as it contributes to different diseases including obesity and cancer. Diabetes, physical disability and cholesterol are also some health risks associated with processed meat. The author has criticized the role of the state in subsidizing the processed meat. This undermines the consumption of natural vegetables. The author argues that processed meat sold by McDonald's is cheaper than fresh vegetables. Because people lack the ability to purchase organic food they start eating artificial meat. Pollan is a professor of non-fiction at Harvard University. He is an American author and popular for his book on analysis of meat production in America. The experience and affiliations of the author depict that he is credible. As he holds good experience in writing, he considered research for explaining his viewpoints on the meat industry. Pollan mentions, “the reason organic food producers industrialized was so they could meet the expectations of the supermarket shopper”. This explains the attitudes of consumer towards processed meat. The author claims that due to the cheap availability of cloned meat more Americans are willing to purchase it.

I will use the source for uncovering the reasons for changes in the farm system of America and how it contributes to the production of artificial meat. The source will be used for the current research project in which I will explore the adverse impacts of cloned meat. It will highlight facts such as higher subsidies paid to the meat producers for making it cheap. This has undermined society's dependence on natural vegetables. Through the current source, I will manage to explain how American farming system is damaging the lives of humans. Different diseases will be highlighted like diabetes and cholesterol and their association with processed meat.

Drewnowski, Adam and Petra Eichelsdoerfer. “Can Low-Income Americans Afford a Healthy Diet?” Nutr Today, 44(6) (2010): 246–249.

The article identifies the food consumption patterns in America and increased dependence of citizens on processed meat. It explains that the central reason for switching to artificial meat is due to the fact that it is cheaper than organic food. Majority population that comprises of middle and low-income families are unable to purchase natural vegetables. The article mentions, “when incomes drop, and family budgets shrink, food choices shift toward cheaper but more energy-dense foods". This indicates that society is transforming to the artificial meat because of the state's policy of subsidizing it. The author criticizes that this strategy of state has negative impacts on the health and welfare of the people. Because the low-income population is unable to purchase expensive healthy food they rely on processed meat.

Drewnowski is a professor of Epidemiology at the University of Washington. He is also a director at Center of Public Health Nutrition. This depicts that the author is credible due to his affiliation with the nutrition and health department. The second author, Eichelsdoerfer is a professor at the University of Washington and holds experience in human nutrition. This confirms the credibility of the author. I will use the article for determining the risks associated with artificial meat and its implications on humans. The source will be used for proposing solutions for increasing use of organic food and vegetables. I will use the source for providing evidentiary support to the research project on processed meat.

Work Cited

Bailey, R. (2000). Eating tasty clones: Is cloned meat good for you. True State of the Planet.

BIBLIOGRAPHY DeFazio, Frank. Are We Eating Cloned Meat? 2017. 26 09 2018 <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-we-eating-cloned-meat/>.

Drewnowski, Adam and Petra Eichelsdoerfer. “Can Low-Income Americans Afford a Healthy Diet?” Nutr Today, 44(6) (2010): 246–249.

Levitt, Tom. These Are The Reasons You Might Quit Meat In 2018. 2017. 17 03 2019 <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/plant-based-protein-burger_us_5a392ed6e4b0860bf4ab477a>.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin, 2007.

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Wright, James D., et al. "Food Deserts: What is the Problem? What is the Solution? ." Soc 53.2 (2016): 171–181.

The article examines the relationship between poor people and food. The authors claims that poor people rely on unhealthy food because healthy food is inaccessible to them. The theory of ‘Food Desert’ states that poor lack access to healthy and nutritious food which leaves them with the option of eating unhealthy food. These food deserts can be seen more in low-living areas or slums. Low-income and minority neighborhoods are eating unhealthy food just for increasing their chances of survival. The article reveals that food deserts are the result of unequal distribution of food that causes food insecurities for the poor. Food desert means that people are unable to buy healthy food because it is unaffordable. Evidence suggests that there are no affordable food options for the poor, convincing them to buy cheap unhealthy food. Facts depicts that people who belong to low-income communities where poverty rate or 20% or more are more likely to eat unhealthy food. Findings of the article depicts that racial and class disparities have also resulted in increased consumption of unhealthy foods in low-income communities.

This source fits into my research because it explains the factors that leads to increased dependence of society on unhealthy food. I will use this research for determining the link between affordability and unhealthy food. This source is also linked to other articles of the bibliography because it also uncovers the relationship between price and changing trends of food. The source is useful for my research as it has helped me in shaping my argument by considering the socio-economic factors behind unhealthy food consumption. The article has changed my viewpoint because I was unaware that rich are eating more healthy food due to their financial resources while poor eat affordable, unhealthy food.

Rodier, Francine, Fabien Durif and Myriam Ertz. "Food deserts: is it only about a limited access? ." British Food Journal (2017): 1495-1509.

The article aims at determining the reasons behind society’s limited access to healthy food. It assumes that the buying behavior of consumers vary across areas. healthy food like vegetables, fruits and milk. The article uncovered the factors of accessibility by conducting qualitative and quantitative research. The findings depicts that absence of supermarkets is not the cause of limited consumption of healthy food in certain geographies. It us due to the education, supply and mediation process. The research states that buying attitudes are most significant factors in effecting the decision of eating healthy food. Education depicts that people who are lacking information about healthy food, or are unaware about the recipes or lack cooking skills rely on unhealthy food. Unavailability of fresh or healthy products also impacts the decision of buying healthy food. Availability of local unhealthy products in bulk also results in low or no consumption of healthy food items. All these factors convince buyers to choose unhealthy products. Findings depicts that promotional events on sale of local food encourage buyers to neglect their concerns about healthy and unhealthy food.

This source is relevant to my chosen research on the factors which promote reliance on unhealthy food. I will use the factors of supply, education and medication for explaining the link between unhealthy food consumption and buyers decision. This source can be compared to other articles because it provided evidence of increased consumption of local unhealthy food. The source has presented a counter-argument by neglecting the economic aspects of buying behavior. This source is useful for my current research because it uses interviews and surveys for determining the perceptions of buyers. I will use the same methodology for determining thee factors behind unhealthy food trends. The source has changed my views because I was unaware about the role of mediation.

Dubowitz, Tamara, et al. "Diet And Perceptions Change With Supermarket Introduction In A Food Desert, But Not Because Of Supermarket Use." Health Affairs 34.2 (2015): 1858–1868.

The article studies the perceptions of households about the food deserts and role of supermarkets. The citizens of Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh are investigated for understanding the consumption of foot patterns in two neighborhoods. The study assumed that the dependence on unhealthy food is more common in African-American neighborhoods due to the fact that they lack access to fresh vegetables and fruits. Income disparity is one of the significant factors, which was assumed to impact the consumer choices in different neighborhoods. People living in low-income areas have limited access to the grocery stores that restrict them from buying healthy, nutritious food. The authors used quasi-experiments for studying the perceptions of the buyers. The households at Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh were asked does opening healthy food financing initiative and full-service supermarket impact their decision of buying healthy food. In the survey 831 people were interviewed. They diet patterns and calories were calculated. The results depicts differences in the diet patterns and calories of intervention neighborhoods versus controlled neighborhoods. The results indicates that in the intervention neighborhood the consumption of sugar and unhealthy food declined that resulted in reduced calories. No changes were observed in the comparison groups.

This article is relevant to my research because it conducts comparison between groups based on their diets. I will use this research for providing the relationship between unhealthy food and poor health. Like other articles this source has also confirmed thee relationship between unhealthy food and obesity. The source is useful and changed my views regarding awareness campaigns. I could use these viewpoints for making suggestions for overcoming the unhealthy attitudes. It changed my view of thinking because I didn’t considered how awareness could improve the food choices of the community.

