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Annotated Bibliography
"Mansoor, The WTO Versus The ILO And The Case Of Child Labour." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. From
http://www.bailii.org/uk/other/journals/WebJCLI/2004/issue2/mansoor2.html
According to the database of Current Legal issues, it has been brought into insight that child labor is the product of an interaction between social organization and poverty. Children are doomed to infer and opt employment just because of the increasing necessities, that are sanctioned by society. Child labor is a threat that denies the importance of child education, protection, and leisure. In accordance with the Convention of 182, there is no way out to address child labor and domestic work because it has taken a prominent space in the framework of society. It is the responsibility of government to overcome the increasing stance of child labor by inferring economic and socio-economic strategies. Initiatives such as dismissal of children from work stations such as factories and industries are needed, side by side child-sensitive approaches are required that can protect the rights of children and prohibit child employment. The record also inferred that there is no spectrum promoted by GATT/ WTO that can address social classes to prevent child labor and domestic work.
"AA (Unattended Children) Afghanistan CG [2012] UKUT 16 (IAC) (01 February 2012)." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 26 Feb. 2019, from https://www.bailii.org/databases.html
According to the information collected from the database of Bailii, “Unattended children Afghanistan” depicts a strong and heartwrenching scenario of child labor and domestic work. It has been brought into insight that the evidence that was presented beforeTribunal does not modify the position that was already portrayed in the context of decreased indiscriminate violence. There are several reasons that contribute to child labor and domestic violence, addressing in Afghanistan a large proportion of children are trafficked and it is one of the main cause that has made entities prone to domestic work. In a simplified form, the government efforts and economic set of initiative stand nowhere in the present time that can cater to the needs of children. However, it is also highlighted that there is a dire need to support families because children other than those who are trafficked are a subject to “earn lively hood “ for families because of lack of resources that can fulfill the needs of family life. An initiative such as joining AIRE Centre was approved in April, but it has not been brought into practice by now.
"YY V Minister For Justice And Equality (No.1) [2017] IEHC 176 (13 March 2017)." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. From, http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2017/H176.html
The article highlights the facts and figures that were designed to address the growing threat of child labor and domestic violence, taking into account that the philosophy of Natural Rights was reemphasized by 2015. In accordance with the 31 amendments inserting article 42 A.1 in High Court of Ireland Decision, it is significant to note that the collection of rights were much similar to the actual rights of human beings as recognized by the constitution. In accordance with the law, it has been inferred to bring into practice such initiatives that can address the continuity of human life cycle with natural rights such as food, education, desires, and leisure. Reviewing certain case studies and past hearings, it has been brought into limelight that there is a need of proper approach that can bring practical application for asylum or a humanitarian stance for the protection of rights of children. Side by side, a major section of discussion incorporated the "acts of gender-specific rights and gender-specific nature."
Assaad, Ragui, et al. “The Effect of Domestic Work on Girls' Schooling: Evidence from Egypt.” Feminist Economics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010, pp. 79–128.
The database result from KU Libraries brought into insight another aspect of child labor taking into account that the overall framework of child labor and domestic work refers to the boys who are made to engage in earning a living. It is necessary to highlight that there is a dire need to accept that child labor is a global dilemma. Taking into account the Egyptian girls, it has been recorded that a large variety of household tasks is taken from them. Where it is significant to note that doing household is usually not considered as a part of labor. The database underwent an analysis of the educational records and inferred that the household had a negative effect on the attendance of girls in schools. It has been highlighted to make use of a modified bivariate probit approach that can estimate and calculate the effects of work on the school going population. A stance of special attention is reported to be required of the government to initiate policy framework that can address the lower records of attendance. In a nutshell, the aim of the record was to infer the formulation of policies that can ban the labor workforce so that effect on the education of children can be mitigated. It also opened insight into other initiatives such as better future prospects, improved infrastructure and water, and sanitation outlets.
Dammert, Ana. “Siblings, Child Labor, and Schooling in Nicaragua and Guatemala.” Journal of Population Economics, vol. 23, no. 1, 2010, pp. 199–224.
