2 Discussions 250 Words Each



2 Discussions[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

2 Discussions

Discussion 1

Q 1. The study of the past is an important aspect for making notable discoveries in the present scenarios. Scientists get a better understanding of the conditions and climate of our planet and the circumstances in which life existed in previous times through these studies. Hence, the scientists, especially biologists, geologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, and physicists should actively participate in conducting such researchers, in order to pave the way for new discoveries (Chapter 17, Chapter 18).

Q 2. The studies and researches require a tremendous amount of funding, especially scientific research studies. The studies conducted on the historical aspects of places and life demand a large number of funds in order to complete the research successfully as they often require traveling and digging through heavy equipment. So, to serve the purpose of the study, governments and policymakers should participate more and more in providing the funds for this purpose.

Q 3. The past researches whether successful or unsuccessful, hold great importance for a researcher himself as well as for those individuals who intend to carry on further studies in the same area. So the research studies conducted in the past should be reported to the department directly, or the ministry related to the concerned area so that it can keep the records safe for providing the information to governments and upcoming researchers.

Q 4. The research of the preceding aspects of the planet earth is extremely necessary as it gives insight about the climate and conditions of the primitive days and the quality of life that was being led by the early individuals roaming on the on our planet.

Discussion 2

Maryland D.C. is thriving with many museums and many historical places. I have always been fond of visiting any such place where I can have fun as well as learning, so I decided to visit a science museum along with my family.

The time I entered the museum, my top priority was to focus on the ecology of life and various forms of life that had become extinct. I saw a giant skeleton of a dinosaur placed in the middle of the floor of the museum. It was so huge that I had to look up at a greet angle in order to ultimately see it. It was carefully structured up and was standing erect and tall. I got to know about the actual size of the dinosaurs that existed in the earliest stages of the Earth and was surprised to see it.

There was another section that contained the fossils of the animals that had become extinct. These fossils had been discovered while digging from various locations and had been assembled in this museum. I could also see the stones on which there were imprints of plants and various other forms which had remained buried in the earth for an extended period of time before finally getting discovered.

In short, it was a great day; I enjoyed more than I had expected and got lots of information as well. All this information helped me in understanding the syllabus taught in our textbooks as I compared and checked all the information with the texts provided in the books.

References

Chapter 17, Chapter 18, Biology.

2 Paragraphs

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Hitler’s Speech (2 paragraphs)

Hitler was a persuasive orator and deliberately induced his ideology into his followers through his famous words and dominant personality. There always have been such an influencing and triggering words and pitch in his voice that people were almost forced to admire his words and get excited over his speech. He used words with the association to the German sentiments, for instance, while referring to Germany he spoke words of strength and power but when speaking about the enemies or Marxist he uttered words that showed weakness and his most favorite word was of ‘pacifist’ he used this word for showing ultimate weakness. His other technique was using the ‘either-or' fallacy. He created false dilemma into his follower's mind and convinced them that even though what they are doing is unethical but it is the only right option and that's what the next person deserves, i.e., his famous statement "either the German people conquer the Jews or the Jews will subjugate them."

The Germans came under his influence due to their conditions after the Treaty of Versailles, as their life was ruined and deteriorated and they felt betrayed by their Government. Thus, the period of turmoil and depression favored Hitler in his campaign, all just due to the vulnerable state of the Germans. This factor was helpful for Hitler to convince his audience that they were considered as inferior all over the world and that their government is against them. Hitler’s strategic speeches and persona made him influential over the Germans along with the circumstances of Germany after the treaty of Versailles. He even used this treaty as evidence for the dangerous condition in which Germans are, in his speeches, as he believed that Germans were treated as subhuman. However, Hitler had this personality of a competent and influential speaker which was an undeniably strong factor for the impact on the Germans.

2 Reflection Paper

Zi Xin Chiu

Dr. W. A. Mitchell

RELS 110

xx August 2019

Reflection Paper

Whether or not the topic that mattered greatly to you in week 5 has changed, why or why not?

I have always been a firm believer of the fact that there are certain things about an individual that they cannot control. They cannot control when they were born, who they were born to, what nation and religion they were born in. Yet, the most important aspect of a person, one they have no control over, is the color of the skin.

This is what racism is all about at its core. It makes people wish they could change things about themselves that they have no control over just because another group of human beings makes them feel this way. They are faultless in the matter, yet they have been a victimized for something that has no control over. More often than not, racism finds its roots in religion. People try to understand religion through the lens of social media, which often fails to provide them with the nuances of the matter. These individuals are not only ill-informed, but their reliance on the manipulation of different ideas using mass media makes them inconsiderate, loud and extreme in their behavior. In their opinion, joking about a stereotype associated with certain ethnic groups is justified since it is all in good fun and they mean no harm. Their choice to express negative sentiments about people from other nation does not bother them, just because they are entitled to their opinion. This is also the reason why it is rather easy for them to make someone feel small by posting a terse and negative comment about an individual online with no remorse. They have no qualm about intimidating people because of their race. They can go as far as to abuse people on the basis of their race and religious affiliations just because, in their opinion, these people do not belong. They heartless exclude people from their group because of their nationality and yet, they do not deign to accept the fact that they are racist.

Having been personally subjected to both stereotyping and racism, racism is a matter that I hold rather close to my heart. I was always passionate about finding ways to deal with the issue in a productive manner, where I could not only find why people do what they do and behave the way that they behave. However, no matter how hard I tried, I could never quite understand why people could choose to be so cold and unfeeling towards people with different ethnicity or nationality then themselves. We do not get to choose our appearance. While our looks and our ethnicity certainly sets us apart, it is not a valid enough reason for race discrimination in society. The notion is basically wrong at its core. There is no perfect solution to this epidemic of sorts really. However, there are certain ways that we can limit the spread of racism. All we have to do is simply think before we speak, especially if it concerns any nationality, race or ethnicity. Only through tolerance and kindness can the issue that is presented by racism be tackled in a justified manner.

Whether or not the study of these world religions has offered you a better way to respond to the issues you care about or not?

From my recent review of three of the most followed religions in the world, at present, I have learned one thing. No religion in the world, no matter how it is presented on social media, propagates the worst aspects of society, such as racism. Contrary to popular belief, all of them, Christianity, Buddhism, and even Islam teaches its followers to be tolerant of the differences between themselves. It teaches them to accept people with open arms. To shun people when they are committing a grave sin, but to bring them back into the fold of believers if they are repentant and seek to change their ways. I have learned a number of new things on the subject. However, I still firmly believe that there is no religion in the world that is racist at its core or promotes racism in any way. Instead of changing the way that I think, my recent perusal of facts has only added to my earlier beliefs. We, men, as a whole are racist at our core. While we may want to blame religion, nationality or the world around us for our actions, it is definitely untrue at best.

Racism is a phenomenon that exists across the globe and it is a prevalent issue for all civilizations. This problem exists only because of men and it can only be solved through men, their conscious raising and continuous education on the subject. Racism, though a phenomenon in itself, only divides people between “them” and “us”. This issue with the color of one’s skin and their origin only holds water when we stop being tolerant of the differences between ourselves. Subtle racism in society, if left to fester, can cause to victims to become mentally, socially, and even physically vulnerable. While the overt form of racism is addressed, and solution to it is being discussed, the covert form of racism is left to fester within individuals and is often left untreated, causing racism to become a vicious and untreatable cycle.

If we tackle the subject from a religious point of view alone, then religion, all religions, condemn racism and the practice of making people believe that they are lesser than their peers. The scripture, in Christianity, condemns the practice of racism in more than ten places. It calls all believers one in the eye of the Christ and states that the Lord has created man in his own image, thus being unkind and prejudiced against anyone that has been created in his image is nothing short of a sin. In Islam, the Holy Quran says that no one among you is superior to another, except on the basis of piety. Just like Christianity, Islam calls all believers as one. It says that an Arab has no superiority over a foreigner and vice versa in the eyes of the Lord. Thus, no matter what the color of your skin, Islam treats you the same as everyone. Thus, after reviewing what various religions have to say on the subject, the view that I previously held is only strengthened. All people regardless of their nationality and skin specifications should be treated in the same way, equally.

2.2 Threaded Discussion: Dictated Bible View, Bibliolatry, Etc.

Title page

Threaded question

I agree with Oslon’s placement view that Bible was dictated as an alternative. This can be understood by the role of Luther who distinguished between God’s revelation and in Jesus and scriptures. I agree with Oslon’s ideology that Christians accepted the existence of God through Jesus’s teachings. The teachings of the worship and faithful preaching taught them to do good and fulfill their duty. God’s nature and attributes reflects his greatness and convince Christians to stay good with others. Their theology of spirituality also reveals that God has the power of destroying everything including his creation.

I think bibliolatry indicates extreme devotion of Christians towards Bible. Every Christian having faith in God and Bible give some time to bibliolatry. My personal encounter with different Christians depicts that they are engaged in worship such as reading Bible or visiting church. I have seen people bowing down before Bible and worshipping the idol. This reflects that Christians are inclined to elevate Bible to the point where they confer the belief that it is equal to God. I have seen these people think that reading Bible is of more significance that establishing a relationship or connectivity with Jesus CITATION Don96 \l 1033 (McKim, 1996).

Some preachers today see Bible as a historical novel or work of fiction because it contain stories and events related to the life of Jesus. Also it contain historical details about Christian heritage and old traditions. They also believe that the events encountered by Jesus represents stories of the ancient Christianity. The dialogues between people and Christians also make them believe on the fictional nature of Bible. The book contain the events of the life of Jesus that makes it a fictional novel CITATION Rog02 \l 1033 (Olson, 2002).

Open-ended question: Is reading Bible more important than establishing connectivity with God?

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY McKim, D. (1996). he Westminster Dictionary of Theological Term. John Knox Press.

Olson, R. E. (2002). The Mosaic oof Christian Belief. IVP Academic.

