How Can The Sex Trafficking Rate Be Reduced In Communities By Law Enforcement And What Actions Are Necessary To Make Them Possible?

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Annotated Bibliography

Breuil, Brenda Carina Oude, et al. "Human trafficking revisited: legal, enforcement and ethnographic narratives on sex trafficking to Western Europe." Trends in Organized Crime 14.1 (2011): 30-46.

The author Brenda along with her fellow researchers in their research paper investigated the ways by which victims and perpetrators are imagined in the context of females who have been trafficked to various parts of West Europe. The authors focused on three domains that are local law enforcement, ethnographic academic perspective and national law to analyze the perspective of people regarding sex trafficking. According to the author, the narratives of legal law enforcement diverge from the ethnographic narratives. Thus, there is a need to consider all three narratives to mitigate the issue of sex-trafficking. This will encourage realistic and locally adapted law enforcement practices.

Davy, Deanna. "Anti–human trafficking interventions: how do we know if they are working?." American journal of evaluation 37.4 (2016): 486-504.

The author Deanna Davy in her research discusses the issue of sex trafficking that is prevalent in our society. According to the author, many interventions are proposed earlier yet most of them were not evaluate to test their effectiveness. A quality evaluation serves as a key to determine whether the objectives of the interventions were fulfilled or not. Additionally, the author highlighted that the data collection techniques and evaluation methods of anti-trafficking programs have been insufficient. Although several challenges such as hidden victim populations are faces by the evaluators while evaluating anti-trafficking interventions yet still there is a huge need to examine the intervention closely before deploying it. Specifically, imposing evaluation requirements on organizations that are within the project funding arrangement can help in making policies and interventions that can reduce sex-trafficking.

Kotrla, Kimberly. "Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States." Social work 55.2 (2010): 181-187.

The author Kimberly Kotrla in her research highlighted the issue of minor sex trafficking in the US. According to the author, there has been an alarming increase in the issue of child sex trafficking. This heinous practice exists in the US is all because of the principle of supply and demand. Thousands of American children are subjected to commercial sexual exploitation because there exists an increasing demand for them in the market. Additionally, the author also discussed the factor of cultural tolerance. According to the author, in the Netherlands, Jamaica, US, and Japan the reason for increased child sex trafficking is due to the culture that supports sex traffic markets. The author also proposed several interventions such as practice and agency-based responses and the need for awareness among people to reduce child sex trafficking.

Litam, Stacey Diane A. "Human Sex Trafficking in America: What Counselors Need to Know." Professional Counselor 7.1 (2017): 45-61.

The author Stacey in her research paper discussed the social justice issue of human sex trafficking. According to her, sex trafficking is a form of modern slavery. Furthermore, she highlighted several factors that are the reason for the widespread of this issue. The author discussed the association of location with sex trafficking. The author highlighted that people belonging from third world countries are the ones have a large supply of victims. This is because mostly underdeveloped countries due to poverty, war and other social crisis and therefore sex traffickers can lure victims by promising them a safe future. The author also discussed inter and intrapersonal risk factors. According to her females are more likely to become a target of sex traffickers due to their huge demand. Thus, there is a need to treat the victims of sex trafficking effectively to help them cope up with the trauma.

Market, Finding‘Common Ground’in Drug, et al. "Sex Trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims."

The author Robert Moody in his research paper discussed the role of law enforcement agencies in mitigating the issue of sex trafficking. According to the author, although congress created laws regarding sex trafficking yet still the issue is prevailing in our society. In these circumstances, there is an immense need to educate and aware of law enforcement agencies regarding this issue. The author provided examples of several case studies in which police officers had encounters with the sex traffickers many times but were failed to identify them. Due to this reason many sex traffickers were not caught red-handedly on time. This because of a lack of awareness and plan. According to the author, many sex traffickers were caught due to the information provided by the anonymous. Thus, developing a proper confidential system and educating law enforcement officers can help to prevent sex trafficking.

Sanchez, Rosario, and Sharon W. Stark. "The hard truth about human trafficking." Nursing management 45.1 (2014): 18-23.

The author Rosario along with her fellow researcher Sharon in described sex trafficking as modern slavery in her article According to the author, victims of sex trafficking are only subjected to sexual abuse but they had to face emotional and physical abuse as well. This results in serious health issue especially, child victims are more to develop several mental disorders when they are subjected to reduce. Additionally, forensic nurses can help a lot in improving the health of the victims however law enforcement agencies must educate people regarding this issue as well. According to the author, several policies are there that can reduce sex trafficking yet there is a need for collective efforts from both law enforcement agencies, healthcare departments, and communities to mitigate the issue of sex trafficking.

Samarasinghe, Vidyamali, and Barbara Burton. "Strategising prevention: A critical review of local initiatives to prevent female sex trafficking." Development in Practice 17.1 (2007): 51-64.

The author vidyamali along with her fellow researchers discussed several local initiatives to prevent female sex trafficking. According to the author, due to macro-economic reforms, females can attain new paid jobs that also increased women’s mobility across the borders. However, owing to the economic vulnerabilities, sex traffickers are exploiting women by luring them and promising them to get highly paid jobs. Furthermore, the author focused on the prevention of sex trafficking by recommending, anti-trafficking training sessions for both law enforcement officials and community people so that people can get awareness regarding this issue. Specifically, females residing in third world countries must be educated so that they can protect themselves from sex traffickers.

Wilson, Jeremy M., and Erin Dalton. "Human trafficking in the heartland: Variation in law enforcement awareness and response." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24.3 (2008): 296-313.

The author Jeremy in his research paper discussed the characteristics of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The author further limited the research by selecting states like Ohio, Columbus and Toledo to determine the causes of sex trafficking and the role of law enforcement officials in each state. The author discussed five different cases and observed that in most of the sex trafficking cases victims were largely from the local area. In contrast, human trafficking for forced labor include victims belonging from foreign countries. The author suggested that there is a need to refine old law enforcement departmental policies and also improved collaboration above different departments of law enforcement agencies to crack down against the sex-traffickers.

Works Cited

Breuil, Brenda Carina Oude, et al. "Human trafficking revisited: legal, enforcement and ethnographic narratives on sex trafficking to Western Europe." Trends in Organized Crime 14.1 (2011): 30-46.

Davy, Deanna. "Anti–human trafficking interventions: how do we know if they are working?." American journal of evaluation 37.4 (2016): 486-504.

Kotrla, Kimberly. "Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States." Social work 55.2 (2010): 181-187.

Litam, Stacey Diane A. "Human Sex Trafficking in America: What Counselors Need to Know." Professional Counselor 7.1 (2017): 45-61.

Market, Finding‘Common Ground’in Drug, et al. "Sex Trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims."

Sanchez, Rosario, and Sharon W. Stark. "The hard truth about human trafficking." Nursing management 45.1 (2014): 18-23.

Samarasinghe, Vidyamali, and Barbara Burton. "Strategising prevention: A critical review of local initiatives to prevent female sex trafficking." Development in Practice 17.1 (2007): 51-64.

Wilson, Jeremy M., and Erin Dalton. "Human trafficking in the heartland: Variation in law enforcement awareness and response." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24.3 (2008): 296-313.