The database inferred and highlighted the relationship that exists between household, gender and the difference between siblings taking into account the ratio of child labor and domestic work, in accordance with the schooling and academic ratio of Guatemalan and Nicaraguan children. The overall outcome of the collection of data was to infer and highlight the fact that the older boys are more engaged in domestic work and household, in contrast to girls who are doomed to spend more time in domestic work rather than their younger siblings. However, a major section of the data collected inferred that this practice is void of gender differences; a child has to work be it a girl or a boy. All the information collected to proceed with the analysis inferred that the ratio of child labor has a direct relationship with the decreased rate of schooling. It is significant to note that population is also considered as one of the factors that promote the increase rate of child labor and domestic work because there are more needy people with fewer resources and in order to meet life standards, children are made to work.
Yang, Juhua. “Gendered Division of Domestic Work and Willingness to Have More Children in China.” Demographic Research, vol. 37, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1949–1974.
The knowledge from database inferred that the theme of fertility research had been shifted from “gender equality” to “how gender equality suppresses fertility." The aim of the paper was to analyze and infer the relationship that exists between gender equality and fertility among the respondent who was having an age of about 20-40 years. Surveys from China Health and Nutrition center specified the facts and figures concerned with Child labor and domestic work in China. It was analyzed that certain biological and cultural factors were involved in it, addressing that a large proportion of men were involved in domestic households. Although there is a restriction on a number of children still, there is an interference of gender norms directly associated with child labor and domestic work. Although a different point of view is mentioned; still it is highlighted that there should be a division of gendered duties in terms of domestic work because as per china's perspective, no more than two children are acceptable, so there is a greater adherence towards the gendered roles.
Muhumuza, Tony. “Does Access to Local Markets Influence Child Labor? Evidence from Rural Uganda.” African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 2015, pp. 431–452.
The KU database highlighted an aspect of child labor and domestic work, taking into account that there is a dire need to analyze the relationship between child labor and rural products market. The aim of the research was to find out a relationship that exists between the rural development and the increasing ratio of child labor. It has been inferred that the rural market has the potential to drag the attention of people from academics to the child labor and ultimately domestic work if the paradigm of industry linked with the household. In a nutshell, another side of demographics is shown where it is inferred that increased heed to local market has brought people in close coordination with economic resources and ease of resources paves the way for earning better income and stand at a modified and standardized paradigm of living. It automatically suppresses the long term effect of rights of children such as education, preferring prevalent benefits over long term goals.
Walts, Katherine. “Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime.” Social Inclusion, vol. 5, no. 2, 2017, pp. 59–68.
The database reports highlight the facts and figures that are associated with increased child labor trafficking in the United States, although there is a minor ratio of initiatives that have been taken to address the ratio of trafficking since it is a dilemma to address. The paper calculated and demonstrated the cases of children who were forced to do domestic households and work in factories, peddling candy and restaurants. The aim of the paper is to infer a topic rather than sex trafficking, adhering to the fact that there is a systematic gap in the framework of policy-making and research that was brought into practice later on. The paper concluded on a reference of Trafficking Victims Protection Act that can highlight and act as a rescue for mitigating the increasing threat of trafficking. It is inferred that child labor trafficking is a baseline that has compromised the actual stance of rights and regulations that are announced by the government. Each case of labor trafficking depicts a different story of gaps that are increased over time, demanding greater attention to government policies and non-government initiatives.
"Child Labour And Domestic Work (IPEC) ." Ilo.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/lang--en/index.htm
A magazine was published in the International Labor Organization that inferred the explanation of "domestic work." The aim of the article is to highlight and bring into insight the Convention No 189, according to which domestic work refers to the household that is associated with an employment relationship. Major attention is given to the children's work in the domestic household, taking into account that children are now treated as a third party or a section of “mini employees”. The article explained both nonpermissible and permissible situations, trying to highlight the push and pull factors. International Labour Organisation highlighted a number of hazards in which handling with aids, uses of toxic substances and physical and verbal violence has been considered as a major threat. The data collected from different sources revealed that there are about 67.1% of girl children who are domestic workers and about 65.1% of child workers are below 14 years of age while the stance of child labor is touching all the regions of the world.