2004 National Geographic Article

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

2004 National Geographic Article

Article Review:

The cover story of National Geographic science writer, sought attention at global level, when he wrote this article, about Darwin’s theory of evolution, that created uncertainty about Darwin's work. This article provokes an instinct in the readers that was Darwin right? Charles Darwin proposed an idea that life works on the concept of natural selection. By this, he meant that there exist complexity, adaptation, and diversity among the creatures of world. There is a large number of theories that have been proposed by many researchers and scientists, such as the theory of atom, theory of revolution of sun and many others, but specific observations and experimentations have been done by many experts that confirmed about all these theories to be true, leaving no space for us to have doubts about such theories in mind. But in this article, this point has been made clear that science only believes in evidence and anything that lacks for providing sufficient shreds of evidence is rejected by science. Generally, people are living their lives by trusting the theories that have been proposed by scientists like Darwin. In this article, Quammen put forth his opinion about Darwin, he believes that people usually discard Darwin’s theory of evolution, without having any awareness why they do not agree with Darwin's theory, but this article is of great importance as in this article he laid out a few proofs that put reader in a conflict that was Darwin wrong?

Quammen first started by pointing towards the critical features of Darwin's theory, that there is a historical phenomenon suggesting, all species are being derived from mutual descendants, and there is a substantial impact of the central mechanisms on this phenomenon as well. Quammen categorized the pieces of evidence given by Darwin into the following four categories that are biogeography, paleontology, embryology, and morphology. In this article, a general perception was given that there are almost 37 percent Americans who polled in favor of God and Darwin that, all was a mean of creation. One of the significant things that could be found in this article is that author, David Quammen, highlighted a primary concern of many Christians and Jewish, who got offended by the concept of evolution of Darwin. Theory of Darwin has a direct conflict with the Book of Genesis. Not only Christians and Jewish were against Darwin's point of view about evolution, even Muslims were also equally against. One of the famous Muslim authors, who wrote “The Evolution Deceit” Harun Yahya, also opposed the ideology of Darwinism and explained six-day creation story of this world, by giving the reference of Koran. Harun Yahya also claimed that Darwin's theory of evolution is merely a deception that has been imposed on us. Hindus also protested against the theory as per their religious concept there are almost 8,400,000 species of life from the start of the world. Quammen suggested that, it is crucial for modern day life to know about evolution, as it would help us in understanding many concepts and fields of life such as medical science, welfare, and many others.

David Quammen has raised a question, if human were evolved not created as they are today than there must have happened something. It is crucial to know what happened and even necessary is to know how it has happened that caused such a drastic change in humans. If looked back into the past, we are going to find that many thinkers proposed their work on the topic of evolution, but what made Darwin's work so remarkable is, it offered a rational explanation about how the process of evolution must have proceeded. Anagenesis is an evolutionary process, in which it is believed that species got transformed, there was another concept that is known as speciation. According to Darwin sometimes there occurs a change not in the whole specie but just in a particular segment that gradually makes its way other than the original species. In this article, it has been argued that though Darwin gave many ideas about evolution and he is right in many as well, but this does not mean that he is right in all the ideas that he gave. Many of his notions were illusionary and mistaken as well.

One central idea of Darwin’s theory of evolution that made him famous in the world is his idea that all the species of organisms are being developed through the process of natural selection and inherit variation made them more competent and enable them to survive in the harsh environment, and those who were fittest of all survived. But David has raised many concerns about the concept of evolution that was given by Darwin. He said that as claimed by Darwin there was some mutation process that make changes in the early form of the organism and continuous mutation in their genetic material brought them to the form in which many species are present in today's world. But Quammen points out that many viruses keep on changing, by giving the example of HIV, he claimed that some viruses evolve quickly, but some evolve slowly. HIV is one of the fast-replicating viruses that involve a high rate of mutation. Even this thing has always been an issue of great importance for the scientists that every time, they discover some drugs or other sources for curing HIV, it comes with mutation by changing its forms, and every time it adopts a new form. But he also claimed that this fact could not be denied that ideas come and go, but only the fittest survive. In this article, the work of Gingerich has been mentioned who has been satisfying him by answering the question related to evolution and by seeing the fossils for the past thirty years. He also claims that evidence is there, evidences are buried in the rocks of ages.

Discussion:

From this article, one thing that could be seen as most obvious is, Darwin's theory is helping for knowing the process of evolution, but it cannot be blindly trusted as there are many things in his theory that are impossible to accept. There is no doubt that he revealed many secrets and his theory is one of the most influential theories related to evolution proposed ever, but there are some clear are obvious flaws that cannot be neglected as well. One of the main concerns about his theory is, he claimed that all the organisms were evolved from a common origin, which means that human beings were not created in the form as they are present today. In simple words, it could be said that Darwin's theory of evolution was in direct contrast with religious teachings of many essential religions of the world, such as Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism, etc.

So as a whole, it could be concluded that Darwin was not at all right and there is a need to reconsider his theory that claims a single origin to be the ancestor of all species. Study of this article gives an insight to the readers and those who critically evaluate it that was Darwin wrong or right? There come many questions in the mind of the readers about his existence. But from the studies one thing becomes quite clear that the title of the article is perfect as it does not says, Was Darwin right? Instead, it says, Was Darwin wrong? Many flaws could be felt in his theory.

2013 West Texas Ammonium Explosion

2013 West Texas Ammonium Explosion

Jorge Pacheco

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

2013 West Texas Ammonium Explosion

Overview

It was the 17th of April 2013, when 15 people got killed and 200 people were injured in an ammonium nitrate explosion in West Fertilizer Company distribution facility and storage located in West of Texas, for which emergency service responded immediately ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QPOGx62T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Babrauskas, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Babrauskas, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1128,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WT4A7BZA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WT4A7BZA"],"itemData":{"id":1128,"type":"article-journal","title":"The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion: A failure of regulation","container-title":"Journal of Fire Sciences","page":"396-414","volume":"35","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"On 17 April 2013, the West Fertilizer Company’s ammonium nitrate storage building exploded, killing 15 persons and injuring over 200. Numerous Federal and State agencies regulated the facility. But none of the agencies demonstrated a viable understanding of what is liable to cause accidental ammonium nitrate explosions, nor what is needed to prevent these. Specifically, none of them recognized the fact that ammonium nitrate fertilizer explosion accidents, when they occur, are inevitably the consequence of an uncontrolled fire and that such fires can be precluded by well-known fire safety measures. In fact, existing regulations have generally focused on everything but features needed to make such storage facilities incapable of sustaining an uncontrolled fire. Ammonium nitrate manufacturers, however, did have technical knowledge concerning safety and were aware of the ineffectiveness of governmental regulations. Espousing proper Product Stewardship principles by the manufacturers would have precluded selling dangerous chemicals to buyers who cannot safely store them.","DOI":"10.1177/0734904116685723","shortTitle":"The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Fire Sciences","author":[{"family":"Babrauskas","given":"Vytenis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Babrauskas, 2017). There are several companies which store fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate (FGAN), this material is stored under a certain temperature. Ammonium Nitrate, when exposed to higher temperature levels and shock waves it get explodes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"z4vhDqID","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Willey, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Willey, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1130,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JLKCBHXV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JLKCBHXV"],"itemData":{"id":1130,"type":"article-journal","title":"West Fertilizer Company fire and explosion: A summary of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board report","container-title":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries","page":"132-138","volume":"49","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"Storage of fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate (FGAN) is common worldwide. The material is stable when stored at ambient temperatures. However, ammonium nitrate is explosive when exposed to higher temperatures and/or a shock wave source. The presence of even 0.2% carbon adds to the blast potential. This paper summarizes the key finding of an ammonium nitrate explosion that occurred at a FGAN storage facility on 17 April 2013 in West, Texas, USA. 15 people were killed including12 emergency responders who were fighting a fire that occurred on the property before the explosion. Over 260 were injured. The key lessons learned are reviewed and recommendations are offered below.","URL":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423017305429","DOI":"10.1016/j.jlp.2017.06.008","ISSN":"0950-4230","shortTitle":"West Fertilizer Company fire and explosion","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Willey","given":"Ronald J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Willey, 2017). The building of Adair Grain Co. dry fertilizer storage caught fire, for which local operators and firefighters reached to control the fire. This fire completely demolished building, and some population of a community of West, Texas while, this community was located as town in center. It is said that this was designed as a timber-framed structure and this was constructed in 1962. However, construction and building remained same for years, but there were some repairing, adjustments some additional changes were made.

According to some news sources, this incident was miss-interpreted, and it was mentioned that there was 270 tons of Ammonium Nitrate stored inside storage plant ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yUEQNvDx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Laboureur et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Laboureur et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ZWU4RBDC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/ZWU4RBDC"],"itemData":{"id":1133,"type":"article-journal","title":"Case study and lessons learned from the ammonium nitrate explosion at the West Fertilizer facility","container-title":"Journal of hazardous materials","page":"164-172","volume":"308","author":[{"family":"Laboureur","given":"Delphine M."},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhe"},{"family":"Harding","given":"Brian Z."},{"family":"Pineda","given":"Alba"},{"family":"Pittman","given":"William C."},{"family":"Rosas","given":"Camilo"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiaojun"},{"family":"Mannan","given":"M. Sam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laboureur et al., 2016). This news was based on a regulatory report submitted by the company. Storage capacity of building was only 70 tons, however during explosion, a railcar loaded with 100 tons of AN was placed in near siding. It is said that this railcar moved to other places at the time of explosion which means that, it did not contribute to the incident. Proceeding with the discussion about building and its construction, it can be mentioned without any hesitation that this building was made with wood, plastic folding and a little steel was used for siding. The interior building was also designed with wood and there were bins placed for fertilizers which were made from wood. The only safety measure which this building had was placement of fire extinguishers. As the severity of explosion was higher and there were lesser chances of investigations to find a cause, but some investigations were carried to understand and identify reasons for this incidence. During process of investigation, no reliable factors were found but one of the main reason was mentioned to be electricity problem. There were also some hazardous and fire catching materials were placed in storage area of the company.

