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Article: E-cigarette Analysis
There is a broad misconception about e-cigarettes that they are either equally or more harmful as smoking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cc7JJibo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}E-Cigarette Safety\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“E-Cigarette Safety”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Here you will find a summary of the current available information on the relative safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco.","container-title":"Cancer Research UK","language":"en","title":"E-cigarette safety","URL":"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/awareness-and-prevention/e-cigarette-hub-information-for-health-professionals/safety","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“E-Cigarette Safety”). But through research, it is observed that they are less dangerous as they contain less amount of tobacco and involved less combustion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DGawzcBr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Strasak et al.)","plainCitation":"(Strasak et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":717,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QGXM3ESU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QGXM3ESU"],"itemData":{"id":717,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"There is widespread evidence of the extensive use of statistical methods in medical research. Just the same, standards are generally low and a growing body of literature points to statistical errors in most medical journals. However, there is no comprehensive study contrasting the top medical journals of basic and clinical science for recent practice in their use of statistics.All original research articles in Volume 10, Numbers 1–6 of Nature Medicine (Nat Med) and Volume 350, Numbers 1–26 of The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) were screened for their statistical content. Types, frequencies, and complexity of applied statistical methods were systematically recorded. A 46-item checklist was used to evaluate statistical quality for a subgroup of papers.94.5 percent (95% CI 87.6–98.2) of NEJM articles and 82.4 percent (95% CI 65.5–93.2) of Nat Med articles contained inferential statistics. NEJM papers were significantly more likely to use advanced statistical methods (p < 0.0001). Statistical errors were identified in a considerable proportion of articles, although not always serious in nature. Documentation of applied statistical methods was generally poor and insufficient, particularly in Nat Med.Compared to 1983, a vast increase in usage and complexity of statistical methods could be observed for NEJM papers. This does not necessarily hold true for Nat Med papers, as the results of the study indicate that basic science sticks with basic analysis. As statistical errors seem to remain common in medical literature, closer attention to statistical methodology should be seriously considered to raise standards.","container-title":"The American Statistician","DOI":"10.1198/000313007X170242","ISSN":"0003-1305","issue":"1","page":"47-55","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"The Use of Statistics in Medical Research","volume":"61","author":[{"family":"Strasak","given":"Alexander M."},{"family":"Zaman","given":"Qamruz"},{"family":"Marinell","given":"Gerhard"},{"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"Karl P."},{"family":"Ulmer","given":"Hanno"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Strasak et al.). Though when the e-cigarettes were first introduced in the market they were advertised as the safe alternative of tobacco ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rjPD0Cmb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller et al.)","plainCitation":"(Miller et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":721,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/JPU7JZKQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/JPU7JZKQ"],"itemData":{"id":721,"type":"book","abstract":"In recent years, Earth systems science has advanced rapidly, helping to transform climate change and other planetary risks into major political issues. Changing the Atmosphere strengthens our understanding of this important link between expert knowledge and environmental governance. In so doing, it illustrates how the emerging field of science and technology studies can inform our understanding of the human dimensions of global environmental change. Incorporating historical, sociological, and philosophical approaches, Changing the Atmosphere presents detailed empirical studies of climate science and its uptake into public policy. Topics include the scientific, political, and social processes involved in the creation of scientific knowledge about climate change; the historical and contemporary role of expert knowledge in creating and perpetuating policy concern about climate change; and the place of science in institutions of global environmental governance such as the World Meteorological Organization, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Together, the essays demonstrate fundamental connections between the science and politics of planet Earth. In the struggle to create sustainable forms of environmental governance, they indicate, a necessary first step is to understand how communities achieve credible, authoritative representations of nature. Contributors Paul N. Edwards, Dale Jamieson, Sheila Jasanoff, Chunglin Kwa, Clark Miller, Stephen D. Norton, Stephen H. Schneider, Simon Shackley, Frederick Suppe","ISBN":"978-0-262-63219-5","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: htulve5KkQMC","number-of-pages":"406","publisher":"MIT Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance","title-short":"Changing the Atmosphere","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"Clark A."},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Paul N."},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Miller et al.). But through research, it is also clearly evident that they equip two chemicals that can cause cancer that is glycerin and propylene glycol ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hsUDJ7fi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Analysis of Environmental Samples--\\uc0\\u12298{}Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory\\uc0\\u12299{}2008\\uc0\\u24180{}04\\uc0\\u26399{}})","plainCitation":"(Analysis of Environmental Samples--《Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory》2008年04期)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":719,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/H53X7IPH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/H53X7IPH"],"itemData":{"id":719,"type":"webpage","title":"Analysis of environmental samples--《Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory》2008年04期","URL":"http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-FXSY200804033.htm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Analysis of Environmental Samples--《Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory》2008年0期).