Block, Jason P. and S. V. Subramanian. "Moving Beyond “Food Deserts”: Reorienting United States Policies to Reduce Disparities in Diet Quality." PLoS Med 12.12 (2015).

The article explores the factors that contributes to unhealthy food consumption. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of racial and ethnic disparities on the consumption patterns of individuals. It is assumed that food desert can be eliminated by removing disparity in food quality. The study used empirical evidence based on the secondary data and previous researches for understanding the relationship between racial disparities and food tends. Findings reveals that African-Americans are more likely to rely on food desert. They lack of access to healthy food encourage them to eat unhealthy diet. The evidence suggests that majority of the Americans fails to maintain the quality diet. Under nutrition is more common among poor communities resulting in their dependence on cheap, unhealthy food. The findings also suggests that food deserts can be removed only by eliminating disparity among neighborhoods. Awareness campaigns such as school and child-care based interventions can be effective strategies for removing these disparities. The article has also provides solutions for encouraging society to eat healthy food including changing the food assistance programs which emphasize on giving free and cheap healthy food. Taxing unhealthy food is also a practical solution for removing disparity.

The source will fit in my research because it provides empirical evidence on the relationship between economic disparity and unhealthy food consumption. Like other sources, this article has suggested to offer healthy food choices. No counter-argument is presented but the article shares Different insights such as taxing of unhealthy food. This source is useful and helped me in shaping my argument by considering the differences among neighborhoods. I will use the solutions such as enhancement of the food assistance program for presenting recommendations in my research. I changed my views by learning that the measures for eliminating disparity are limited and failed in attaining its goal.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Block, Jason P. and S. V. Subramanian. "Moving Beyond “Food Deserts”: Reorienting United States Policies to Reduce Disparities in Diet Quality." PLoS Med 12.12 (2015).

Dubowitz, Tamara, et al. "Diet And Perceptions Change With Supermarket Introduction In A Food Desert, But Not Because Of Supermarket Use." Health Affairs 34.2 (2015): 1858–1868.

Rodier, Francine, Fabien Durif and Myriam Ertz. "Food deserts: is it only about a limited access? ." British Food Journal (2017): 1495-1509.

Wright, James D., et al. "Food Deserts: What is the Problem? What is the Solution? ." Soc 53.2 (2016): 171–181.

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Topic: The Difference Between Kill and No-Kill Animal Shelters

Arluke, Arnold. "The no-kill controversy: Manifest and latent sources of tension." (2003).

Animals are kept in shelters, but the number of places in them is limited, and all shelters are overpopulated says Arluke. Killing thought as for granted, viewed as a “obligatory evil” with no substitute. One cause shelter employee have been able to uphold this perception is that, till the past few years, little if any planned condemnation occurred at big level. For some cases, SPCA (society for the prevention of cruelty to animals) has contained the no-kill notion, while in the other it has not. “The idea of welfare could help aptly as one superordinate idea to bond somewhat than rift the shelter community”( Arluke82)

Brown, William P., and Kelsey T. Morgan. "Age, breed designation, coat color, and coat pattern

influenced the length of stay of cats at a no-kill shelter." Journal of applied animal welfare science 18.2 (2015): 169-180.

“Adoption accounts from 2 no kill shelters in New York State were inspected to find out how age, sex, size, breed, and coat color inclined the length of stay (LOS) of dogs at various shelters”(Brown and Kelsy3). It is found that the coat designing, and breed considered LOS in together cats and kittens. It is also revealed that female cats and kittens may have longer LOS than male cats or kittens, correspondingly. It is suggested that the animals that have come to the shelter should be fed, treated, vaccinated, and looked for their owners. If after the expiration of the period of overexposure the owner is not located, some dogs are put to sleep painlessly, others are left to live their life in a natural way.

Brown, William P., Janelle P. Davidson, and Marion E. Zuefle. "Effects of phenotypic

characteristics on the length of stay of dogs at two no kill animal shelters." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 16.1 (2013): 2-18.

Animal shelters are created for the purpose of carrying out activities for keeping animals, including animals without owners, or those animals, the ownership of which the owners refused. Animal shelters are housed in buildings, structures, and structures specially designed for this purpose. According to him, no one is monitoring the fullness of shelters, and there is no single supervisory authority in this area. Considerable money is allocated for trapping and maintenance. The benefit from the lack of a harmonious legal framework is trapping companies and officials of local municipalities, since the killing of street animals is the most corrupt, most expensive and most inefficient practice in the world.

Lucich, Jennifer. "Thou shalt not kill." E: The environmental magazine 16.3 (2005): 14-16.

The main concern is stray dogs, which, straying in packs, can attack people, threatening not only their health, but also life. The “no-kill” shelter movement, is the one can help to save the lives of many animals (keeping euthanasia just for animals that can’t be rehabilitated), is an effort to disrupt that grey cycle. The statistics shows that there are above 5,000 outdated shelters in the America, and just of those , 250 are no kill. How many people died after 2011 is unknown? In addition, stray dogs are carriers of many infectious diseases, including deadly ones, and also harm ecosystems. They destroy smaller animals that live in the city, destroy bird nests, dare to attack even deer and elk. Meanwhile, the country does not have a single federal legislation in the field of regulating the number of stray animals, and methods for solving the problem vary by region. According to experts, the problem of stray animals requires immediate action. It can be solved only by joint efforts of federal, regional and local authorities, public organizations, volunteers and each person personally.

Works cited

Arluke, Arnold. "The no-kill controversy: Manifest and latent sources of tension." (2003).

Brown, William P., and Kelsey T. Morgan. "Age, breed designation, coat color, and coat pattern

influenced the length of stay of cats at a no-kill shelter." Journal of applied animal welfare science 18.2 (2015): 169-180.

Brown, William P., Janelle P. Davidson, and Marion E. Zuefle. "Effects of phenotypic

characteristics on the length of stay of dogs at two no kill animal shelters." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 16.1 (2013): 2-18.

Lucich, Jennifer. "Thou shalt not kill." E: The environmental magazine 16.3 (2005): 14-16.

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Annotated Bibliography on Obedience

Appelbaum, Peter, and Belinda Davis. "Curriculum for disobedience: Raising children to

transform adults." Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 29.1 (2013).

Equally important are the current hard work to struggle Schwarzer to preserve Kinder laden as a feasible alternative to Kindergarten for social change and radical explanations, and not just based on specific child disputes or preparation for formal education. The common sense of the history of preschool education can be measured the established story of the union of psychologists such as Pestalozzi and Frebel, with the love of infant and the care for upbringing in the spirit of peace endorsed by Montessori, and theories of intellectual development of Vygotsky and Piaget.

This is an important source because it will help me to find out the different meaning of obedience in association with Art. It will help me to define obedience and can be an important source for my research.

Brannigan, Augustine. "Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments: A report card 50 years later."

Society 50.6 (2013): 623-628.

This is famous historical study of psychology. It also transforms the way we think around people. Above all, it is effective explanation of why moral individuals can from time to time be so cruel. Before we analyze obedience, and it is important to know how experiment conducted? Primary, Milgram positioned an ad in a newspaper finding people to participate in a psychological study for a fee. When the participants came at Yale University Laboratory, the investigator debrief that they are participating in educational study.

In addition, their role in the study was explained to them in this way: they would ask another participant for words from the vocabulary to develop memory . The participant thought he would ask questions of another participant when that other person was actually an assistant researcher.

Neufeld, Jonathan A. "Aesthetic disobedience." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 73.2

(2015): 115-125.