Investigations by The State Of Texas, The ATF And The CSB

Investigation for incidents such as Ammonium explosion in West Texas is important to identify factors responsible for causing huge impacts. More than 15 people had to lose their lives, this explosion also made a negative impact on environment, and number of people lost their earning sources. To ensure work safety, it is important to construct such buildings having fire extinguishers, and no fire catching materials. In case of this fertilizer company it is suggested that these products of fertilizers must be formulated in a way to avoid any sensitive situation, and it should have lower levels of chances of explosions.

This incident was investigated by different investigation agencies from the State of Texas, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) and Chemical Safety Board (CSB). These organizations are interconnected because they all work for safety and precautionary measures at workplaces and other public places. CSB started investigations for the incident because OSHA which works at federal level to ensure workers safety at their workplaces including exposures to chemicals and handling techniques. It is said that OSHA failed to investigate incidents like this therefore, CSB has to initiate an investigation. After occurrence of incident, owner of WFC was charged with a huge penalty but later due to severity of explosion, penalties were removed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1jaeRAvs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Babrauskas, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Babrauskas, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1128,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WT4A7BZA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/WT4A7BZA"],"itemData":{"id":1128,"type":"article-journal","title":"The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion: A failure of regulation","container-title":"Journal of Fire Sciences","page":"396-414","volume":"35","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"On 17 April 2013, the West Fertilizer Company’s ammonium nitrate storage building exploded, killing 15 persons and injuring over 200. Numerous Federal and State agencies regulated the facility. But none of the agencies demonstrated a viable understanding of what is liable to cause accidental ammonium nitrate explosions, nor what is needed to prevent these. Specifically, none of them recognized the fact that ammonium nitrate fertilizer explosion accidents, when they occur, are inevitably the consequence of an uncontrolled fire and that such fires can be precluded by well-known fire safety measures. In fact, existing regulations have generally focused on everything but features needed to make such storage facilities incapable of sustaining an uncontrolled fire. Ammonium nitrate manufacturers, however, did have technical knowledge concerning safety and were aware of the ineffectiveness of governmental regulations. Espousing proper Product Stewardship principles by the manufacturers would have precluded selling dangerous chemicals to buyers who cannot safely store them.","DOI":"10.1177/0734904116685723","shortTitle":"The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Fire Sciences","author":[{"family":"Babrauskas","given":"Vytenis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Babrauskas, 2017). CSB suggested some major measurements that were necessary to ensure safety and it also suggested some standards for a company.

ATF was also given responsibility to investigate explosion, investigation for explosion in the company included some hypothetical experiments, tests, and observations about that incident. This federal agency followed an investigation and concluded that ATF was unable to find any suspect, and any clue. However, ATF did not release any investigation report to federal regulatory authorities. When it comes to the State of Texas, they also investigated this explosion in company, the reasons for explosion were cigarettes and damaged wiring in the plant.

Interactions between these agencies

These investigation agencies collectively try to find and observe factors responsible for incidents like this. They come to a collective conclusion of their investigations and share a final report regarding incidents such as West Texas Ammonium explosion. These agencies concluded that the reason for this explosion was electricity mainly, secondly, designing of the company and thirdly smoking by workers.

Negative Corpus

Reasons for explosions were not identified, however, there were some reasons which were identified, but still, they were not reliable. Factors responsible for this fire were reported as damaged wiring (electricity), smoking and construction of the company which was designed with wood which catches fire immediately. Some of investigation agencies did not report their final investigation, they mentioned that they were not able to find any particular reason but common reason for this explosion is said to be caused by electricity. It is responsibility of the State of Texas to ensure workers' safety and appropriate strategic planning for the construction companies which should be followed by them to not risk lives of people in future.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Babrauskas, V. (2017). The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion: A failure of regulation. Journal of Fire Sciences, 35, 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904116685723

Laboureur, D. M., Han, Z., Harding, B. Z., Pineda, A., Pittman, W. C., Rosas, C., … Mannan, M. S. (2016). Case study and lessons learned from the ammonium nitrate explosion at the West Fertilizer facility. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 308, 164–172.

Willey, R. J. (2017). West Fertilizer Company fire and explosion: A summary of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board report. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 49, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2017.06.008

2014 Ebola Outbreak

2014 Ebola Virus Outbreak

Vicente Martinez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

The Assignment is the analysis of the Journal Article "Global Emergency Legal Responses to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak" published in "The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics" in 2014.

2014 Ebola Virus Outbreak

In March 2014, the World Health Organization, or WHO for short, declared an outbreak of the Ebola Virus in the Republic of Guinea has spread to the major parts of the region of West Africa. This outbreak was the most extensive one to date. Another alarming thing about this outbreak was the high number of children affected by the virus. Early data from the early studies indicated that one-fifth of the people infected were children CITATION Mar16 \l 3081 (Marlie Dulaurie, 2016).

In an article published in 2014, the researchers involved talk about the legal responses to the outbreak of the Ebola Virus and the methods employed for its control CITATION Jam14 \l 3081 (James G. Hodge, 2014). The researcher is highly critical in the introduction of this article as they discussed how the issue of the Ebola Virus is almost three decades old and there is still not a setup in place that can root the virus completely, as has been done in the case of the disease of Yaws and many others. They also declared that the WHO lacks what they term as the "teeth" to tackle the issues related to the virus.

In the third paragraph of the article, the writers pose that the questions about how the private and public sectors of the affected states will respond to the spread of the epidemic as they do not have the resources to counter this threat. They have said that only some "public health powers" are doing positive things in the course of the containment of the virus, while many are silent observers. The writers also say that the overall effort lacks a cohesive direction that can trample human rights while increasing the death toll in the region of West Africa.

In the fifth paragraph of the article, the writers criticize the numerous emergencies that are declared in the West Africa states to compensate for the lack of resources and equipment needed to fight the outbreak of the Ebola Virus. They declared these attempts as fruitless as they fail to achieve the goal, as they are numerous other problems that need to be addressed with the outbreak like the shortages of food and impacts on the economic stability of the states of West Africa. The writers are of the view that there should be corresponding attempts to address these issues as they are bound to create negative ripples in multiple affected areas.

In the seventh paragraph of the article, the writers bring up the future of West Africa in the light. They talk about the ongoing as well as future food shortages in the entire region. They also point out a dangerous level of decrease in the economic activities in the area that are the result of the outbreak of the virus, as well as its impacts. They also quote a sharp escalation in the cost of fighting the outbreak from Seventy-one million US dollars to almost Six Hundred Million US Dollars by the end of 2014. At the end of the paragraph, they conclude that the impact of the virus goes "well beyond the spread of Ebola".

In the end, the writers conclude that containment of the Ebola Virus is not possible without more international resources. Also, they think that enforcement of government measures like lockdowns; curfews and quarantines are unlikely to aid the fight against the outbreak of the Ebola Virus. In their view, these aforementioned measures will not aid the fight; rather they will act as hurdles in the movement of medicines, food and other necessities across the region of West Africa. In their views, these efforts, combined with greater humane efforts are the key to the resolution of this problem for the sake of the well-being of all Africans and the world.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY James G. Hodge, J. L. (2014). Global Emergency Legal Responses to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 42(4), 595-601.

Marlie Dulaurie, K. M. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities (Pharmacology CME). EB Medicine, https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopicSeg&topic_id=513&seg_id=8547.

3 Page Review On An Exhibition



Nature in the Colors of Ron Milewicz Paintings

[Enter your name here]

[Art 166/section #,]

[Enter the date of submission]

Nature in the Colors of Ron Milewicz Paintings

Milewicz has the art of playing with colours. He draws and nature starts reflecting from his paintings. The colours he uses to magnify things in the painting are marvellous. His pieces of art are all different. There is a natural theme different in all of them. Nature and Natural is what he reflects in his every word. I visited to view his art compilations at the New York studio school to view his exhibition which was titled as “Light Takes the Trees”. I have witnessed the paintings which all were based on the them that how the trees take hold of the natural light and at times, they reflect the fascination that appeals to the lovers of nature. His paintings at this exhibition all shared the same presumption that natural light has a taste that is every time smelled by the leaves, by the roots, by the trunks and by every inch of the soil. These all are in relation to each other. Like a scientist or a biologist maintains a view that they are linked in a scientific relation, Ron has elaborated their relation of visuals, as to how they are in a visual relation to each other.

I have been witnessing the exhibition for more than two or three hours. I tried my best to reach a conclusion that can give a soothing to my relationship with art. I have been a through spectator of Milewicz's work for quite a good time, but this time, Ron has taken the threads of my imaginations in his hands. I share the view of Leffingwell that Ron is an artist of the urban areas ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AzGxeW5s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Leffingwell)","plainCitation":"(Leffingwell)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":15,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/99JU2KNV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/99JU2KNV"],"itemData":{"id":15,"type":"book","title":"Ron Milewicz","publisher":"BRANT PUBL, INC 575 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Leffingwell","given":"E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Leffingwell), for him attractions are in the urban landscapes, but this time I had witnessed his soul and his imaginations wondering in a rural landscape. He has lost the vision of him, which he normally finds in an urban environment. Nature has grasped the vision of him this time. I have analyzed three paintings of him very attentively, and I had tried to view them with an idea to analyze them artistically. In this exhibition of him, he has worked over the sensitivity of nature and tried to reflect a relation of the natural lights and of the trees. I have got a sense, as Rom wants to depict how a single source of vision, might any time be important for many others. Like the sunlight is a single source, and the billions and billions of trees on the face of the earth grasp each day and every minute the light of it. This is a distribution that is every time justified. I have thoroughly viewed three drawing of him and the contrast and comparison is as follow

The first drawing that caught my attention was the tree without bushes. With an unilluminated white colour background. The tree seems standing firmly, and Rom has tried to depict that despite losing its attractions that are leaves, the tree still has some attractions. Compared to the other paintings, at the gallery, I have observed that by adding this one drawing Rom has tried to add another perception into his this collection. Since he is depicting the attractions of nature in this collection, he has presented contrasting images of nature. He has based his theme on the presumption that a relation of the natural light and the natural outlook of the trees all have everything to share. They all come close irrespective of the shapes in their external looks. Similarly not every day the sun shines that much bright, as it shines on a sunny day. On such days, the tress becomes customize to the light of the sun. This pictures based on this basic idea.