Through one of the reports published by New-England, it was reported that there are several health concerns related to e-cigarettes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CymMaNYs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Calis et al.)","plainCitation":"(Calis et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":723,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FFDFAXMY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/FFDFAXMY"],"itemData":{"id":723,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Background: Severe anemia is a major cause of sickness and death in African children, yet the causes of anemia in this population have been inadequately studied.Methods: We conducted a case–control study of 381 preschool children with severe anemia (hemoglobin concentration, <5.0 g per deciliter) and 757 preschool children without severe anemia in urban and rural settings in Malawi. Causal factors previously associated with severe anemia were studied. The data were examined by multivariate analysis and structural equation modeling.Results: Bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 10.9), malaria (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 3.3), hookworm (adjusted odds ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 11.8), human immunodeficiency virus infection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.8), the G6PD−202/−376 genetic disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.4), vitamin A deficiency (adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.8), and vitamin B12 deficiency (adjusted odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.6) were associated with severe anemia. Folate deficiency, sickle cell disease, and laboratory signs of an abnormal inflammatory response were uncommon. Iron deficiency was not prevalent in case patients (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.60) and was negatively associated with bacteremia. Malaria was associated with severe anemia in the urban site (with seasonal transmission) but not in the rural site (where malaria was holoendemic). Seventy-six percent of hookworm infections were found in children under 2 years of age.Conclusions: There are multiple causes of severe anemia in Malawian preschool children, but folate and iron deficiencies are not prominent among them. Even in the presence of malaria parasites, additional or alternative causes of severe anemia should be considered.","container-title":"Malawi Medical Journal","ISSN":"1995-7262","issue":"3","page":"99-107-107","source":"www.ajol.info","title":"Research Article ( New England Journal of Medicine ) Severe anemia in Malawian children","volume":"28","author":[{"family":"Calis","given":"Job C. J."},{"family":"Phiri","given":"Kamija S."},{"family":"Faragher","given":"E. Brian"},{"family":"Brabin","given":"Bernard J."},{"family":"Bates","given":"Imelda"},{"family":"Cuevas","given":"Luis E."},{"family":"Haan","given":"Rob J.","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Phiri","given":"Ajib I."},{"family":"Malange","given":"Pelani"},{"family":"Khoka","given":"Mirriam"},{"family":"Hulshof","given":"Paul J. M."},{"family":"Lieshout","given":"Lisette","dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Beld","given":"Marcel G. H. M."},{"family":"Teo","given":"Yik Y."},{"family":"Rockett","given":"Kirk A."},{"family":"Richardson","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Kwiatkowski","given":"Dominic P."},{"family":"Molyneux","given":"Malcolm E."},{"family":"Hensbroek","given":"Michaël Boele","dropping-particle":"van"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",1,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Calis et al.). In 2009, through the laboratory analysis, the FDA found the carcinogen and the other chemical elements which include antifreeze ingredients and diethylene glycol. Despite the dangers associated with e-cigarettes, it is reported in 2014 that almost 13% of adults used e-cigarettes. It is also noticed that in 2013 and 2014 most of the high school students become addicted to this device.