This article discovers the concept of aesthetic obedience that goes along with the concept of civil disobedience. Acts of civil disobedience disruption some rule with the purpose of openly draw consideration to and endorse the reorganize the conflict among the promises of a lawful organization and some communal promises of a public. Similarly, some parts of aesthetic disobedience pause some rooted artworld standard so as to openly lure devotion to and indorse the improvement of a conflict among artworld promises and some communal promises of a society. Since artistic transgressions below the idea of aesthetic disobedience often‐ignored characteristic of contemporary artworld performs. Most meaningfully, it draws consideration to the planned contribution of a widespread diversity of peoples of the artworld, counting not just artists and actors but also associates of audiences, in the alteration of the rules and limitations of the artworld himself.

This is an important source because it will help me to find out the different meaning of obedience in association with Art. It will help me to define obedience and can be an important source for my research.

Harcourt, Bernard E. "Political disobedience." Critical Inquiry 39.1 (2012): 33-55. DOI:

10.1086/668049 https://www-jstor-org.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/stable/10.1086/668049

The law compliance dilemma has always been a philosophical issue, especially in cases where the law violates minority rights, or when a conscientious or moral contradiction is created. This means that the limits of compliance in democracy are clear but de facto de facto and they relate to subjective questions of justice, morality and conscience when these conflict with the law. History has shown that nonviolent disobedience is an integral part of legitimate political protests where minority rights are trampled by government.

Through this study , I have found that people obey thoughtlessly due to pressure of the above features overshadows the pressure of individual integrity . This helps us clarify numerous historical measures, such as the great backing of fascist leaders of previous century. Informative social impact - using other people as a source of information. This tendency is particularly evident when we are uncertain about the correct answer.

Haslam, S. Alexander, and Stephen D. Reicher. "50 years of “obedience to authority”: From

blind conformity to engaged followership." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (2017): 59-78.

Milgram sought to figure out how far a person could go after being instructed by an authority to hurt another person. In the aftermath of the Second World War, and far from it for the first time, the question was what motivated people to behave so brutally towards one another. Not only for military officials but also ordinary people were forced to take extremely brutal and terrible deeds during the war. However, Milgram was not interested in the extreme war situation, his goal was to study people's reactions in relatively "normal" circumstances. How would people act to ask another person to do an electric shock? How many people can obey the dictates of the situation and distance themselves from worrying about their behavior?

I believe that the Milgram's investigation caused a sensation in his time. Milgram explained the results with the power of the situation. It was an experiment in social psychology, a wonderful demonstration of how social situations influence people's behavior. This can be an important source for my study as it will help me to understand more about obedience of authority.

Works cited

Appelbaum, Peter, and Belinda Davis. "Curriculum for disobedience: Raising children to

transform adults." Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 29.1 (2013).

Brannigan, Augustine. "Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments: A report card 50 years later."

Society 50.6 (2013): 623-628.

Neufeld, Jonathan A. "Aesthetic disobedience." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 73.2

(2015): 115-125.

Harcourt, Bernard E. "Political disobedience." Critical Inquiry 39.1 (2012): 33-55. DOI:

10.1086/668049 https://www-jstor-org.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/stable/10.1086/668049

Haslam, S. Alexander, and Stephen D. Reicher. "50 years of “obedience to authority”: From

blind conformity to engaged followership." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (2017): 59-78.

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Hasson, Rebecca E., et al. "Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents." Journal of obesity 2013 (2013).

This article aims to study the impacts of socioeconomic and sociocultural elements on type 2 diabetes among the overweight kids of African-American and Latino-American communities. Different tools were utilized by the researchers to assess the socio-cultural orientation and household’s social position. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for data analysis. The study reached the conclusion that the Sociocultural orientation and household social status play a different and contrasting part in influencing the risk of type 2 diabetes in the cultural minority kids and juveniles. The findings of this study conclude that living in advanced socioeconomic households may not protect against getting obese and developing type 2 diabetes. In addition, the education level of parents may play a greater role than the culture as a strong independent predictor of the danger of type 2 diabetes among Latino-Americans.

Ogden, Cynthia L., et al. "Differences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013-2016." Jama 319.23 (2018): 2410-2418.

This article unearths the commonness of fatness and high obesity by urbanization level and demographics between the children of the United States. Along with that, the purpose of the study was to explore trends by urbanization. Participants of the study comprised 6863 children from the age of about 2 to 19 years. The prevalence of obesity was examined by age, household education, and Hispanic origin. Complete data about the height, weight and urbanization were available. The analysis of data revealed that an increase in obesity is directly linked with the growing age and poor level of education of the head of households. Obesity also increased with the poor level of urbanization. In addition, obesity was higher among the Hispanic youth and non-Hispanic black in contrast with the non-Hispanic white adolescents. No special quadratic tendencies of obesity prevalence was found in the data among any urbanization category.

Demment, Margaret M., Jere D. Haas, and Christine M. Olson. "Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years: a longitudinal study." BMC public health 14.1 (2014): 417.

This article is based on the general observation that family income influences the development and health of a child. Based on this idea, the study aims at assessing the relationship of family income or change in the income status with obesity among children age 2 to 15 years. The research was based on the rural area of New York State and different techniques of data collection were applied to collect the data related to income and body mass index. The study explored five early life risk factors. The results of this research study reported that the kids in low-income families are more likely to gain weight in their childhood and in comparison with the children who never faced less income, obesity was high among those who lacked high income during childhood. The study also finds the association of childhood obesity with maternal overweight/obesity. It also suggests that numerous early life preventable factors can result in reducing the risk of obesity.

Sahoo, Krushnapriya, et al. "Childhood obesity: causes and consequences." Journal of family medicine and primary care 4.2 (2015): 187.

This article is based on the causes and consequences of childhood obesity. Since childhood obesity is linked with adulthood obesity and it results in the development of several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at a very young age. Obesity has several antecedents such as lifestyle preferences, environmental factors, and cultural environment as well. Generally, it is an outcome of fats and calorie consumption, a large number of supporting evidence suggest that high sugar intake, lack of physical activity and bigger portion size all over the world. In order to reduce the negative impacts of obesity, a combination of physical activity alongside a balanced diet is needed. Schools, parents, and communities can also play a role in averting obesity. Kids’ consumption and nutritional choices are highly influenced by what they learn at home. Focusing on the causes is the best way to eliminate obesity in the long-run.

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Humane Societys Role in Helping Animals Annotated Bibliography

Markoe, Lauren. At PETAS Shelter, Most Animals Are Put Down. PETA Calls  Them Mercy Killings. The Washington Post, 2015,  https//www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/at-petas-shelter-most  animals-are-put-down-peta-calls-them-mercy-killings/2015/03/12/e84e9af2- c8fa-11e4-bea5-b893e7ac3fb3_story.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019.

The news article pinpoints the nearly inhumane practices of a renowned pet and animal shelter PETA. According to the underlying posit of the article, PETA is irrationally utilizing the option of euthanasia for putting down a considerable number of animals every year. The statistics assert that in 2015, PETA killed more than 80 of sheltered animals just in the name of mercy. Throughout the article, different legal restrictions and policies are described that are devised after observing the mass murdering of animals by PETA.

Newbery S, Blinn MK, Bushby PA, et al. Guidelines on Standards of Care for  Animal Shelters. Association of Shelter Veterinarians 2010.

The published guidelines are a practical resource to comprehend the intricacies and other interrelated issues regarding the standards of care practices that take place in animal shelters. Throughout the directive, experts from different relevant organizations such as The National Federation of Humane Societies (NFHS), The National Animal Control Association (NACA), and the Society of Animal Welfare Administration (SAWA) proffer their valuable insights. The compilation of basic principles is a significant publication to equip animal welfares with a profound insight regarding a myriad of aspects.

