Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography: Youth Violence Prevention Strategies

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Annotated Bibliography: Youth Violence Prevention Strategies

Education and Violence

It is important to understand the basic concept of violence. In this article, authors have defined violence as the behavior of individuals that intends them to impose physical force towards the weaker party or an individual. In addition to this, violence has been anticipated as something very complex in nature but it is observable from different wars and mistreatments of parties and acts of abuse that how violence looks like in nature. Violence is present everywhere, individuals cannot limit violence to boundaries of a house or a room, one can observe and experience violence in public places as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sg7uLwxg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Norlin, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Norlin, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/XXLPQm84","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/7GY5AENN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/7GY5AENN"],"itemData":{"id":1491,"type":"article","title":"Education and Violence","source":"etsu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com","abstract":"This special issue addresses the broad theme of education and violence. Its overall aim is to contribute to the understanding of different forms, roles, and meanings of symbolic and physical violence and their significance for past educational practices, and at the same time to give theoretical, methodological, and empirical impetus for future studies in this area.","URL":"http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1271310/FULLTEXT01.pdf","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Norlin","given":"Björn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Norlin, 2018). It is also studied by the authors that how students get involved in school violence and this varies with space and time. Children and youth in schools may get involved in violence due to multi-cultures, and power shares. The concept of violence is perceived based on the practices and thinking of children and youth. However, the authors emphasized that it is important to consider that children are institutionalized in different environments because this will help in creating an understanding of violence.

Youth Violence: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Youth is considered that age group that is greater than 18 age. In this article, the authors defined youth violence as violent behavioral actions by the age group above 18. Youth in this age group are considered to be very mature and good decision-makers but on the other hand, youth violence is contrary to this maturity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8zwfdIUl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bushman et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Bushman et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/OnBZ50Gh","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/5H2CADH9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/5H2CADH9"],"itemData":{"id":1492,"type":"article-journal","title":"Youth Violence: What We Know and What We Need to Know","container-title":"The American psychologist","page":"17-39","volume":"71","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"School shootings tear the fabric of society. In the wake of a school shooting, parents, pediatricians, policymakers, politicians, and the public search for \"the\" cause of the shooting. But there is no single cause. The causes of school shootings are extremely complex. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School rampage shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, we wrote a report for the National Science Foundation on what is known and not known about youth violence. This article summarizes and updates that report. After distinguishing violent behavior from aggressive behavior, we describe the prevalence of gun violence in the United States and age-related risks for violence. We delineate important differences between violence in the context of rare rampage school shootings, and much more common urban street violence. Acts of violence are influenced by multiple factors, often acting together. We summarize evidence on some major risk factors and protective factors for youth violence, highlighting individual and contextual factors, which often interact. We consider new quantitative \"data mining\" procedures that can be used to predict youth violence perpetrated by groups and individuals, recognizing critical issues of privacy and ethical concerns that arise in the prediction of violence. We also discuss implications of the current evidence for reducing youth violence, and we offer suggestions for future research. We conclude by arguing that the prevention of youth violence should be a national priority. (PsycINFO Database Record","DOI":"10.1037/a0039687","shortTitle":"Youth Violence","journalAbbreviation":"The American psychologist","author":[{"family":"Bushman","given":"Brad"},{"family":"Newman","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Calvert","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Downey","given":"Geraldine"},{"family":"Dredze","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Gottfredson","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Jablonski","given":"Nina"},{"family":"Masten","given":"Ann"},{"family":"Morrill","given":"Calvin"},{"family":"Neill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Romer","given":"Dan"},{"family":"Webster","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",1,14]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bushman et al., 2016). The authors narrated that, violence by youth has been increasing in past years may be because of their environment, while this has resulted in an increased number of homicides in the United States. The total percentage for this is 3 to 40 times higher as compared to other higher-income countries. It is also mentioned in the article that the male population belonging to different ethnicities and religions gets more affected by youth violence. This youth violence in the article is related to gun violence and street shootings by youth. There are several factors responsible for this behavior and as mentioned by the authors they are family influences, psychological factors, academics, and media.