"Domestic Work Is Not For Children." Ilo.org. N. p., 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. Retrieved from, https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/world-of-work magazine/articles/WCMS_123568/lang--en/index.html
“Domestic work is not for children” is an article that aimed at highlighting the framework of child labor and domestic work. The article is written by Bill Salter taking into account that child abuse and child labor are directly linked with each other. Certain highlights were inferred taking into account that International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour and the Royal Government of Cambodia is making efforts to overcome the increasing threat of child labor by chalking out ways that can act as a guide to promote homogeneity of rights of children. A troubling aspect has also been highlighted that infers that a guide has also been published to address the issues that children are facing. The author has inferred ratifications meant for the abolition of the forced labors taking into account a new anti-trafficking law.
Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, and Max Roser. "Child Labor." Our World in Data (2016):. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor
An article was written by Esteban Ortiz Ospina and Max Rozer, taking into account the International Labor Organization and the latest efforts of the World Report on Child Labour. It has been highlighted that there are about 265 million children in the world among which 17% of the children are a victim of child labor. In accordance with the publically available data, it has been inferred that the greatest ratio of child labor has been recorded in Sub Saharan Africa. The aim of the article is to determine the factors that promote child labor. The author stressed that low living standards are a major cause of promoting child labor, accompanied by violence. The urge of living is so appealing that it has made families void of the basic rights towards their children. It has been highlighted that there is a massive decrease in the trends of child labor in certain larger countries such as United Kingdom, because certain efforts were made in those countries to mitigate the increasing ratio of child labor and domestic work. According to the data collected from Marking Progress Against Child Labour, it has been taken into account that children of age 5 to 17 years are more towards child labor. There are two paradigms that are associated with child labor age, 5-14 and 15 to 17 years. The author added that it is concluded, children engaged in child labor are not attending schools; they are void of educational standards and academic enlightenment.
Ballet, Jérôme, and Augendra Bhukuth. "Introduction: From Child Labour to Child Exploitation." Child Exploitation in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 1-13.
An account of child labor in a book inferred that the International Labour Organisation highlighted that about 15.5 million children are a victim of child labor. Child labor is termed as one of the most exploitative forms of child related actions in the world. A child is doomed to support in day to day home tasks, such tasks include running errands gardening and selling of goods. There are different factors and reasons behind increasing child labor and domestic works such as lack of education facilities, a greater trend of earning more and lack of awareness towards seeking education. Although several laws and convections are passed that have a direct relationship with facilitating the children who are surviving under the pressure of earning a living and provide them with basic necessities of life. It has been proposed that the government should try to facilitate the families in terms of options of employment so that there can be a reduction in the trends of promoting child labor.
Work Cited
"AA (Unattended Children) Afghanistan CG [2012] UKUT 16 (IAC) (01 February 2012)." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. from https://www.bailii.org/databases.html
"Child Labour And Domestic Work (IPEC) ." Ilo.org. N. p., 2019. Web. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/lang--en/index.htm
"Domestic Work Is Not For Children." Ilo.org. N. p., 2010. Web. Retrieved from, https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/world-of-work magazine/articles/WCMS_123568/lang--en/index.html
"Mansoor, The WTO Versus The ILO And The Case Of Child Labour." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 26 Feb. 2019. From
http://www.bailii.org/uk/other/journals/WebJCLI/2004/issue2/mansoor2.html
"YY V Minister For Justice And Equality (No.1) [2017] IEHC 176 (13 March 2017)." Bailii.org. N. p., 2019. Web. From, http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2017/H176.html
Assaad, Ragui, et al. “The Effect of Domestic Work on Girls' Schooling: Evidence from Egypt.” Feminist Economics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010, pp. 79–128.
Ballet, Jérôme, and Augendra Bhukuth. "Introduction: From Child Labour to Child Exploitation." Child Exploitation in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 1-13.
Dammert, Ana. “Siblings, Child Labor, and Schooling in Nicaragua and Guatemala.” Journal of Population Economics, vol. 23, no. 1, 2010, pp. 199–224.
Muhumuza, Tony. “Does Access to Local Markets Influence Child Labor? Evidence from Rural Uganda.” African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 2015, pp. 431–452.
Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, and Max Roser. "Child Labor." Our World in Data (2016):. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor
Walts, Katherine. “Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime.” Social Inclusion, vol. 5, no. 2, 2017, pp. 59–68.
Yang, Juhua. “Gendered Division of Domestic Work and Willingness to Have More Children in China.” Demographic Research, vol. 37, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1949–1974.