Reese, Laura A.Strategies for Successful Animal Shelters. 2018.

The book is a pioneer in delineating the interconnectivity between several anomalies, including the releasing and live-saving rates, as well as the traits, activities, and outcomes of animal shelters. Reese proffers a data-based assessment of all the processes and practices that take place at animal shelters, and along with thorough evaluation, she provides direct recommendations to make the corrective actions. In order to extract positive yields from animal shelters, the author incorporates the idea of survey methodology. Reese collected the data from licensed shelters and considered the case studies and records of states inspection to attain an in-depth knowledge of the activities. The scope and viability of the book make it a valuable resource for many mtier such as shelter medicine, welfare, and professions of animal sciences.

Shore, Elsie R., and Kathrine Girrens. Characteristics Of Animals Entering An  Animal Control Or Humane Society Shelter In A Midwestern City. Journal  Of Applied Animal Welfare Science, vol 4, no. 2, 2001, pp. 105-115. Informa  UK Limited, doi10.1207/s15327604jaws0402_2.

The study highlights a comparative analysis of animals that enter an animal control shelter with the animals that come in a humane society shelter within the premises of the same city. In due course, the research includes a comparison of the abandoned and stray animals. Throughout the study, it becomes evident that the animal control facilities have more adult dogs than puppies, and the ration of grown cats and kittens are almost equal. The concluding outcomes of the research are deemed to be useful in comprehending the regional differences based on different parameters such as the communal populace. The pattern of animal control facility and humane societys personnel explicated challenges and perks encountered by stray and relinquished pets and animals.

TED. Building a Humane Community Nadia Novik TEDxSunValley . 2017. 11 10   2019 https//www.youtube.com/watchvPIoAkMBGQ8A.

The TED talk was delivered by Nadia Novik, who is the director of Shelter Outreach at the Animal Shelter of the Wood River Valley. Through her underlying message, Novik attempts to describe the plight of pets owners on the occasion when they become financially or physically unable to keep their pets and have to leave them to the animal shelters. Novik assures that such individuals are not the primary disposition to hold a grudge against because, as a humane society, all animal lovers should depict empathy to such owners as well. Novik, in due course, tells her experiences and affirms that several pet owners cannot afford spaying, neutering, and vaccination for their animals, and therefore, such underprivileged faction should be helped for the well-being of animals.

The Humane Society Of The United States.The Humane Society Of The United  States, 2019, HYPERLINK https//www.humanesociety.org https//www.humanesociety.org.

The webpage belongs to an animal welfare organization that claims to fight big fights to save the lives of animals. According to its mission, the organization stands against the industries inclined to cruelty against animals such industries include trophy hunting, puppy mills, animal testing, and factory farms. The welfare rescues thousands of animals in the association of its affiliation and striving to establish a humane society for animals.

Turner, Patricia, Jim Berry and Shelagh MacDonald. Animal shelters and animal  welfare Raising the bar. Can Vet Journal 53.8 (2012) 893896.

The study encapsulates the challenging situation of managing strayed and abandoned animals, particularly cats in the region of North America. According to the authors primary proposition, the phenomenon is mainly impacting the welfare and health of animals as well as other living beings around. It is believed that the implied surge of feral cats and dogs attracts a large number of predators, such as coyote in the suburban and populace areas. Moreover, it is also described that the statics have not provided an accurate figure of abandoned, stray, and feral cats and dogs in the surroundings that can impede the pace of preventive measures to a great extent.

Winograd, Nathan. Who Is Really Standing for Animals.Huffpost.Com, 2019,  HYPERLINK https//www.huffpost.com/entry/peta-aspca-hsus-shelters_b_2696911 https//www.huffpost.com/entry/peta-aspca-hsus-shelters_b_2696911.

The news article reflects the estimation of a large number of people who are extremely affectionate and protective about all the animals and particularly to their pets. Winograd says that most of the Americans spent a considerable fraction of their earnings on the well-being of pets or the donation for animal welfares. The article relays that in the context of saving animals from brutality and irrational deaths, there should be anti killing movements in society. The societal pressure will intimidate authorities and organizations from conducting any misbehavior with animals.

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Annotated Bibliography

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

The Effects of Cellphone on Human Memory

Annotated Bibliography

Cohen, David. How the child's mind develops. Routledge, 2017.

This book will help me strengthen my paper by giving a psychological insight on how children are raised and what aspects help them read, write and function in a daily routine. The author of this book has given great awareness regarding the impact of ipads, cellphones, television, video games and computers on a child’s mind (Cohen). The book helps look into how children learn and what aspects help form their morals. Cellphones are a significant part of today's youth and there is no doubt in the fact that the exposure children get because of being exposed to this kind of technology is quite substantial.

Grewal, Dhruv, et al. "In-store mobile phone use and customer shopping behavior: evidence from the field." Journal of Marketing (2018).

This research reflects on how cellphone usage has an impact on in-store buying behavior. The authors of this research claim that the people who use cellphones when they are shopping tend to purchase more. The reason behind is getting distracted and forgetting what they were actually at the store for (Grewal et al.). Further, getting distracted by the cellphone also makes individuals lose their track of time and they end up spending longer while in stores. This fact leads to people purchasing more products than they intended to, leading to a mass purchase.

Kim, Ki-Hyun, Ehsanul Kabir, and Shamin Ara Jahan. "The use of cell phone and insight into its potential human health impacts." Environmental monitoring and assessment 188.4 (201 6): 221.

The authors of this article give an in-depth look into the health effects that are caused because of cellphone usage. As society is progressing, cellphones have become a significant part of everyday life. In fact, it is impossible to see a person without it today. While there is great advancement, people are concerned about the possible health issues associated with mobile phone usage. This article will look into the epidemiological issues, biological effects and other indirect health issues that are being associated with mobile phone usage (Kim, Kabir and Jahan, 221). The researchers claim that the health issues are being caused by the radiofrequency energy and the health problems that are rising are inclusive of memory issues, cancer and other health effects.

Mendoza, Jessica S., et al. "The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia." Computers in Human Behavior 86 (2018): 52-60.

This article will help understand how deeply the younger generation is attached to their cellphones. The authors of this article conducted research in the classroom so they can find out how children perform academically with or without their cellphones. All the children were given a quiz and none of them were able to give good performance when they had their mobiles (Mendoza at al., 52-60). However, the performance level increased greatly as soon as the phones were taken away from them. Moreover, a lot of the youngsters had the fear of being without their phones, and that group had nomophobia. Nomophobia is the fear of being without one's phone. This article also reflects and looks in-depth on the notion of nomophobia.

Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar, et al. "Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review." Transportation research part C: emerging technologies 72 (2016): 360-380.

This study will give an in-depth look at how cellphone usage affects the performance and efficiency of a car driver. The authors of this study claim that there have been countless studies when it comes to cellphone usage and driving but very less of those studies have talked about how mobile phones have an impact on the driver’s performance (Oviedo-Trespalacios at al., 360-380). This study aims to investigate the mechanisms which are involved with cellphone distractions. For instance; texting, conversing, driving task, reading and so on.

Wilmer, Henry H., Lauren E. Sherman, and Jason M. Chein. "Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning." Frontiers in psychology 8 (2017): 605.

This article will help me understand the possible effects cellphone usage has on human cognition. There is no doubt in the fact that cellphones are powerful technological tools and have brought a lot of advancement to the world, but that does not mean they are all safe (Wilmer, Sherman and Chein, 605). The writers of this article have done great research to prove the fact that consistent usage of cell phones can have an impact on the user’s ability to think, regulate emotion, move, pay attention and remember. This article looks into the relationship that is present between mobile usage and an individual's cognitive performance.