The next picture is of the trees that have left on their top trunks. They have created a kind of roof over the land and beneath them is darkness. Compared to the first one, this picture has been set on not that much shiny base. Although it implies the white colour to some extent but has been narrowed in portraying the white colour. The depiction in this picture is that the dark base under the leaves has still some spiritual understandings to nature. Contrasted to the other paintings, this drawing is not that much the life oriented. But still, it shares the imaginations of Rom. In this painting, specifically, a relation of the darkness of nature and its bleak relation with nature has been presented. The idea behind this drawing is that despite having disorders in the appearances, nature still sets some images that are always worth seeing.

The last drawing which I witnessed over there, I had given ample time to this. Since it was the last painting in the row, I had been observing while keeping the contrasting images of the previous paintings and observing the similarities in it and in all the previous ones. For me, I got an idea of magnanimity from this painting. The tree was shown like a mega body, fitted within a sphere of understanding between the sun, the earth and the sky. This picture has the depictions of all the previous paintings. It had darkness, it had the light, it had the magnanimity, it had nature and most of all it had Ron's art of imagination. The orders of the paintings displayed in this collection were as cut that every preceding picture was illustrating the ideas of the previous paintings. Hence, Ron's collection was mesmerizing.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Leffingwell, E. Ron Milewicz. BRANT PUBL, INC 575 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA, 2006.

3. Using Semiotic Theory To Analyse Online Communication Trends Like: Emoji, Memes, Gifs, Vines, Hashtags, Etc

Using Semiotic Theory to Analyze Online Communication Trends Like: Emoji, Memes, Gifs, Vines, Hashtags, etc.

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Using Semiotic Theory to Analyze Online Communication Trends Like: Emoji, Memes, Gifs, Vines, Hashtags, etc.

Introduction

Semiotics, also called semiology is the study of signs and usage of signs in the community or society. Semiotics are defined by a number of its funders but one of them defines semiotics as the study of “the life of signs and signature in a society.” The word of semiotics was firstly used in the 7th century by the English philosopher John Locke. Semiotics includes but not only signs, signatures, logos, gestures, and many other linguistic and non-linguistic methods of communication. The fine and accurate use and understanding of semiotics can be seen in one society while the understanding of semiotics cannot be done as fine in two different societies or communities because people and their thinking match to each other’s while the thoughts of people from different societies and communities differ from each other up to a very high extent. The word semiotics mainly describe the action of interpreting signs (Marchand, 2019).

Semiotics focuses on how individuals develop or create and interpret the meaning of signs and symbols which include how people visually communicate with the help of metaphor, analogy, metonymy, allegory, symbolism and other different means of expression (ThoughtCo, 2019). Hence, this paper is developed for the purpose to analyze and interpret the meaning and actual concept of semiotics. This term semiotics would be analyzed and interpreted by an in-depth analysis of its background, history, research studies, literature review, and exploration of founders and other main individuals.

Thesis Statement

It is the fact that the earliest form of communication was relied on signs and symbols while it can be seen everywhere in the present time. The signs, symbols, and a detailed concept of Semiotics can be seen applied to several things such as communication, animations, and conveying a particular message or concern, etc. The concept and implementation of semiotics in the communication for different purposes can contribute a lot to one’s experience with it (semiotics) by enhancing the understanding of the concept of Semiotics as it is a crucial equipment used in online communication.

Literature Review

The literature review of any topic under analysis or discussion is mainly proposed to elaborate on the concept and topic from its basis such as by studying the studies done about it in the past to present. So, the main concern and objective of this literature review is to investigate the concept of semiotics from every possible aspect.

Based on the statement of (Stables, et.al, 2018), a sign that helps in the communication is “something which stands to someone for something of meaning”. He stated that sign is one of the best tool to be used for communication. The sign is the tool that communicates and conveys a message which cannot be communicated verbally in some of the cases. This means that traffic symbols are the communication signs that communicate the messages which cannot be communicated effectively through verbal communication. From this study and explanation, a meaning can be gotten that a traffic signal such as DO NOT PARK HERE or DO NOT USE MOBILE WHEN DRIVING on the road and other specific areas are the best methods to communicate something important and in a credible way. In short, semiotics are the sources (signs and symbols) that are used to reveal the complexity of phenomena that look simple and clear on the surface but it does not include all of the variations and semiotics available. So, the same is the case with online communication. Many things can be communicated finely through the use of signs (semiotics) than a written message.

The study and contribution of (Stables, et.al, 2018), to the study of semiotics says that there are three, main categories of semiotics. These categories are; 1) Icon, that resembles its referent (e.g. different road signs), 2) Index, which is linked or associated with its referent (for example a smoke is a sign of fire or danger of fire), and 3) Symbol, which is linked with its referent only through its convection such a traffic signal etc. Beyond that, according to (Hodge, 2014), a sign or symbol can never give one and single all the time or in one time to different people or groups while the meaning of semiotics should be consistently qualified and changed as per the preceptor or observer and the situation or place.

(Islam, 2003), finds that three main colors work as signifiers in several signs and signals such as traffic signals whereas almost all of the main seven (7) colors are work in semiotics in signs and symbols used in online communication. While, in terms of practice, the person who is associated with the study of semiotics is called semiotician. In simple words, the person or individual who studies semiotics is a semiotician. There are several terms and concept which are used by contemporary semiotician. Hence, Saussure defined a sign of any motion, pattern, gesture, image or event that conveys something of meaning or that conveys a clear meaning (Oller, 1990). He defined language as grammar or structure and parole as a selection made by one individual as a speaker to communicate his or her meaning or convey his or her concern to the other (listener).

The analysis of human consciousness can be best done by studying the concept of semiotics. According to (Islam, 2003), the advancement of intelligence had occurred in three different steps. Analysis and understanding the nature of things, understanding and knowing that what to do or perform for achieving what is planned to be accomplished, and the ability to convey or communicate these things or concerns to others. Hence, semiotics has played a huge role in this development and enhancement.

According to (Li, 2017), Semiotics work the best when there is enough intelligence capable of learning and understanding from message and experience. Based on this argument or statement, modern semiotics look at the entire network and link of signs of symbols around one in a society, community, or culture and each of these signs and symbols mean different things in varying contexts, even sings and symbols that are similar and sound. In the tradition of the state of Australia, a sign is broken into three main parts based on the varying meaning and concept presented by each of the parts. These parts are, 1) the signifier, 2) the signified, and 3) the referent.

Body

There are several types of semiotics which are used in different areas especially in online communication. But! The most commonly used and known are;

Textual Signs

Writing or Writing Signs

Emoji, GIF, Memes

Each of the types convey a message and meaning differently. In short, our paper and next section of it would elaborate the above-mentioned types of semiotics.

Textual Signs

Textual signs or contextuality is a type of understated communication in which the things or message or concern that we write or say for the purpose to convey to others often is the process of recollecting shared between the sender and receiver. In online communication, the role of textual sign is very crucial and huge. It is so crucial and credible because textual signs help the most in one’s online communication with others. Beyond this, the textual signs also help to communicate a very huge message. For example, textual signs such as the name and logo Coca Cola and the style it has been written and designed to convey the entire company and its products to the public and the entire world. Despite this, there are several other references and examples exist which can be seen in today’s world and that are used the most for communicating meaningful information and message(s).

Metaphors can also act as meaningful stand-ins to the people and groups who are enough familiar with their cultures. One of the most credible and common examples of the metaphors is the statement “that coffee is much hotter than the Hades”. This is an intertextuality reference to the Judeo-Christian Bible, and it is even more than common. It even has no concern that whether where you have read the Bible. Furthermore, in the textual signs, the role of metonyms is also very common and used for communication an important message. The biggest example of the metonyms is “The Smoke”. The Smoke is a metonym for the London, United Kingdom. This directly conveys that one is talking about the London even it is an online communication or face to face discussion.

Writing or Writing Signs

Writing or Writing Signs are also a major part of semiotics. The writing or writing signs are used to communicate a concern or message to others in a very short and concise manner. There are several styles and shapes through which one can communicate an entire message while others can easily and clearly understand what has been communicated to him or her. For example, the Writings of William Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll are full of cultural references and witticisms (Peters, 2008). Sadly, but some of those signs are not valued and acceptable to several new or modern speakers and professionals. Those are not acceptable to some modern speakers because of several reasons but most of those signs are highly valued, accepted, and used more than commonly especially in online communication.

Besides, the writing signs of the Irish writer James Joyce are also used in today’s communication done by the people, groups, and communities. One and even the most commonly used writing signs of James is the book written by him “Ulysses”. The name of this book is highly used as a sign of communication from the past till today.

Emoji, GIF, Memes

In the current internet captured world, the use of emoji’s GIF, and Memes can be found very hugely. This can be seen with so much used because of the internet platforms and online communication done by people in their daily lives. It is a fact that the use of emojis in our communication is putting an inverse impact on one’s learning and capabilities. As an example, the use of emojis is damaging the written communication ability who are under the learning stage e.g. students of schools and colleges while it may not affect the adults of a bit higher age similarly. But on the other side of emoji’s make us poor communicator, emojis also allow us to show and communicate the expressions or messages which cannot be communicated or shared as well through written communication nor it these emotions can be communicated in front of someone (Killingsworth, & Gilbertson, 2018).

