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0nXXXXRUNNING HEAD BACHELOR IN BUSINESS IN HOTEL MANAGEMENT

Assignment 2

Prabin Devkota

Name of the institution

26 April 2019

Table of Contents

TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc7185939 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc7185939 h 3

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185940 Discussion and Analysis PAGEREF _Toc7185940 h 4

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185941 Tourism In The Developing World Is Unsustainable PAGEREF _Toc7185941 h 5

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185942 Depletion of Natural Resources PAGEREF _Toc7185942 h 5

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185943 Pressure On Scarce Resources PAGEREF _Toc7185943 h 5

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185944 Increase in Pollution PAGEREF _Toc7185944 h 6

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185945 Solid Waste and Untreated Sewage PAGEREF _Toc7185945 h 7

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185946 Physical Impacts of Tourism PAGEREF _Toc7185946 h 7

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185947 Distress to Wildlife PAGEREF _Toc7185947 h 8

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185948 Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc7185948 h 8

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185949 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc7185949 h 9

HYPERLINK l _Toc7185950 References PAGEREF _Toc7185950 h 11

Given Environmental Concerns, Tourism In The Developing World Is Unsustainable

Introduction

Globalization and increased tourism have brought significant changes in developing countries. These changes require quick response to cope up with the emerging challenges. It requires to focus on economic policies, as well as social and environmental sustainability. However, environmental concern is much critical and neglected in developing countries. They believe tourism as a significant source of growth and development of local communities. But they have neglected the fact that it is posing greater harm to natural resources. It has contributed in economic terms as the increased tourism maximize the income-generating opportunities for local people and increase their incomes. Resultantly contributes to the increase in the Gross domestic product of developing countries. However, tourism is not always beneficial as it poses a greater threat to the deterioration of natural resources. Developing countries do not have enough capacity to incorporate technologies which could save their environment.

Developing countries consider environmental preservation as their least priority. The important concern is to have better opportunities for people to earn money through tourism. Although, it does contribute as a source of income generation for the people but compromise the natural resources as well. Due to lack of awareness, the underprivileged people are not informed of the negative consequences of environmental degradation on their lives. The economic prosperity through natural resources is achieved for a very short span and people lately realize the damages they have done to their surroundings (Liu Wall, 2006). Sustainable approaches are required to be adopted by the developing countries which refer to the efficient utilization of resources that meet the needs of the present generation without compromising on the needs of the future generation. It requires a fundamental shift to prioritize the environment, and develop strategies and approaches which efficiently reflects on the preservation of the environment.

Discussion and Analysis

Developing countries consider tourism as a source of revenue neglecting the fact that this revenue is generated on the cost of environmental deterioration. The government wants to increase the level of tourism in their countries to have a positive image in the international world. Thus ignoring the ground realities that how the locals are absorbing the burden of these tourists. The tourist exchanges cultural values and builds relationships with the local communities. Also, they contribute little to economic growth. But still, the negative implications of tourism are much greater compared to the positive outcomes. Thus, I agree with the statement that tourism is unsustainable for the developing world and poses a greater threat to the environment. Developing countries in different parts of the world present several tourist attractions such as the South Asian countries (Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) are famous for the beautiful mountainous regions. The East Asian countries (Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia) are known for the exotic beaches. While the European and Arab developing states have their own specialties. However, the question arises whether these developing countries are able to accommodate a large amount of tourist or not. Tourism poses pressure on the area as well as increasing pollution. It also results in loss of habitat and various species, and increase the incidence of forest loses. The paper highlights the main issues faced by developing countries as a result of tourism and what strategies are needed to adapt to safeguard the natural resources of their countries.

Tourism In The Developing World Is Unsustainable

Depletion of Natural Resources

Developing countries have limited resources to fulfill the needs of people, however, due to tourism, the resources are distributed among the tourist and the local people. This puts pressure on the already scarce resource. Tourism poses a great threat to natural resources as it increases the consumption capacity in areas where the resources are already scarce. Due to the seasonal characteristics of certain species, the local government puts high pressure on the production of crops to meet the expectations of tourists. The land resources consisting of the fertile soil, wetlands, forest, and wildlife is at great risk due to tourism. The increasing demand for infrastructural facilities has resulted in the loss of the scenic landscape. Also, the land previously utilizes for crop production is transformed into buildings. This results in a decrease of production as well as the loss of forests in mountainous regions. Half of the world forest are lost due to the construction of buildings and wood collection for manufacturing furniture and other goods (Gossling, 2002).