Works Cited

Cohen, David. How the child's mind develops. Routledge, 2017.

Grewal, Dhruv, et al. "In-store mobile phone use and customer shopping behavior: evidence from the field." Journal of Marketing (2018).

Kim, Ki-Hyun, Ehsanul Kabir, and Shamin Ara Jahan. "The use of cell phone and insight into its potential human health impacts." Environmental monitoring and assessment 188.4 (2016): 221.

Mendoza, Jessica S., et al. "The effect of cellphones on attention and learning: The influences of time, distraction, and nomophobia." Computers in Human Behavior 86 (2018): 52-60.

Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar, et al. "Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review." Transportation research part C: emerging technologies 72 (2016): 360-380.

Wilmer, Henry H., Lauren E. Sherman, and Jason M. Chein. "Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning." Frontiers in psychology 8 (2017): 605.

Annotated Bibliography

[Tyler Hodella]

[Dr.Bradshaw]

[English 10H]

[Date]

Annotated Bibliography

Kiernan, Ben. "The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979." Centuries of Genocide. Routledge, 2012. 331-368.

Ben Kiernan in his article illustrated the cruel genocide of the Cambodian. The author effectively demonstrated how the forces of the Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia in 1975. The demonstration of cruelty by the forces of Khmer Rouge clear out the entire scenario of genocide. According to the author, these forces forcibly evacuated hospitals, cities, and closed schools and factories. These circumstances were highly critical for millions of people in the Southern Asian country. The author described that the basic purpose of that take over was to implement communism on the population. For a period of nearly four years, freedom of the press, associations, organizations, worship, movement, and discussion were disappeared. The author critically analyzed the cruel environment during that period by demonstrating the rise of the Khmer Rouge. The organization of genocide in Cambodia is critically presented in the article by the author. It is highly necessary to understand who the genocide started in the Cambodian. According to the author, Pol Pot abolished country’s currency and resettled thousands of city dwellers in rural farming communes. Cambodian were forced to take their meals in mess halls. The author illustrated that those people were compelled to work for long shifts. Due to their long working hours, beating, and starving, those people were killed. Hundreds of thousands of workers and people died from disease and starvation. The author also described that Pol Pot’s executed thousands of people by considering them enemies of the states. This kind of genocide was one of the biggest genocide in the 20th century.

Ungor, Ugur Umit. 2011. The Armenian Genocide, 1915. Niod.nl. N. p. Web. Retrieved from https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/Armenian%20genocide.pdf

The author is this article critically highlight one of the cruel incidents of the 20th century. According to the author, the Armenians were massively killed and executed by the Ottoman Empire. The author thoroughly demonstrated the entire history of the Armenian genocide. Ottoman Empire stretched across 3 continents in the early 20th century. The author explained that the Ottoman Empire was not ready to accept the superiority of Armenian in terms of economics. Out of 166 importers of Ottoman, only 13 were Turkish, while rest were Armenian. The author illustrated that in the category of exporters, 127 were Armenian, while only 23 of them were Turkish. That superiority of Armenian was the major reason behind their genocide. The author demonstrated that nearly two million Christians were living in the Ottoman Empire before the First World War. The Ottoman Empire was dreaming to rule the world due to which their government embarked upon the systematic decimation of the Armenian. The author critically examined in his article that Armenian soldiers that were serving in the Ottoman forces were compelled to disarm. They were put in hard labor as well. The author also explained the mass execution of Armenians in Diyarbekir. In 1915, the entire Armenian elite was handcuffed and loaded onto large rafts. They were robbed and stripped of all the valuables by Ottoman forces. According to the authors, the Armenian were murdered by Ottoman forces with the help of guns, daggers, and axes. It was one of the cruel incidents in the entire history of human beings. Soon after killing these Armenians, the soldiers dumped their dead bodies in the river. In this article, the author captured a detailed scenario in which these Armenians were killed. Only for the sake of getting economic superiority a population of nearly 2 million Armenian were executed in a horrible way.

Works Cited

Kiernan, Ben. "The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979." Centuries of Genocide. Routledge, 2012. 331-368.

Ungor, Ugur Umit. 2011. The Armenian Genocide, 1915. Niod.nl. N. p. Web. Retrieved from https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/Armenian%20genocide.pdf

Annotated Bibliography

Name

Professor name

Subject

April 30, 2019

Annotated bibliography

The article highlights the concerns of the ancient philosophers about reading and its impact on society. Different views were presented by them including Socrates and Phaedrus. Socrates informed the society about the challenges of reading library and how it might ruin the humans. Phaedrus claimed that the books are inventions and they are capable of influencing the minds. The article explains that the views of the world about reading and imagination were changing because people who committed themselves with philosophy gained more insightfulness. Socrates also advised that the children must not read for keeping themselves safe from the children.

The article also explains that the views of modern philosophers like Nicholas Carr followed the same technique for highlighting the damages of technology. Carr expressed her concerns about the negative implications of the internet on society and children. It is damaging their reading habits. Spending more time on the internet and technological gadgets involve risks. Such technology has deteriorated personalities of youth. She also claims that technology has distanced the humans because they are today inclined to spend more time on their digital tools. Carr stresses on the need for mining dependence on technology and building a positive relationship between parents and children. The source is reliable because Carr has considered 43 million academic research for determining the relationship of technology on personal interactions and personality behaviours.

The article will be used for identifying the threats of technology and its implications on society. It will be used for providing evidentiary support against the negative implications of technology. This will build relevance with the central argument that technology is deteriorating the personalities of the youth.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lehrer, Joanna. Our Cluttered Minds. 2010. 30 04 2019 <https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/books/review/Lehrer-t.html>.

Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

[Author’s Name]

Annotated Bibliography

Thomas Piketty, E. S. (2003, February 1). Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1-41. DOI:10.1162/00335530360535135

The author Thomas, along with his fellow researcher, Emanuel, in their research paper, discussed the income and wages from the year 1913 to the year 1998 in the US. In their research, the authors utilized the Kuznet’s approach that is used to determine the income gap. The tax data is collected to depict what share of the income goes to the top one percent only. After analyzing the tax data along with considering the recession period in 1944 and 2008, results revealed that in 1928, the quarter of the total wealth belonged to the top one percent and by the year 2012, more than one-third of the total wealth was owned by the top one percent.

Frank, M. W. (2009). Inequality and growth in the United States: Evidence from a new state‐level panel of income inequality measures. Economic Inquiry, 47(1), 55-68.

The author, Mark in his research paper, explored the relationship between long-term inequality and its adverse effects on the growth of economy and society progress. According to the author, corruption is the root cause of income inequality. The author used a rich panel of annual income inequality measures of 48 states. The results revealed that measures of inequality are constructed only by tax filing data that was available in the IRS. However, the new inequality panel proposed in the paper, consists of both comprehensiveness and flexibility that aids in evaluating the income inequality based on tax filing data. The results revealed that higher income inequality results in lowering the growth of a nation’s economy that further places a nation at a risk of financial instability that hinders the country’s success.

Balcilar, M., Saint Akadiri, S., Gupta, R., & Miller, S. M. (2019). Partisan Conflict and Income Inequality in the United States: A Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Approach. Social Indicators Research, 142(1), 65-82.

The author Mehmet, along with his fellow researchers, discussed in his research paper that globalization is the major cause of income inequality. This is because many manufacturers establish industries in regions where they are sure that they will get cheap labor thus making unemployment common in their own country. The author further discussed that an increase in wealth confers political power that further allows the economic winner to reward himself through interfering in government policies. The author also identified that lack of education as another reason for income inequality.

Castelló, A., & Doménech, R. (2002). Human capital inequality and economic growth: some new evidence. The economic journal, 112(478), C187-C200.