Based on the findings of the survey in the United Kingdom, around 72 percent of young people use emojis in their online communication and this helps them to express their emotions in a better way comparatively. For example, a feeling in the class or family while sitting with elders cannot be communicated with other while emoji is one of the best way considered mostly by youth to share a feeling or feelings through emoji’s and other gestures, body language, and tone, etc. Beyond that, based on the outcomes of the study done by the emotional marketing company Emoji, it has been found that individual use emojis because they think and believe that emojis help them the best to better share and understand the concern or a feeling an create more close and better connections (Bite, Global, 2017).

Several ways through which it can be seen that GIF is used up to a high extent by many people in their online communication. In the professional or organizational online communication, GIF is the thing or source that even to provoke an understood response from your receiver than putting some written jokes or statements in the mail or message (Cavano, 2016). Beyond that, GIF is also a great way to capture the attention of the receiver and to put your concern or message in a fine and better manner which even makes sense in not a good situation.

Memes and their use is the way or process done in online communication which is used to transfer ideas from one person to another but it needs to be adopted as per their fitness to one’s culture and values. The use of memes helps to get more cultural references and capture strong phrases (Bite, Global, 2017). Memes in online communication are considered as one of the most effective manners to discover one’s favorite culture while help to know and understand the culture of the person from whom a receiver receives a type of meme (Killingsworth, & Gilbertson, 2018). Beyond that, meme is also the best way to turn around into a shared jokes.

Conclusion

After an in-depth analysis of the main topic (Semiotics) and the associated terms, it has been found as well as it can be stated that each of the signs of semiotics is highly credible in today’s communication. Both, online and traditional communication can be filled and done effectively if there is enough involvement of semiotics (signs and symbols). The traditional communications (mentioned and discussed above) can be well done if we ensure the adequate use of symbols otherwise a message or concern cannot be communicated finely, nor it may ensure the desired results.

In the case of online communication, based on the analysis of online communication trends like emoji, GIFs, and memes, one cannot communicate his or her message without the use of these trends. This means that online communication can bring the desired and expected results if one uses the appropriate trends in his or her message. For example, one can show his or her love towards the concerned individual in a better way if he/she cannot directly use the word “LOVE”. Based on the research done in the paper, it can be concluded and stated that communication (which may be online or traditional) might not bring the desired outcome as per the expectations and concerns or the communicators. Despite this, the use of Semiotics (signs and symbols), including online communication trends such as emojis, GIF, and memes assist to have an insight, comprehension, and knowledge of the person or group involved in the communication.

References

Bite, Global. (2017). Are gifs, memes and emoji’s helping us communicate better? Medium. Retrieved 29 October 2019, from https://medium.com/@biteglobal/are-gifs-memes-and-emojis-helping-us-communicate-better-429ea3a64a1

Cavano, 2016). The Psychology in Using Gifs, Memes, and Emojis in Your Emails. Retrieved 29 October 2019, from https://www.business2community.com/communications/psychology-using-gifs-memes-emojis-emails-01505092

Hodge, B. (2004). Social semiotics. In The Routledge Companion to Global Popular Culture (pp. 58-66). Routledge.

Islam, Muhammad Nazrul. (2003). A Systematic Literature Review of Semiotics Perception in User Interfaces. Journal of Systems and Information Technology. 15. 45-77. 10.1108/13287261311322585.

Killingsworth, M. J., & Gilbertson, M. K. (2018). Signs, genres, and communities in technical communication. Routledge.

Li, Y. (2017). A Semiotic Theory of Institutionalization. Academy of Management Review, 42(3), 520-547.

Marchand, M. (2019). Introduction to Semiotics / Signo - Applied Semiotics Theories. Signosemio.com. Retrieved 29 October 2019, from http://www.signosemio.com/elements-of-semiotics.asp

Oller, J. W. (1990). Semiotic theory and language acquisition. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 65-89.

Peters, L. (2008). Orphan texts: Victorian Orphans, Culture and Empire.

Stables, A., Nöth, W., Olteanu, A., Pesce, S., & Pikkarainen, E. (2018). Semiotic Theory of Learning: New Perspectives in the Philosophy of Education. Routledge.

ThoughtCo. (2019). Semiotics: The Study of Signs and Symbols in Human Communication. Retrieved 29 October 2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/semiotics-definition-1692082

3.2 General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA)

3.2 General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA)

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

3.2 General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA)

On August 17th, 1994, the then-President Bill Clinton put pen on paper signing General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA) into law. GARA was aimed to grant protection to the general aviation industry and manufacturers from the product liability by reducing the timeframe of their liability for the aircraft they have manufactured (Kovarik, 2007). GARA is a statute of repose which grants manufacturers of small aircraft and their parts from product liability for almost all accidents which involve their products that are 18 years old or older. GARA is termed as a watershed in the history of the modern general aviation industry. However, the effects of GARA are still widely debated among aviation experts.

According to many experts, GARA helped to revitalize the aviation industry. On the other hand, many experts believe that GARA did little to help the aviation industry and it encouraged the production of high-risk aircraft. During the 1970s, the general aviation aircraft production was at its all-time high. However, due to an increase in prosecution cases following accidents against the manufacturers decreased this number. Five years after the passing of the GARA, the production of general aviation aircraft almost doubled (Kister, 1998). However, this number did not come close to the staggering numbers of the 70s (Kister, 1998). Among many goals of the GARA, bringing down the prices of general aircraft was one of the most crucial goals. However, the prices of general aviation aircraft continued to increase. The reason for this hike in the prices of general aviation aircraft was that the manufacturers shifted their focus towards manufacturing high-end turbine luxury and business aircraft (Rice, 2004). At the same time, general aircraft manufacturers kept the production of piston aircrafts relatively smaller to what they were achieving in the 1970s. In this way, the general aircraft manufacturers made fortunes with small numbers of high-end business and luxury aircraft. Another reason for the increased cost in the general aviation industry was due to the liability diffusion which saw a surge in costs in other areas of the industry such as pilots and owners (Rice, 2004).

Taking into account the discussion above, the GARA did little to bring down the cost of the general aviation industry which made it so expensive.

References

Kister, T. H. (1998). General aviation revitalization act: its effect on manufacturers. Def. Counsel J., 65, 109.

Kovarik, K. V. (2007). A Good Idea Stretched Too Far: Amending the General Aviation Revitalization Act to Mitigate Unintended Inequities. Seattle UL Rev., 31, 973.

Rice, N. J. (2004). The General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994: A Ten-Year Retrospective. Wis. L. REv., 945.

3.3 Unit Assignment: Core Questions



Systematic Theological

Name

Class Information

Date

Cross provides a broad, general approach to gods and demiurges among the Greek thinkers in the two or three hundred years after Christ. The Greek apologists and the writings of Irenaeus, as well as Clement and Origen, respond to the questions about the Trinity by using this paradigm. In this response, show how this Greek mindset of emanations and demiurges was used by the early church.

According to the Greek believes the word was created by an emanation who was trapped in a body of a mortal human. Spiritual knowledge of Gnosis was acquired through the direct interaction and experience of the mortal human.During the second century, the Gnosis ideas and beliefs spread across the Mediterranean.Christian moments played a great role in spreading the belief in some parts of the world.As such Irenaeus wrote a book in which he opposed the teaching of the Gnosis.He argued that true knowledge of Christ is in need as opposed to Gnostic groups who argued that the world was an accidental creation of an evil god.

Perhaps Augustine’s greatest contribution to the doctrine of the Trinity is found in his understanding of the names “Father, Son, and Spirit,” as relations. Using Cross’ explanation of these thoughts of Augustine, rehearse here the Augustinian doctrine of relations and evaluate it.

Augustine believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom; he helped formulate the doctrine of original sin and made seminal contributions to the development of just war theory. Augustine tried to reconcile his beliefs about free will, especially the belief that humans are morally responsible for their actions, with his belief that one's life is predestined. Though initially optimistic about the ability of humans to behave morally, in the end, he is pessimistic and thinks that original sin makes human moral behavior nearly impossible.If it were not for the rare appearance of an accidental and undeserved Grace of God, humans could not be moral. This brought a new understanding of the Trinity among the church

3. Cross attempts to summarize the thoughts of an American theologian, Jonathan Edwards, on the Trinity. In a one-page response, offer your summary of the flow of his ideas about the Trinity.

Jonathan Edwards' theory is related to the living, triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Edwards the greatest theologian of American antiquity, was a prolific writer and prodigious and also an innovative thinker. Although much attention could be given too many different areas of his thought, it is his Trinitarian thought that we are most concerned with in this paper. The paper will explore and evaluate the Trinitarian thought of Jonathan Edwards with specific attention given to three clear aspects: His explication of the Trinity “ad intra”, His understanding of the Trinity “ad extra”, and his teaching on the Holy Spirit.

The Trinity “Ad Intra”

Edwards begins his discussion with God being “infinitely happy in the enjoyment of himself,” and from this, arising a “most perfect idea of himself an exact image and representation.” This idea is the divine understanding and since God is love (1 Jn 4:8, 16), there is a beloved, "an eternal and necessary object." From this image, in turn, "arises" pure, perfect energy, that is, "the divine love, complacency, and joy." He goes on to explain on Christ as the idea of God by discussing various biblical texts which describe him as the image of God (2 Cor 4:4; Col 1:15; Heb 1:3). He argues from this that an idea is “the most immediate representation,” and, thus, the more “primary image" of something. In sum, the mutual love and joy between the Father and Son give rise to the Holy Spirit.

The Trinity “Ad Extra”

Edwards' articulation of the life of the Trinity ad intra is reflected in his articulation of this same life ad extra. One of the key aspects of his thought in this area is his use of the Augustinian-idealist model, which, in sum, describes the delight and love every person of the Trinity has with one another. The Father is the lover, the Son represents the object of the Father’s love, and the Holy Spirit is the bond of love existing between the Father and the Son.

At another point, we find an in-depth discussion of the involvement of the Trinity in redemption. He begins by stating that "with respect to the creature," "there is a subordination of the persons of the Trinity," with the Son submitting to the Father, and the Holy Spirit submits to the Father and the Son, yet, at the same time, "each person is not inferior one to another in glory and excellency of nature."