This device is similar to the conventional-cigarettes however, it is operated through the battery. It has atomized which heat the liquid nicotine which turns into vapor. This vapor is then inhaled and exhaled similar to the tobacco smoke. There are also other names for e-cigarette which are cig juice, e-liquid, and e-juice. Though consumers have the choice to select the either they want ultra-light or regular strength e-cig ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DGawzcBr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Strasak et al.)","plainCitation":"(Strasak et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":717,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QGXM3ESU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QGXM3ESU"],"itemData":{"id":717,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"There is widespread evidence of the extensive use of statistical methods in medical research. Just the same, standards are generally low and a growing body of literature points to statistical errors in most medical journals. However, there is no comprehensive study contrasting the top medical journals of basic and clinical science for recent practice in their use of statistics.All original research articles in Volume 10, Numbers 1–6 of Nature Medicine (Nat Med) and Volume 350, Numbers 1–26 of The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) were screened for their statistical content. Types, frequencies, and complexity of applied statistical methods were systematically recorded. A 46-item checklist was used to evaluate statistical quality for a subgroup of papers.94.5 percent (95% CI 87.6–98.2) of NEJM articles and 82.4 percent (95% CI 65.5–93.2) of Nat Med articles contained inferential statistics. NEJM papers were significantly more likely to use advanced statistical methods (p < 0.0001). Statistical errors were identified in a considerable proportion of articles, although not always serious in nature. Documentation of applied statistical methods was generally poor and insufficient, particularly in Nat Med.Compared to 1983, a vast increase in usage and complexity of statistical methods could be observed for NEJM papers. This does not necessarily hold true for Nat Med papers, as the results of the study indicate that basic science sticks with basic analysis. As statistical errors seem to remain common in medical literature, closer attention to statistical methodology should be seriously considered to raise standards.","container-title":"The American Statistician","DOI":"10.1198/000313007X170242","ISSN":"0003-1305","issue":"1","page":"47-55","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"The Use of Statistics in Medical Research","volume":"61","author":[{"family":"Strasak","given":"Alexander M."},{"family":"Zaman","given":"Qamruz"},{"family":"Marinell","given":"Gerhard"},{"family":"Pfeiffer","given":"Karl P."},{"family":"Ulmer","given":"Hanno"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Strasak et al.). In these cigarettes range, only the amount of nicotine varies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cc7JJibo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}E-Cigarette Safety\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“E-Cigarette Safety”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Here you will find a summary of the current available information on the relative safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco.","container-title":"Cancer Research UK","language":"en","title":"E-cigarette safety","URL":"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/awareness-and-prevention/e-cigarette-hub-information-for-health-professionals/safety","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“E-Cigarette Safety”).
San Francisco was the first country that implemented a ban on e-cigarettes sales on stores and also on the online retailers for delivering it in the market. Though San Francisco is the home of e-cigarette manufacturers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cc7JJibo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}E-Cigarette Safety\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“E-Cigarette Safety”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Here you will find a summary of the current available information on the relative safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco.","container-title":"Cancer Research UK","language":"en","title":"E-cigarette safety","URL":"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/awareness-and-prevention/e-cigarette-hub-information-for-health-professionals/safety","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“E-Cigarette Safety”). Because of the health-related concerns, FDA also banned the e-cig sale under the age of eighteen. The other rule is also proposed in which e-cig is reviewed before sale which ensures safety regarding health concerns with a complete ban of e-cig sale to minors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Cc7JJibo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}E-Cigarette Safety\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“E-Cigarette Safety”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/USS4HDAH"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"webpage","abstract":"Here you will find a summary of the current available information on the relative safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco.","container-title":"Cancer Research UK","language":"en","title":"E-cigarette safety","URL":"https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/awareness-and-prevention/e-cigarette-hub-information-for-health-professionals/safety","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,11]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“E-Cigarette Safety”).
Work Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Analysis of Environmental Samples--《Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory》2008年04期. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-FXSY200804033.htm. Accessed 11 Dec. 2019.
Calis, Job C. J., et al. “Research Article ( New England Journal of Medicine ) Severe Anemia in Malawian Children.” Malawi Medical Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, Jan. 2016, pp. 99-107–107.
“E-Cigarette Safety.” Cancer Research UK, 28 Sept. 2017, https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/awareness-and-prevention/e-cigarette-hub-information-for-health-professionals/safety.
Miller, Clark A., et al. Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance. MIT Press, 2001.
Strasak, Alexander M., et al. “The Use of Statistics in Medical Research.” The American Statistician, vol. 61, no. 1, Feb. 2007, pp. 47–55. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, doi:10.1198/000313007X170242.