Pressure On Scarce Resources

Food, energy and the supply of other raw materials are not sufficient in developing countries. Thus, results in the extraction of further reservoirs in order to fulfill the demand. The physical impacts of tourism also involve transportation hazards in local areas. Many locals have to engage in the supply of material at severe weathers which results in accidents. Water reservoirs are limited in developing countries, and the demand for water is much greater. The available water is utilized by hotels in luxurious sources such as swimming, thus resulting in little availability for the local people. Especially in the mountainous regions, people have no access to safe drinking water and had to utilize very carefully. Similarly, in the Mediterranean, there is a high issue of water scarcity due to drier regions. Also, the hot climate compels the tourist to use more water which is up to 440 liters a day almost double an average of a small urban city. The Golf Course provided by many developing countries to attract the tourist also results in the scarcity of water reservoirs. It also requires high pesticides and fertilizers per year and utilizes the water of almost 60,000 local people. They are located in protected areas, where the resources are much limited. Thus increases the probability of negative impacts where the locals compete for critical resources (Buckley, 2012).

Increase in Pollution

Tourism causes the same amount of pollution as any other industry. Due to increase industrialization, pollution has greatly increased in developing countries. These countries rarely include protective and environmentally friendly strategies to cope up the issues. The increase in infrastructure has resulted in the loss of forests, thus emissions of harmful gases are highly prevailing in the surroundings. The harmful air emissions are threatening for the health of people with little medical facilities. The tourists can go to bigger cities for treatment, however, the locals have to stay at the same places with little or no medical support. It increases the cases of natural hazards and floods, thus the local face disasters on a regular basis (Becken Patterson, 2006). The industries developed to fulfill the demands of tourists utilizes unsustainable means of technologies which harm the localities. Harmful oil and chemicals are discharged in the rivers, which are the source of drinking water for the local people. Aesthetic pollution is a term referred to the infrastructural development in the natural environment. Tourists often fail to relate with the indigenous architecture of certain places, thus demand dominating resorts. Thus, due to inadequate land-use planning, the infrastructure has resulted in sprawling developments in scenic places. The scenic regions are known for its relaxing nature, however, due to tourism, the calm places has changed into populated areas. It increases noise pollution as well that have largely disturbed the livelihood of people (Hoogendoom Fitchett, 2018).

Solid Waste and Untreated Sewage

The developing countries having higher natural attractions results in high concentration for tourists. Resulting in high waste disposal issues which is a great threat to the environment. The estimated waste of cruise ships in the Caribbean is 70,000 each year which is disposed of in the sea. Thus, it not only poses harm to the human but to the species of the sea as well. The solid waste degrades the physical appearance of the water as well as causes the death of marine animals. Also, the situation is not very different in mountainous regions, where tourists generate a large amount of waste. They leave the garbage and camping equipment on the tracks. Developing countries have rarely disposal facilities thus the garbage remains there for months. In remote areas, people do not bother about the hygienic concerns related to these garbages and have little awareness about the proper collection of garbage. Many developing countries have not yet developed the sewage system and the waste is disposed of in rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. However, the local knows the circumstances and have maintained a manual system but when the tourists came in they have little knowledge about the system and do not treat it properly (Kousis, 2000).

Physical Impacts of Tourism

The construction activities for tourists involve sand mining, erosions, and loss of wildlife habitats. Coastal wetlands are utilized to built suitable sites, thus they are drained into the water. The marinas and breakwaters also cause changes to the coastlines. Especially the marine ecosystems are largely suffering from the developmental changes taking place to attract a large number of tourists. The shoreline developments also increase the level of sediments in the water. Also, the tourist disturbs the places for souvenir extractions which results in a greater number of coral reefs (Dodds, et al., 2010). Anchoring, diving, and cruising pose a great impact on the marine ecosystem. Also, due to the increased trampling, tourists have caused a greater threat to biodiversity. They use the same track again and again, thus damaging the vegetation and soil. Some vegetation has completely damaged due to frequent stray by the visitors. These leisure activities by the visitors result in disrupting the daily routine of local people (Tosun, 2001).