The Holy Spirit

The Spirit is the connection of love between the Father and the Son. It is the breathing out of the divine essence which gives the connection between the Trinity ad intra and ad extra, the Spirit ad extra operates as he does ad intra which is, as the divine love/will be poured forth.

Edwards further argues for the equality of the Holy Spirit with the other persons of the Trinity. Interestingly, in arguing for the honor of each person, he says that the Holy Spirit is equal “for he is that divine excellency and beauty itself [which the Father and Son possess].”

Similarly, the Father and Son “are infinitely holy [and] happy,” yet, the Spirit is “holiness [and] infinite happiness itself.”

In my view, it is clear that Edwards’ love of the Triune God and his zeal to defend it, both directly and indirectly, against opponents is the same zeal that led him to the excesses detrimental to an orthodox account of the Trinity.

Seeking Understanding, Chapter 4 (“The Triune God”)

4. Migliore defines the terms "economic" Trinity and the "imminent" Trinity.

a. Define these terms with your own words.

Economic Trinity refers to that knowledge shared by God which is revealed to us by His presence and action in the economy of salvation history as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Immanent Trinity relates more to what God “is” and “how” he experiences Himself as a Tri

-unity.

b. Migliore stresses that “responsible Trinitarian thinking must always begin "with the economic Trinity. Why is this the case? What difference would it make, begin with, the immanent Trinity?

Migliore stresses on a responsible Trinitarian beginning with economic trinity because the economic Trinity communicates and reveals the immanent Trinity. The difference is brought up by his argue that anything we know about the immanent Trinity is because of the economic Trinity and therefore actually is the economic anyhow. Migliore also says that anything we know about the Trinity is useful to us and that the idea that the Immanent Trinity is so far removed from us as to have no purpose would be ultimately useless anyhow. It is precisely, for this reason, more than any other, that Migliore challenges our definition of the traditional concept of what the immanent Trinity is.

Hall, Learning Theology with the Church Fathers, Chapter 3.

5. In this chapter, Hall presents the response of several early church fathers to an important question: how can the doctrine of the Trinity be legitimate as Christian doctrine when the Bible does not even use the word, Trinity? In your response, answer this question with the help of Hall's portrayal of early church fathers in this chapter.

After the completion of the New Testament, the fathers of the church introduced the doctrine of trinity which brought a lot of controversy in the church.The fathers of the church went father said the Trinity was an explanation of the divined revelation. During the fourth century, the doctrine was fully introduced to Christians, In conclusion, the doctrine of Trinity was full of contravenes in additional the doctrine was full of confusion and had no clarification to believe.

3.4 Course Project: Calvin Analysis Paper Prep



Systematic Theological

Name

Class Information

Date

TRINITY

Jonathan Edwards' theory is related to the living, triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Edwards the greatest theologian of American antiquity, was a prolific writer and prodigious and also an innovative thinker. Although much attention could be given too many different areas of his thought, it is his Trinitarian thought that we are most concerned with in this paper. The paper will explore and evaluate the Trinitarian thought of Jonathan Edwards with specific attention given to three clear aspects: His explication of the Trinity “ad intra”, His understanding of the Trinity “ad extra”, and his teaching on the Holy Spirit.

The Trinity “Ad Intra”

Edwards begins his discussion with God being “infinitely happy in the enjoyment of himself,” and from this, arising a “most perfect idea of himself an exact image and representation.” This idea is the divine understanding and since God is love (1 Jn 4:8, 16), there is a beloved, "an eternal and necessary object." From this image, in turn, "arises" pure, perfect energy, that is, "the divine love, complacency, and joy.” Speaking more fully of this idea, he writes:  if God beholds himself so as thence to have delight and joy in himself, he must become his own object: there must be duplicity … this idea of God is a substantial idea and has the very essence of God, is truly God, to all intents and purposes, and that by this means the Godhead is really generated and repeated.

This idea, then, possesses all deity and is “another person.” Although another person, he is “ the same God, the very same divine nature.” Christ is this “personal idea … God hath of himself.” He goes on to elaborate on Christ as the idea of God by discussing various biblical texts which describe him as the image of God (citing, e.g., 2 Cor 4:4; Col 1:15; Heb 1:3). He argues from this that an idea is “the most immediate representation,” and, thus, the more “primary … image” of something. The idea of God, Christ, is the “object of God’s … love.” Just as God delights in and enjoys himself, in the same way, he enjoys his image, his Son.

He goes on to explain on Christ as the idea of God by discussing various biblical texts which describe him as the image of God (2 Cor 4:4; Col 1:15; Heb 1:3). He argues from this that an idea is “the most immediate representation,” and, thus, the more “primary image" of something. In sum, the mutual love and joy between the Father and Son give rise to the Holy Spirit.

The Trinity “Ad Extra”

Edwards' articulation of the life of the Trinity ad intra is reflected in his articulation of this same life ad extra. One of the key aspects of his thought in this area is his use of the Augustinian-idealist model, which, in sum, describes the delight and love every person of the Trinity has with one another. The Father is the lover, the Son represents the object of the Father’s love, and the Holy Spirit is the bond of love existing between the Father and the Son.

At another point, we find an in-depth discussion of the involvement of the Trinity in redemption. He begins by stating that "with respect to the creature," "there is a subordination of the persons of the Trinity," with the Son submitting to the Father, and the Holy Spirit submits to the Father and the Son, yet, at the same time, "each person is not inferior one to another in glory and excellency of nature."

The Holy Spirit

The Spirit is the connection of love between the Father and the Son. It is the breathing out of the divine essence which gives the connection between the Trinity ad intra and ad extra, the Spirit ad extra operates as he does ad intra which is, as the divine love/will be poured forth. Edwards further argues for the equality of the Holy Spirit with the other persons of the Trinity. Interestingly, in arguing for the honor of each person, he says that the Holy Spirit is equal “for he is that divine excellency and beauty itself [which the Father and Son possess].”

Similarly, the Father and Son “are infinitely holy [and] happy,” yet, the Spirit is “holiness [and] infinite happiness itself.”

In my view, it is clear that Edwards’ love of the Triune God and his zeal to defend it, both directly and indirectly, against opponents is the same zeal that led him to the excesses detrimental to an orthodox account of the Trinity.

Within the Neoscholastic tradition, the terms Economic and immanent came to be used in Trinitarian discourse, having evolved from St Augustine and augmented by St Aquinas. This lexicon was taught in seminaries and dominant in the Catholic Church in the early 20

The century, but Rahner criticized it as dichotomizing the Trinity by treating the inner life of God as one thing separate to how God participated in creation. Within this framework, the term Economic Trinity refers to that knowledge shared by God which is revealed to us by His presence and action in the economy of salvation history as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Immanent Trinity refers to the mysterious existence of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit in their eternal life. The economic Trinity communicates and reveals the immanent Trinity.

Migliore stresses on a responsible Trinitarian beginning with economic trinity because the economic Trinity communicates and reveals the immanent Trinity. The difference is brought up by his argue that anything we know about the immanent Trinity is because of the economic Trinity and therefore actually is the economic anyhow. Migliore also says that anything we know about the Trinity is useful to us and that the idea that the Immanent Trinity is so far removed from us as to have no purpose would be ultimately useless anyhow. It is precisely, for this reason, more than any other, that Migliore challenges our definition of the traditional concept of what the immanent Trinity is.

Bibliography

Augustine. On the Holy Trinity. In vol. 3 of The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 1.Edited by Philip Schaff. 1886 – 1889. 14 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

311 W6. Discussion Response To Kelly And Martine

Kelly’ Post

I agree with your understanding of our discussion topic. I agree with your thoughts regarding “bedside nursing” how they are a huge advantage to nursing. Bedside nursing is more like a long term ideology because it is adding to healthcare technologies. It allows to get in touch with the latest information regarding innovation and the case studies that are a necessity to healthcare department. One of the positive aspect is the normalcy for patients because of the survey tools that cab assess patients. The other side of argument is, it is also posing a serious threat to healthcare department because of the marginalized approach to working.

I found your post really helpful because of the information you provided regarding BSN. Furthermore, I am really happy for your friend who just received her AS-RN license and would like to congratulate her on her achievement. You explanation of how much work involved in just getting a bachelor’s degree for such a program is hard in itself and its worth is a truth that i completely agree with. Furthermore, research driven bed side nurses are a rare commodity and should be supported more, as they are more knowledgeable regarding the latest practices. This makes them a more productive and a better asset to the institution that they are working for. Also research ability is an important tool to have in one’s belt as this keeps not just nurses but ordinary individuals as well on top of their game regarding latest events. Furthermore, your words on nurses hindering themselves in pursuing research truly resonated with me as I believe that in pursuing things of value the most important hindrance someone faces is from within (Kang, 2016).

While I thoroughly agree with mostly everything you have mentioned in this post but what I would like to add that you are not even considering the shortage of time professional nurses have. They work multiple shifts and do not even have time to take care of their own families. It is hard to expect them to also conduct research when they have so much on their plate.

Martine’s post

Evidence Based practice is one of the concepts that is the combination of different aspects and paradigms, such as, research, clinical approaches and the values associated with patients. EBP uses qualitative approach to undergo an analysis of the presented facts and figures along with a clear illustration of the contrasting facts and figures. EBP is a nursing platform that allows to research latest health problems and collect relevant information about it. Evidence Based Practice is one of the most preferred technique to collect qualitative data so that a theoretical framework can be constructed and then applied to the medical problem.