The author, Amparo, along with his fellow researchers, provided a new measure of human capital inequality for a broad panel of countries. The author discussed that countries where there is inequality in the distribution, depict lower investment rates than the countries where there is less inequality. The author further discussed that many countries in the world have reduced the inequality in human capital and there should be a way to measure human capital to provide robust results rather than using the typical inequality measures for estimating standard growth and investments.

Roex, K. L., Huijts, T., & Sieben, I. (2019). Attitudes towards income inequality:‘Winners’ versus ‘losers’ of the perceived meritocracy. Acta Sociologica, 62(1), 47-63.

The author, Karlijin, along with his fellow researchers, discussed in their research paper that income inequality adversely affects the people who are in a lower position as compared to the people in higher social positions. To test this hypothesis, the authors conducted a survey. For this purpose, data was collected from the International Social Survey Programme regarding social inequality. The results revealed that meritocratic perception is still prevalent in our society and social strata indeed influence the attitude towards income inequalities.

Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth, and income inequality in Africa. Economics of Governance, 3(3), 183-209.

The author, Kwabena, in his research paper, discussed that corruption is the reason for income inequalities and therefore, hinders the economic growth of any country. According to the author, corruption can result in decreased investment in physical capital. The author analyzed the GDP rates of African countries and discussed that a unit increase in corruption can reduce the GDP per capita income to 0.39 - 0.41 percentage points per year. Additionally, corruption can negatively affect poor people.

Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American journal of public health, 87(9), 1491-1498.

A study was conducted by I. Kawachi on social capital, income inequality, and mortality. The research has significantly associated income inequality with mortality. It was postulated, in the research, that income disparity is connected to a decrease in communal consistency. This is ultimately linked with disinvestment in social capital that amplified mortality rates. It was a cross-sectional study in which data was collected from 39 states. It was evaluated that mortality rates are strongly correlated with income inequality with a proportion of (r = -46 and r = .76), with capital group membership and lack of social trust respectively.

Voitchovsky, S. (2005). Does the profile of income inequality matter for economic growth?. Journal of Economic growth, 10(3), 273-296.

The study performed by Sarah Voitchovsky has proposed that there is a strong link between income distribution and economic growth. The study was based on a statistical analysis of inequality on growth, and related complex factors were evaluated and analysis was performed using statistical methods. The study has utilized a Luxembourg income Study for comparing data. The research has assessed the distribution of income as an important factor for economic growth. The conclusions highlight possible limitations of an examination of growth influenced by income distribution utilizing a solitary inequality measurement.

Annotated Bibliography

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Title: Subtitle

Quote: Between me and the other world, there is ever an unasked question……… how does it feel to be a problem?

Issue: Explore how the African American experience of criminalization is discussed in debates surrounding the black lives matter movement?

Annotated Bibliography

Hesse, Barnor. "Of Race: The Exorbitant Du Bois." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 20.2 (50) (2016): 14-27.

This article analyses the long-term choice opted by Du Bois whereby he did not display reliance on the grievances and hostilities faced by blacks in Jim Crow era in the pursuit of characterizing the intercultural dynamics of the race. The contents of this research also attempt to critically understand race as a comprehensible abstraction which is largely perceived in insignificant ways within the sociopolitical landscape of African Americans. The undecidability, impresses, reconstructions, practices, and effects of race have been deeply scrutinized in this source in the light of W.E.B. Dubois’s book, ‘The Souls of Black Folk.’ Race governance has also been pondered upon in this research study which draws the attention of research scholars towards the colonial aggregation of racial practices.

This source challenges Du Bois’s quote as it questions the exorbitant claim of marking the African American race as a particular problem which is highly threatening in a humanist perspective. This source imparts that how can Du Bois conjure up peculiar situations with whites without racially denoting them as such. The article also directly challenges this quote propounding that there is no knowledge about how Du Bois has conceptualized race and there is evidence of resignation rather than critique in his quote and the surrounding text. In one instance, this source also challenges the quote by scrutinizing the lack of an intrusive question which could be asked by Du Bois. The puniness of this unsolicited question denoted in the quote is also investigated in this source.

Itzigsohn, José, and Karida Brown. "Sociology and the theory of double consciousness: WEB Du Bois’s phenomenology of racialized subjectivity." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12.2 (2015): 231-248.

In this source, there is an emphasis on W. E. B. Du Bois’s appositeness as a sociological theorist. The theory of Double Consciousness has been chiefly stressed upon which maintains that there is a sheer lack of communication between the racialized and the racializing in a society where racism is prevalent. This theory also places the processes of racialization at the centre stage of self-formation so that lived experiences of subjects who face racism can be associated with the macrostructure of such societies. The source also delineates that in a racialized society, the power dynamics between the powerful and weak making it impossible for everyone to contribute to the well-being of the society on equal terms.

This source resonates with Du Bois’s quote to a considerable extent because it focuses on the unequal societal conditions of the racialized society and establishes that communicative rationality cannot be developed if the racial minorities face oppression by the majorities. The African American experiences regarding criminalization mirror this notion because there are many studies establishing that the binary discourses in race exclusively structure the civil society. Furthermore, upon reflection of several surveys and police records, it can be postulated that African Americans seek violent and criminal ways as a result of racial discrimination. American policing also has an enduring significance of racial bias in its policies and the use of force and many advocates of Black Lives Matter adhere to this truth.

Rios, Victor M., Nikita Carney, and Jasmine Kelekay. "Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness." Annual Review of Sociology 43 (2017): 493-513.

This research article is a contribution to examine the impact of the criminal justice system on the marginalized segments of the society by delving into the ethnographies of race, justice, and crime. Double-consciousness approach, as theorized by Du Bois has been employed in this study that enables social science researchers to study the matters through multiple perspectives. The article summarizes that the progression of social movements such as Black lives Matter outline instances of contemporary resistance against the racial discrimination in America.

This source resonates and reinterprets Du Bois’s quote by utilizing the concept of double-consciousness in two ways simultaneously. On the one hand, it assists in the development of a reflective approach while doing research regarding the African Americans’ experiences of criminalization and on the other hand, it documents the circumstances and behavioural patterns of the marginalized populations. This source also resonates the quote because it denotes that the emergence of a weakened sense of community in African Americans and their considerable limited abilities to actively participate in the society leads them towards a criminal path. There is a conscious decision taking place among the marginalized populations as they are more triggered by social exclusion rather than other macroeconomic issues, for instance, wage gap which distinctly separates African Americans from their white counterparts.

Varner, Deena. "Nineteenth-century criminal geography: WEB Du Bois and the Pennsylvania Prison Society." Journal of Historical Geography 59 (2018): 15-26.

This source describes and characterizes breaks from the normative suppositions from socially acceptable behaviour by highlighting the criminal geography of nineteenth century America. The research is an exploration of Du Bois’s study of the Pennsylvania Prison Society and its geographical and social structuring. It was found that the administration in American prisons renders the inclusion of African Americans impossible in the socio-political landscape. The article stipulates that crime is a response to spatial and racial oppression proffering an utter rejection of the capitalist economy as a precursor of a rise in criminal activities. After a thorough examination of prison reforms and their consequences, the author reported that criminalization must be viewed through the lens of marginalization of racial minorities rather than as a response of income inequality and poverty.

This source is instrumental in fortifying the underpinnings of Du Bois’s quote because it sheds light on the contemporary manifestations of structural racism and prescribes that racial prejudice and discrimination results in crime. This assertion is also set forth by many advocates of the Black Lives Matter movement.