Distress to Wildlife

The wildlife in developing countries is as important as humans. Due to the increase in traveling into the mountainous regions, many animals are distorted by the activities. they have to wait for the tourists to leave so that they can search for food. Tourists compel animals to alter their natural activity pattern. In some regions, wildlife has moved to places where their habitat is safe. Due to improper laws in developing countries about wildlife safeguarding, many tourists kill the animals in the fear of danger. Wildlife is comfortable with the local people because they know the lifestyles of each other, however, tourists do not have any idea about the animals living in a specific region (Kousis, 2000).

Recommendations

The gravity of tourism on the environment is intense in developing countries. The level of environmental degradation due to tourism has significantly increased the need to manage the factors which have brought such challenges. The initiatives to avert the impacts on the environment should be extended from the government to local levels. The financial contributions shall be regularly made from the tourists to nature as part of their visa program. The government should impose fines on individuals who pollute or degrade the environment. Moreover, the solid waste management shall be done as part of the environmental protection program from the state. The State shall upgrade the municipal facilities along with the promotion of tourism. The infrastructure shall be significantly improvised and licensed by the government agencies before tourism is promoted in a country. The enhancements in the zonal and building codes shall be registered to limit and contain the risks involved such as natural calamities. An acceleration in the awareness programs can instill the consciousness of the impacts of degrading the environment in tourists such as green tourism or eco-tourism. Strict regulation and enforcement of environmental laws can aid in reducing the pollution in beautiful landscapes. A significant reduction in the number of tourists shall also reduce the impact on the environment. The locals can be encouraged to make decisions if in case they observe environmental degradation. This can increase the quality of the environment and transfer the burden from the state to domestic and personalized spheres. The marine environment shall be sustained to preserve the mangroves, coral reefs, and fish by discouraging waste into the sea and regular cleansing of water from solid or liquid waste.

Conclusion

Tourism increase the economic capability of countries, however, the fact is also evident that it poses greater harm to the environment as well. The unsustainable activities of the tourist, as well as the locals, have greatly damaged the environment. The new trends and advancement in the technologies required to focus on environmentally friendly strategies which are sustainable and effective in maintaining a healthy environment. As the demand increases for products or services increases due to tourists, the government and local communities immediately brought changes in the places according to tourists needs. However, the priorities the economic capacity inquired due to tourism but ignore environmental concerns. They have deteriorated the scarce resources, cause pollution, disturbed the systems and caused harm to livelihoods. The major concern is that the same tourist is followers of environment protection programs but coming into other countries, they do not follow these practices. The important thing is that individual should consider it a moral duty to save the world resources not only their own country but in foreign countries as well. They should efficiently utilize the limited resources of developing countries and contribute to sustainable development. It requires a fundamental shift in the policy-making to aware the locals as well as the tourist about the sustainable use of resources in the developing countries.

References

Becken, S. Patterson, M., 2006. Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), pp. 323-338.

Briedenhann, J. Wickens, E., 2004. Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas vibrant hope or impossible dream. Tourism Management, 25(1), 71-79.

Buckley, R., 2011. Tourism and the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, pp.397-416.

Buckley, R., 2012. Buckley, R., 2012. Sustainable tourism Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), pp.528-546.

Carbone, M., 2005. Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries Poverty Alleviation, Participatory Planning, and Ethical Issues. The European Journal of Development Research.

Dodds, R., Graci, S. Holmes, M., 2010. Does the tourist care A comparison of tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), pp.207-222.

Gossling, S., 2002. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global environmental change, 12(4), pp. 283-302.

Gossling, S., 2002. Human environmental relations with tourism. Annals of tourism research, 29(2), pp.539-556.

Hoogendoom, G. Fitchett, J. M., 2018. Tourism and climate change A review of threats and adaptation strategies for Africa. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(7), pp. 742-759.

Kousis, M., 2000. Tourism and the environment A social movements perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), pp.468-489.

Liu, A. Wall, G., 2006. Planning tourism employment a developing country perspective. Tourism Management, 27(1), 159-170.

Tosun, C., 2001. Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world the case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 22(3), 289-303.

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