I think evidence-based practice is a platform that allows to incorporate observed experiences in order to analyze a problem and suggest the required solution. EVB is more like an avenue of research because it allows to do comparative analysis by adhering to the rules and principles of medical science. EVB is an approach that assert an analytical view of medical science by adhering to the unique principles because it is an option to address the gaps in past. This term was introduced in 1992, accompanied by the utilization of primitive medical technique such as bloodletting and then the study of effectiveness of both modern and commonly accepted treatment. (Grove, et, al. 2019). It is affirmed that the medical specialist and nurses should try to use evidence-based practice as an approach that could help them address medical issues with upgraded knowledge. The most significant fact is, evidence based practiced is used in the other fields of life as well such as education and research methodologies because it fulfils all the requirements of research, accountability and qualitative judgment. I would like to add, it is not a universally accepted tool of analysis and research because a number of researchers think that one should develop its own areas of research and data for study. (Grove, et al. 2019).

Reference

Grove, S. K., Gray, J. R., & Faan, P. R. (2019). Understanding Nursing Research: First South Asia Edition, E-Book: Building an Evidence-Based Practice..

Kang, S. W. (2016). Knowledge withholding: psychological hindrance to the innovation diffusion within an organisation. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 14(1), 144-149.

33. The Story Of Sodium And Potassium



33.The story of Sodium and Potassium

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

33.The story of Sodium and Potassium

Introduction

When the skin sustains an injury caused due to heat, electricity, or by contacting harmful chemical, the result is called burn (Saladin, 2018). Fires, kitchen spills, and hot waters are known to be primary causes of burn injuries sustained domestically.

Discussion

The extent of the damage of the burn is measured by three scales. First-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. In all three cases, the skin cells die because of the loss of oxygen and interrupted blood supply. Although all level of burns are dangerous, first and second-degree burns differ from third-degree burn in a way that third-degree burn includes all three layers of skin- dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis (Saladin, 2018).

Conclusion

While burn injuries are difficult to endure, they demand equal care and look after. Proteins are required by the skin to regrow (Saladin, 2018). Fluid replacement is also mandatory after severe burn injuries to restore the fluid levels of the body.

Introduction

The integumentary system is made up of the skin, acting with other organs, to protect the human body against outside damages. Skin, nails, hair, and gland are major components of this system (Saladin, 2018).

Discussion

The importance of the integumentary system is undeniable. To understand its importance, it is essential to learn the functions of the system. It protects the body from excessive water loss, provides tissue protection, discharges wasteful remains, maintains optimum body temperature.

The skin is the biggest sense organ of the body (Saladin, 2018). Vitamin D, which is required by the bones, is synthesized in the skin.

Conclusion

Although the number of most injuries sustained by the body is linked to skin, it is also notable that the skin has the most impressive recovery rate. However, one must make sure to protect the skin from outer agents acting against it. Ultraviolet radiations from the sun can have detrimental consequences on the health of the skin.

References

Saladin, S.K. (2018) Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function 8th Edition

332 W14 Case Study

332 W14 Case Studies

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Patient’s background

Knight Markie Gabriel is a thirty-eight (38) years old male. He was admitted at Memorial Manor hospital from Memorial Regional hospital under critical condition from June 6, 2019 to June 26, 2019. In the past, Knight had suffered from neurofibromatosis, htn, tracheosotomy and quadirplagia. He denied he was not feeling pain on the chest, fever, chill, nausea and vomiting. He was feeling weakness which started more than three months ago. He had visited a hospital as outpatient and booked for surgery. According to his report the weakness worsened and when he spoke to APR with neurosurgery he was advised to go for the ED. It is therefore, evident that Knight has been feeling unwell for a while and sought for medical attention prior to his admission at Memorial Manor hospital. It is also established that Knight had been diagnosed and treated with various conditions. His health report also indicates that he has been place under lumber drain monitoring, trauma and steroid. He had also been given peg replacement. From his health report it is evident that Knight Markie Gabriel has been unwell and attending treatment prior to his admission at the ICU.

However, when his condition worsens he was taken to the hospital so that his heart rate and SOB fever could be checked. However, he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on empiric antibiotic for a period of time. The doctors conducted urinalysis test and the result indicates that there is high content of bacilli. The urinalysis test of the urine shows that Knight is 100, 000 CF/mL Gram negative bacilli. The urinalysis with reflex microscope indicates that the patient is Nitrite ur positive and there is presence of bacteria in the urine. The chest XR was also done and the result indicates that tracheotomy tube is in midline position.

The doctors then discovered that he has Pseudomonas and Serratia in his sputum. He completed abx before he was discharged back to the facility. Due to his condition he was placed on midodrine 10gm after every 8 hours. Moreover, the medication review of the patient indicates that Dr. English advised for his steady monitoring which means that the patient still under treatment after being release from the hospital.

Pathophysiology of each of the disease processes

Knight Markie Gabriel was diagnosed with pseudomonas and serratia condition. The Pseudomonas and Serratia is a disease result from urinal infection. It caused pain and weakness of the body and therefore, it is required immediate treatment.

Risk factors

Pseudomonas and Serratia are serious infections which can be of life threatening. It causes nosocomial infections and it makes the body become very resistance to several antibiotics and it can easily develop new resistance when expose to antimicrobial agents. It can therefore, weaken the human system of the body making the body to be prone to any disease or infection. It can also cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and physical disability to the victim. The long term required for the pseudomonas and serratia can lead the development of resistance bacteria by the body. According to Kirschke, Jones, Craig, Mayernick, Patel, & Schaffner (2013), people who have suffered from pseudomonas and serratia have weak human system and therefore, they can easily be infected by other diseases. This makes it one of the dangerous infections which require immediately treatment to protect an individual from further infection by other bacteria or viruses. The age is also identified as one of the risk factors of Pseudomonas and Serratia. It is established that people aged 86 years are more likely to be diagnosed with the disease. Indwelling devices and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are also some of the risk factors. Indwelling devices are related to vascular access devices, tracheostomies, feeding tubes, endotracheal tube and wound drains. These devices are used for various medical activities in the body to provide treatment for various conditions. A study conducted by Ghibu, Miftode, Teodor, Bejan, & Dorobăţ (2010) established that these devices can result to pseudomonas and serratia infection. The infection is developed due to poor hygiene of the wounds and other parts where the devices are used for treatment. It is therefore, important to ensure that proper hygiene is provided when indwelling devices are used to provide treatment.

Risk factor Patient experienced

Pseudomonas and Serratia

It is established that Knight Markie Gabriel had suffered from trauma and given steroid. It is likely that the exposed to steroid which is known as hormone is also of the issues which Knight to be prone to infection by pseudomonas and Serratia CITATION Ber15 \l 1033 (Bergin, Phillips, Chan, Ruedy, & Crichton, 2015). Knight also had experienced chronic respiratory failure. Knight had been exposed to indwelling devices as well when he was in the ICU for a period of time. It is pointed that Knight was placed in ICU prior his admission at the hospital and it is likely that the patient was exposed to infection during the process.

Neurofibromatosis

Knight experienced pain and fever which are some of the common symptoms of neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis can be inherited from parents or it can be obtained like any other diseases. It is evident that Knight has been having constant symptoms and been treated for neurofibromatosis symptoms for several years. It is more likely that Knight inherited the neurofibromatosis from parents. It is established that Knight had been admitted for lumbar drain monitoring and cleft palate repair and he had intradural spine tumor.

Assessment Finding

Neurofibromatosis

Patients suffering from neurofibromatosis are expected to have tiny bumps, leaning disability, tumor and freckling in the groin area. The assessment of Knight Markie Gabriel established that he had tumor, and freckling in the groin areas. Knight also had some flats and light brown spots on the skin which are clear signs of neurofibromatosis. These are the symptoms which are expected to be found on a patients suffering from neurofibromatosis.

Pseudomonas and Serratia

Pseudomonas and Serratia is one of the infection common with urine and it discovered when urinalysis is conducted. However, patient suffering from Pseudomonas and Serratia are expected to have frequent urination, fever, a lot of pain when urinating. The urinal track is expected to be infected as well. The patient is also expected to show signs of weakness. The assessment is conducted through urinalysis process. The result of the assessment should be high level of grams in the urine. The result should therefore, indicates 100, 000 CF/mL Gram negative bacilli. The patient would also be tested Nitrite ur positive to show that he or she is suffering from Pseudomonas and Serratia infections. It is therefore, advisable for proper and efficient test to be conducted in order to establish the Pseudomonas and Serratia infection even when it is still in early stages CITATION Kan19 \l 1033 (Kanj & Sexton, 2019).

Diagnostic testing for Pseudomonas and Serratia

The Pseudomonas and Serratia is diagnosed using the blood sample of a patient. Doctor should take a blood of a patient then send to the laboratory for test and analysis of the presence of infection. The laboratory test is conducted to identify the type of bacterial infection. It is also conducted to determine the kind of antibiotic which are more likely to be effective in the body of the patient. According to Chen & Steele (2018), it is recommended to conduct susceptibility tests using the blood sample collected from the patient.

 Diagnostic testing for Neurofibromatosis

Doctors used various methods to test for Neurofibromatosis in most hospitals. The most appropriate techniques for testing are through physical examination of the patient’s body. It is noted that one of the symptoms of Neurofibromatosis is the freckling on the groins areas and therefore, this can easily be observed physically by a doctor. However, a doctor can as well use medical history of the patient to determine whether the patient is suffering from Neurofibromatosis. In some cases, where the physical testing or diagnostic failed to provide enough evidence, genetic testing in the medical laboratory can be used to determine if a patient is suffering from Neurofibromatosis so immediate treatment to be offered.

However, in case of emergency medical attention and a patient does not have a clear medical history. It would be important to diagnose a patient using Situation, Background and Assessment (SBA) of any previous patient with similar symptoms. The situation of the patient would be established by determining the symptoms a patient is showing. If the patient indicates similar symptoms with any previous patient, similar medication procedures would be taken immediately to ensure that immediate treatment is provided to the patient. However, it would be important to check at the medical background of the patient to understand the type of treatment the patient has been receiving and the last date the patient was treated with similar condition and the types of medication provided. The current condition of the patient would then be assessed and medication provided immediately for the patient. It is essential to point that similar medical treatment would be provided to a patient with similar condition to any previous patient after assessment has been done.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bergin, C. J., Phillips, P., Chan, R. M., Ruedy, J., & Crichton, E. P. (2015). Treatment of pseudomonas and serratia infections with ceftazidime. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , 2-34.