Essay

Thomas Jefferson, a man of democratic sympathies deeply analyzed the conflicts between equality and liberty, freedom and order, and other rights and duties. One of the most important issues in the social theory presented by Jefferson is the mainstream attitude towards African Americans and racial equality. Jefferson’s ideas towards this pressing matter assist in understanding the criminalization experiences of African Americans because, in many instances, he stipulated acute opinions and reflections about the natural inferiority of this race. The natural rights philosophy by Jefferson also failed to outline specific ideals regarding ethics which are mandatory for a government to serve its citizens CITATION For18 \l 1033 (Ford). The principle of generational autonomy as put forward by Jefferson paved the way for his vision of attaining a lasting and progressive polity. This idea which slightly became a basis for self-governance in the years to come maintained that all the groups of citizens are not restricted by the burden and weight of their ancestors. Slavery and social exclusion were considered as limits for the progression of America. The race of Africans Americans perturbed Jefferson; he saw this group of people as a danger for the country and advocated that Africans cannot have any significant niche in American democracy CITATION Bel18 \l 1033 (Bell). Du Bois’s book and the studies resonating the quoted place the responsibility to reconcile intergenerational adversities as a democratic value. This responsibility shares the same ranking in government’s responsibility to do equality and liberty. The different studies used to analyze Du Bois’s quote place an emphasis on the eternal return of slavery. Among other demerits, this can have a paralyzing effect on political action. The policies made for racial minorities can also be moulded according to the wishes of racial majorities and this can lead to the further social exclusion of the African Americans in American society.

Different ideologies and sentiments regarding the differences between races dramatically developed the markedly distinct notions of race and gave rise to power dynamics between superior and inferior races in America. The need for economic labour also proved to be a chief factor for metastasizing this dichotomy between African Americans and their white counterparts. This apparent truth and widely accepted justification behind racial ideology boosted structural and institutional racism, which has always been practised at various levels in American society.

The coercive role played by the law enforcement agencies in the lives of African Americans in the United States is well-documented and one of the chief reasons why movements such as Black Lives Matter surface even in the 21st century. There is a prevalent association between crime and race which appears subconsciously and this is because people are conditioned to believe that there exists a dichotomy between races. Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the American Revolution and authors of the Declaration of Independence was eloquent about the racial differences between blacks and whites in his writings. He maintained that these differences were fixed by nature and out to be applied in society to maintain the superiority of whites. This distinction became the foundational basis for distinct criminalization experiences which African Americans go through and are discussed in movements such as Black Lives Matter. The dualistic separation between races as postulated by Jefferson has become a part of the broader culture of contemporary American society.

Works Cited

Bell, Myrtle P., et al. "Diversity, discrimination, and persistent inequality: Hope for the future through the solidarity economy movement." Journal of Social Issues 74.2 (2018): 224-243.

Ford, Donna Y., et al. "The Nouveau Talented Tenth: Envisioning WEB Du Bois in the Context of Contemporary Gifted and Talented Education." The Journal of Negro Education 87.3 (2018): 294-310.

Hesse, Barnor. "Of Race: The Exorbitant Du Bois." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 20.2 (50) (2016): 14-27

Itzigsohn, José, and Karida Brown. "Sociology and the theory of double consciousness: WEB Du Bois’s phenomenology of racialized subjectivity." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12.2 (2015): 231-248.

Rios, Victor M., Nikita Carney, and Jasmine Kelekay. "Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness." Annual Review of Sociology 43 (2017): 493-513.

Varner, Deena. "Nineteenth-century criminal geography: WEB Du Bois and the Pennsylvania Prison Society." Journal of Historical Geography 59 (2018): 15-26.

Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

Armstrong, Thomas. Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Ascd, 2009.

Thomas Armstrong authored a book which was entitled as “Multiple Intelligences in the classroom.” The book was published in the year 2009. It is evident from the title of the book that it focuses on the point of utilizing multiple intelligences in the classroom. The society has now accepted that fact that the learning abilities of all the students are different and they should not be compared to each other. Moreover, there is extraordinary attention to the needs of special education and providing better opportunities for learning and development to special children. Armstrong has discussed the strategies which can help the process of learning easier and impactful for the children. The book is specifically for the instructors and the students of education, who can develop the curriculum and ensure the better learning of the children through the inclusion of multiple intelligence techniques in their teaching styles.

Haladyna, Thomas M., Susan Bobbit Nolen, and Nancy S. Haas. "Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution." Educational Researcher 20.5 (1991): 2-7.

Thomas M. Haladyna, Susan Bobbit Nolen and Nancy S. Haas collectively authored an article which was entitled as “Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution.” The article was published in the year 1991, in the journal named “Educational Researcher.” The authors have discussed the dissatisfaction of the general public with the educational system as well as with standardized test scores. The authors have also discussed that higher scores are associated with the improvement of the educational system. By making a comparison of the efforts of the public school staff to improve the test scores of the students with that of the nonstandard practices, the authors have highlighted the reasons and impacts of test score pollution on the students. The authors have also highlighted the flaws of the American education system by highlighting the issues of standardized test scores.

Works Cited

Armstrong, Thomas. Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Ascd, 2009.

Haladyna, Thomas M., Susan Bobbit Nolen, and Nancy S. Haas. "Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution." Educational Researcher 20.5 (1991): 2-7.

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English

Abortion in the American Society and Women using self-medication for terminating pregnancies

Introduction

One of the most controversial and divisive issues in the American society is Abortion. The practice of abortion is getting common in America now days. Many anti-abortion laws have been forced in the 20th and 21st centuries to eliminate this issue. About 52% of the Americans have abortions every year.

“The issue of abortion elicits what psychoanalysts might term a vertical split— i.e., holding opposing views at the same time. One view is ongoing, that abortion is wrong since it destroys a human being. The opposing view is situational, that given the circumstances, the pregnancy cannot be sustained.”

Stotland, N. L. (2018). Abortion in America: the war on women is not hyperbole. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(11), 862–864.

The above bibliography is of a journal article that is a report of scientific research. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the issues related to abortion. The author of this article is Nada L. Stotland. He is a private consultant at the Lancet Psychiatry, London. The intended audience of this article is the American adults who are favoring a government that is against the abortion rights.

The issue of abortion is viewed from different perspectives. One view is that the destruction of life is morally wrong while the other view is that pregnancy should be carried out if the circumstances are not in favor of the female. This article is an argument on the government who uses abortion as a tool for politics and lie about abortion. They say that they care about the lives while they do not provide support and health care for mothers and children.

“Lack of access to safe abortion is also a human rights issue which deeply affects women's reproductive rights and body autonomy. The history of women self-managing abortion with pills creates a paradigm shift for realizing the full potential of medical abortion, regardless of the legal restrictions of any country and the availability of a clinician.”

Jelinska, K., & Yanow, S. (2018). Putting abortion pills into women’s hands: realizing the full potential of medical abortion. Contraception, 97(2), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2017.05.019

It is a journal article written by HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782417303724" \l "!" Kinga Jelinska (corresponding author) and Susan Yanow (author). It aims at spreading awareness about the self-medication during abortion and its side effects and women are the intended audience.

The importance of knowledge about medicines and their side effects is discussed in this article. Abortion pills should not be available locally so that women can easily access them and use without consulting doctors. This source can be used to carry further research related to the topic as it contains useful information about the topic.

“Even as abortion law has remained unchanged in recent decades, feminist activism and new pharmaceutical technology have created opportunities for insider activists to expand access.”

McReynolds-Pérez, J. (2017). Abortion as empowerment: reproductive rights activism in a legally restricted context. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(2), 350. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1498-y

This journal article by Julia McReynolds-Pérez is a scientific research report that focuses on the issue of providing the facilities of pregnancy termination without any legal restrictions.