Chen, S. S., & Steele, R. W. (2018). Pseudomonas Infection. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970904-overview , 2-15.

Ghibu, L., Miftode, E., Teodor, A., Bejan, C., & Dorobăţ, C. (2010). Risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, resistant to carbapenem]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500452 , 12-35.

Kanj, S. S., & Sexton, D. J. (2019). Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pseudomonas-aeruginosa-pneumonia , 2-34.

Kirschke, D., Jones, T., Craig, A., Mayernick, G., Patel, J., & Schaffner, W. (2013). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens contamination associated with a manufacturing defect in bronchoscopes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12529461 , 2-34.

.

332 W8 Synchronous Reflection Option B

332 W8 Synchronous Reflection Option B

Your Name

Institution

332 W8 Synchronous Reflection Option B

Explains in simple words the difference between dysmenorrhea primary and dysmenorrhea secondary.

Medical term Dysmenorrhea is used for pain related to menstruation. Dysmenorrhea can be of two types: Primary Dysmenorrhea, and Primary Dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is excessive menstrual pain. Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual cramp also known as menstrual uterine contractions are of higher frequency, duration, and strength as compared to the normal menstrual cycle CITATION Daw85 \l 1033 (Dawood, 1985).

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea is frequent and common menstrual cramp. There are no diseases cause such cramps. The cramps occur after one or two years of the first period. More than 50 % of women are affected by primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs mostly during the early stage of puberty CITATION Daw85 \l 1033 (Dawood, 1985). The problem of primary dysmenorrhea eases with maturity, especially after pregnancy. The pain starts one or two days before menstrual bleeding. Region of the pains includes thighs, back, and lower abdomen. Primary dysmenorrhea’s pain usually lasts 1 to 3 days. Moreover, primary dysmenorrhea can also cause diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, and nausea.

Doctor checks the medical history and examines pelvic to determine that the cramps are due to primary dysmenorrhea. The pelvic exam can be performed during menses in primary dysmenorrhea. Pelvic exam during menses may cause discomfort to the patient but it will not affect the results.

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Secondary Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual pain causing due to some disorder in women’s reproductive organs. This gynecological disorder can be due to infection, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or endometriosis. Unlike primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea occurs in adulthood CITATION Daw85 \l 1033 (Dawood, 1985). Pain from secondary dysmenorrhea lasts longer than common menstrual cramps, and it starts in the early menstrual cycle. In secondary dysmenorrhea, pain does not cause diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, or nausea.

Secondary dysmenorrhea can be diagnosed through physical examination. In addition, laparoscopy and radiologic studies are used for examination. In laparoscopy, a tiny flexible tube is inserted through a small incision below the navel. Laparoscopy is performed in order to inspect pelvic and internal abdominal organs

Phimosis and paraphimosis.

Phimosis

Phimosis is a condition occurs in a young boy in which he is unable to retract penis foreskin behind its head CITATION YHa11 \l 1033 (Y Hayashi, 2011). Phimosis causing pain or difficulty in urination. It can also cause a painful erection. Phimosis can be of two types: physiologic phimosis, and pathologic phimosis. In physiologic phimosis, children have the tight foreskin of the penis. The separation of foreskin happens during early puberty in late childhood. In pathologic phimosis, there is an infection present which is causing such disorder. In addition to infection, pathologic phimosis can also be caused due to scarring or inflammation. Pathological phimosis mostly found in adult men who are uncircumcised. Physiologic phimosis is present the boy at birth. Mostly it resolves on its own. At birth, most boys do not have fully retractable foreskin on their penis. Boys develop retractable foreskin as they get older, it becomes fully retractable in early puberty. Phimosis can be diagnosed by a physical examination done by a healthcare professional, and no additional tests are required to diagnose phimosis. Treatment of phimosis depends upon the age of the patient and the resulting symptoms. Phimosis is usually treated with steroid ointments. The ointment is applied on the foreskin which softens the skins. Circumcision is more beneficial treatment as compared to steroid ointments.

Paraphimosis

Paraphimosis is a condition in which foreskin is retracted but it is behind the head of the penis CITATION YHa11 \l 1033 (Y Hayashi, 2011). The foreskin is unable to get back to its original position in paraphimosis. Blood flow to the glans penis is decreased, resulting in a urologic emergency. In paraphimosis, edema occurs with restriction worsens. In addition to edema, a tight tissue ring is also formed in the affected area. Paraphimosis is not very common, caused by trying to retract skin forcefully. Like phimosis, paraphimosis can easily be diagnosed by a doctor through physical examination. Manual reduction is usually performed in treating paraphimosis.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Dawood, M. (1985). Dysmenorrhea. The Journal of reproductive medicine. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/3158737

Y Hayashi, Y. K. (2011). Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision. The Scientific World Journal. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2011/405910/abs/

346 W8. Reflective Journal

346 W8. Reflective Journal

[Name]

[Institution]

[Date]

346 W8. Reflective Journal

Overall Mission & Purpose of LifeNet4Families

LifeNet4Families is a system of care for the needy individuals of Broward Country located in Southeastern Florida. The main goal of LifeNet4Families is to address community needs and to serve the families and individuals in crisis. It also aims to provide relief for disaster relief of the communities in Florida and is also focus on the medical researches to provide new medical facilities.

The target community is facing the issue of homelessness, are in extreme poverty and have food insecurities. LifeNet4Families wants to make the community of Broward country prosperous and wants to minimize the crisis that this locality is experiencing. The main objective of the organization is to reduce hunger. It works to provide stability to the client by providing them clothing, haircut, on-site shower facilities, referral, emergency financial help, counselling job readiness and access to mailing address usage.

LifeNet4Families is working in a partnership with other local organizations that are struggling to eradicate poverty and hunger. The partners are the Faith Center, First United Apostolic Church, Feeding South Florida, and many more. By the help of these partner organizations, the LifeNet4Families is able to reach the people who are in need of foods. The organization also work in collaboration with supermarket and local restaurant.

Target Population of LifeNet4Families

LifeNet4Families is situated in the heart of Broward Country and is helping individuals and families in crisis. It is serving 5000 families and individuals in that area. The target population is having food security, poverty and homelessness (Lifenet4families.org, n.d).

I interviewed Carolina Lopez, the director of development and community relations in LifeNet4Families and she told me that over 2000 individuals in the locality do not know where they are going to stay for the night and what they are going to eat. So LifeNet4Families provides shelter and food to such individuals.

She told me further that many of the people who get assistance from LifeNet are the survival of domestic violence and some are the victim of physical or sexual abuse. A number of clients have to repay debt and have no jobs. Some of the clients are studying in colleges and have to source of income. Many of the clients have no food security and cannot adjust enough money to buy home. So LifeNet is there to help out the most deserving candidate and let them hope for the best.

The demography of the people getting assistance from LifeNet demonstrates that 70 per cent of the clients are males and 62 per cent of the social services are provided to homeless people. 36 per cent of them are white, 11 per cent are Hispanic, 8 per cent others and 1 per cent are the Hispanics and majority of the care receivers are black and the make 38 per cent of the target population (Lifenet4families.org, n.d).

Accessibility- ease of access and insurance compensation mechanism of LifeNet

Carolina Lopez reveals that the LifeNet is open 7 days a week and 365 days a year. Its operating hours are from 8:00 am to 11:00 am and on Sundays, it remains open from 11 am to 12:0 pm. So an individual can directly visit the office, contact a volunteer or send the staffs an email for getting assistance.

LifeNet receives support from various donors and it provides very careful stewardship of those funds. Heritage insurance delivers clothing to LifeNet4Familisea and food insurance programs of different donors helps this charity foundation to fulfill its goal.

However, a scholarship award is provided by LifeNet to homeless people in the region and this scholarship is funded by Allison and Andy Cagnetta that is also a charitable organization. The scholarship is given to homeless students in high schools who are struggling economically as well as academically. The mechanism for allocation of this fund is that LifeNet will check the academic background of the individual and that individual can serve his or her community by volunteerism (Unitedwaybroward.org, n.d).

The other eligibility criteria for the scholarship are that the grantee should be a US citizen, having 2.8 minimum CGPA and have enrolled in an undergraduate program. The individual is considered homeless if he or she fulfills the criteria given for homelessness in the McKenney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. The grantee has to volunteer at LifeNet for five hours and theses hours need to be completed before the dateline of the scholarship form (Unitedwaybroward.org, n.d).

Funding Mechanisms of the Program

Foods are directly donated to LifeNet and these are further distributed among the needy people. Financial assistant is received from donors, individual or organizations and volunteer distribute those funds based on needs of the grantees (Lifenet4families.org, n.d).

Perceived Effectiveness of Services

LifeNetFamilies has been providing services to the homeless and needy individuals of Broward Country for more than 30 years. It has started with the aim of distributing candies and peanut butter among the street people and developed into an organization that is supporting more than 5000 homeless now. It is providing more than 90,000 meals to its clients per year (Lifenet4families.org, n.d).

In accordance with the US Department of Agricultural policy and Federal law of the country, this organization is not allowed to discriminate on the bases of color, race, sex, ethnicity, age, nationality or disability. Thus it is providing service to whoever is in need of food or shelter in the community (Lifenet4families.org, n.d).

The organization is able to feed thousands of needy families in the locality and has involved hundreds of volunteers to serve the people of the community. It is assisted by many donor agencies and with the help of all these the organizations is able to eradicate poverty from the community.

References

(2019). Lifenet4families.org. Retrieved 11 July 2019, from http://www.lifenet4families.org/portal/documents/1229579/f8674bc8-d1a1-4c20-b9d7-8ded383ce3b9

(2019). Unitedwaybroward.org. Retrieved 11 July 2019, from https://www.unitedwaybroward.org/sites/default/files/documents/Annual%20Reports/13-14%20Annual%20Report.pdf