The health assistants who take the role of an activist and provide the facility of abortion to the women without any legal procedure are discussed in this article. It is argued that women have a right to plan their future and if they are refused of terminating the pregnancy, it causes severe mental and psychological issues to them.

“The introduction of telemedicine at Planned Parenthood of the Heartland clinics was associated with a significant increase in the proportion of abortions that were performed with medication and a significant reduction in abortions performed after 12 weeks of gestation.”

Grossman, D., & Grindlay, K. (2017). Safety of Medical Abortion Provided Through Telemedicine Compared with In Person. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 130(4), 778. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002212

This is the bibliography of a journal article by Daniel MD Grossman and Kate Grindlay. It is about the awareness regarding safety of women during abortion using the telemedicine. The intended audience of this article are the citizens who use self-medication for abortion.

It is a comparison and contrast between the people who use telemedicine and consult the parenthood planning advisors for terminating pregnancy and those who terminated pregnancy after twelve weeks of gestation.

“Unsafe abortion continues to be a major cause of maternal death; it accounts for 14.5% of all maternal deaths globally and almost all of these deaths occur in countries with restrictive abortion laws.”

Faúndes, A., & Shah, I. H. (2015). Evidence supporting broader access to safe legal abortion. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 131(S1), S56–S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.018

This article by Anibal Faundes and Iqbal H. Shah is a report of scientific research that was published in 2015. It aims at providing a better understanding about the safe abortion services, especially for poor women. Young girls and women are the intended audience in this article.

The effects of unsafe abortion are adverse and dangerous. It can even result in death of the mother, as the applied practice of abortion is not safe. Maternal deaths during abortion mostly take place in the countries where abortion is restricted or legally permitted but the sources are not accessible.

“The unmet need for safe abortion care by formal health providers has prompted the development of several types of online services that facilitate access to abortion medications for self-use.”

Endler, M., Cleeve, A., & Gemzell-Danielsson, K. (2019). Online access to abortion medications: a review of utilization and clinical outcomes. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.06.009

The above bibliography is of a journal article- scientific research report. HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693419300884" \l "!" Margit Endler, HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693419300884" \l "!" Amanda Cleeve and HYPERLINK "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693419300884" \l "!" Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson have written it. It shows that women now days are increasingly using the abortion medication themselves after online access.

The intended audience of this article are women and girls. The demand for abortion medicines online is very high now days as women tend to access these medicines and seek online help for guidance of the proper. The safety and protection of these online informal channels depends on the type of provider and the offered services.

“At the very least, the crime of abortion entered our law as a means of protecting human life against deliberate destruction. The law, however, was not competent to determine for itself when human life began in utero. Rather, it took the cooperative effort of law and contemporary science to make the decisive test.”

Byrn, R. M. (2016). The Abortion Question: A Nonsectarian Approach. 11(4), 8.

The above is a journal article by Robert M. Byrn who has written this article as a reminder for the people of the United States about the American law passed almost forty years ago that restricted abortion saying that the fetus is also human life, it should not be killed. The intended audience of this article are the girls and women who do not care about having an abortion.

According to the religious and ethical beliefs of Americans, abortion is the destruction of human life and no human has the right to destroy another life. The background information in this article can be used in further research about the changing laws in America related to abortion.

“Although many factors influence the pregnant teenager’s decision to terminate or continue her pregnancy, the risks of morbidity and mortality are important considerations.”

Cates, W., Schulz, K. F., & Grimes, D. A. (1983). The Risks Associated with Teenage Abortion. New England Journal of Medicine, 309(11), 621–624. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198309153091101

This is the bibliography of a journal article written by Willard Cates, Jr., Kenneth F. Schulz, and David A. Grimes. The intended audience is teenage girls and their mothers. This article is a comparison of the effects of abortion on teenage girls and adult women.

The authors in this article have discussed the risks of abortion for teenage girls and compared them with the women. The studies analyzed in the article show that teenage girls have lower risks of side effects as compared to women. However, the risk of cervical injury during abortion is higher in teenagers than adults.

“Pro-abortion and anti-abortion advocates have different reactions to the decline in abortion rates depending on the reasons they perceive behind this decline. The falling abortion rate has been attributed both to increasing legal restrictions and to the use of more effective contraceptive methods. While anti-abortion proponents contend the new laws that curtail access primarily are responsible for recent declines, current research provides little support for this.”

Beckman, L. J. (2017). Abortion in the United States: The continuing controversy: Feminism & Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353516685345

Linda J. Beckman has written this journal article keeping in view the great controversy of the United States i.e. abortion. This is a scientific research report that provides evidence for the long debate on the issue of abortion and the anti-abortion laws. The intended audience is the whole American nation that is engaged in this controversial issue for many years.

The stable attitudes of Americans regarding the issue of abortion are discussed in this article. It is proved that the supporters of anti-abortion law are successful as abortion is legally restricted in the United States.

“Consequently, when policies on abortion are grounded on ethical principles, they tend to be inherently controversial. On one hand, there is a wide variation in laws from one country to another and, on the other, the policies of any given country risk fluctuating as power changes hands from one party to another.”

Alvargonzález, D. (2017). Towards a non-ethics-based consensual public policy on abortion. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 32(1), e39–e46. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2320

The above bibliography is of a journal article written by David Alvargonzález. Abortion is one of the biggest controversial issues in the United States that has been discussed in this article. The ethical debates between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has become a political agenda that is mentioned by the author.

The intended audience are the supporters of these ethical debates. It is a comparison between the debates of pro-life and pro-choice supporters regarding unintended pregnancies and the difference between effective contraception and abortion.

Annotated Bibliography

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Date

Annotated Bibliography

Bradmetz, Joel, and Roland Schneider. "Is Little Red Riding Hood afraid of her grandmother?

Cognitive vs. emotional response to a false belief." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 17.4 (1999): 501-514.

This study demonstrates that how attribution cam be use for logical criteria among the children of 7-8 years old and how different assessments can play a part in the dissociation among cognitive and emotional valuations of a incorrect belief. It is common problem among children. This study will help to do the analysis of decalage emphases on the independence of emotional acknowledgements and the semi‐mental and semi‐behavioral structure of belief considerate in the standard task. This is an important study that help to find out the responses to false beliefs.

Bonner, Sarah. "Visualising Little Red Riding Hood." Moveable Type 2 (2006): The-Mind. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.1755-4527.016

In past decades, fairy tales are very common. Fairy tales are the way to receive Subverting and interrogating meanings. These fairy tales help to convey the ideas related to racial identity and gender roles. The translation of literary text in to visual culture is really a new phenomenon that reveals the shifts cultural attitude ,identity and discrimination. In this paper, Bonner observe the visual development of “Little Red Riding Hood,” examining the way in which the literary tale has been assumed by modern artists.

Schubert, Lenhart K., and Chung Hee Hwang. "Episodic Logic meets Little Red Riding Hood: A

comprehensive, natural representation for language understanding." Natural language processing and knowledge representation: Language for Knowledge and Knowledge for Language (2000): 111-174.

The comprehensive framework described for story understanding grounded on Episodic Logic (EL). The most characteristic feature of EL is its natural language-like expressiveness and it helps to find out the El in the fairy tales like little red riding hood. It will help teachers to understand the issues related to language of children and it as well help to develop the better linguistics qualities among students.

Tehrani, Jamshid J. "The phylogeny of little red riding hood." PloS one 8.11 (2013): e78871.

To find out the academic integrity , the researchers use Grimm’s' methods. A new group of researchers volunteered outside the library to find out more tales. These tales are usually local and with out author and it is really amazing that similar kind of tales like little red riding hood is common among those stories. Mostly people don’t know who told them, but they know the story. The sample for this study was from villages and remote area people where literacy was low.