Prosocial Identities and Youth Violence

Violence is the result of different behaviors in society and these behaviors may originate from different institutions of society. Violent behaviors of youth according to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XJMb8SGr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Na & Paternoster, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Na & Paternoster, 2019)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/bjv2iN8w","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GPU4G28M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GPU4G28M"],"itemData":{"id":1495,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prosocial Identities and Youth Violence","container-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","page":"84-128","volume":"56","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Objective:Despite a recent surge of interest in the important role that identity change plays in the desistance process, much of the empirical work has been qualitative and conducted with small samples, usually of serious adult offenders. Drawing on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in South Korea, this study explores how the development of their prosocial identity is related to their own social bond and network and collectively how this process relates to a downward trend in violent behavior.Method:Negative binomial random effects models were estimated to assess the within-individual effects of the proposed predictor and mediators on the outcome variable. Then, longitudinal path analyses were conducted to explore the overall and specific mediation processes.Conclusion:First, there is an inverse relationship between prosocial identity and violent behavior across time. Second, our own identity of self might not be entirely a social construction based on others? appraisals but is intimately connected to the actions that we intentionally take. Third, positive effects of a prosocial identity on subsequent violence are mediated primarily by the avoidance of association with delinquent peers. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818796552","DOI":"10.1177/0022427818796552","ISSN":"0022-4278","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Na","given":"Chongmin"},{"family":"Paternoster","given":"Ray"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Na & Paternoster (2019) are the reflection of those peers who are anti-social, and they show avoiding association with other members of society. Violence is that behavior that grabs the attention of all including high officials because such behaviors intend to harm others for no reason or because of grudges that they carry inside them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jTujIdre","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Na & Paternoster, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Na & Paternoster, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/bjv2iN8w","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GPU4G28M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GPU4G28M"],"itemData":{"id":1495,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prosocial Identities and Youth Violence","container-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","page":"84-128","volume":"56","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Objective:Despite a recent surge of interest in the important role that identity change plays in the desistance process, much of the empirical work has been qualitative and conducted with small samples, usually of serious adult offenders. Drawing on a nationally representative sample of adolescents in South Korea, this study explores how the development of their prosocial identity is related to their own social bond and network and collectively how this process relates to a downward trend in violent behavior.Method:Negative binomial random effects models were estimated to assess the within-individual effects of the proposed predictor and mediators on the outcome variable. Then, longitudinal path analyses were conducted to explore the overall and specific mediation processes.Conclusion:First, there is an inverse relationship between prosocial identity and violent behavior across time. Second, our own identity of self might not be entirely a social construction based on others? appraisals but is intimately connected to the actions that we intentionally take. Third, positive effects of a prosocial identity on subsequent violence are mediated primarily by the avoidance of association with delinquent peers. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818796552","DOI":"10.1177/0022427818796552","ISSN":"0022-4278","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Na","given":"Chongmin"},{"family":"Paternoster","given":"Ray"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Na & Paternoster, 2019). In this article, violence emphasized the physical behaviors of violence that included causing harm, mocking, threatening, and group fights. It was studied by the authors that violence is mediated due to a reason that includes the societal bonds and social networking of individuals with others. This means that violent behaviors are the result of the social networks and bonds that individual youth experiences. It was concluded by the authors that, these violent behaviors allow youth to change themselves in a unique way, which results in a decrease in their delinquency and turning points in their life.

Risk factors for youth violence: Youth violence commission, international society for research on aggression

In this article, the authors suggested some of the risk factors responsible for youth violence. The suggested factors included gender, childhood aggressiveness, emotional regulations of youth, and obsession of youth towards weapons. They also suggested some of the environmental factors responsible for youth violence included social exclusion, family characteristics, stressful experiences, and substance abuse. There are likely chances that an individual may get involved in violent behavior because of mental instabilities. While, these mental instabilities are the results of both personal and environmental factors, which he or she experiences on a daily basis. Youth in schools may experience in a different way as such they may be influenced by their peers, they may start using drugs and they may perform not well in their classes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H0HmCjJ5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bushman et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Bushman et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/1R25okCW","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GZYBGZA4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/GZYBGZA4"],"itemData":{"id":1497,"type":"article-journal","title":"Risk factors for youth violence: Youth violence commission, International Society For Research On Aggression (ISRA)","container-title":"Aggressive Behavior","page":"331-336","volume":"44","source":"ResearchGate","DOI":"10.1002/ab.21766","shortTitle":"Risk factors for youth violence","journalAbbreviation":"Aggressive Behavior","author":[{"family":"Bushman","given":"Brad"},{"family":"Coyne","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Björkqvist","given":"Kaj"},{"family":"Boxer","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Dubow","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Farrington","given":"David"},{"family":"Gentile","given":"Douglas"},{"family":"Huesmann","given":"L."},{"family":"Lansford","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Novaco","given":"Raymond"},{"family":"Ostrov","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Underwood","given":"Marion"},{"family":"Warburton","given":"Wayne"},{"family":"Ybarra","given":"Michele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bushman et al., 2018). However, these experiences can be corrected on time because this is the age when they learn the most. Their behaviors can be changed with the help of different developmental tasks and initiatives

Impacts of youth violence

According to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i5ItjxxD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holsinger & Sexton, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Holsinger & Sexton, 2017)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/elI8XZBL","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JE8T7CD3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JE8T7CD3"],"itemData":{"id":1500,"type":"book","title":"Toward Justice: Broadening the Study of Criminal Justice","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","number-of-pages":"485","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Designed as a text for Criminal Justice and Criminology capstone courses, Toward Justice encourages students to engage critically with conceptions of justice that go beyond the criminal justice system, in order to cultivate a more thorough understanding of the system as it operates on the ground in an imperfect world—where people aren’t always rational actors, where individual cases are linked to larger social problems, and where justice can sometimes slip through the cracks. Through a combined focus on content and professional development, Toward Justice helps students translate what they have learned in the classroom into active strategies for justice in their professional lives—preparing them for careers that will not simply maintain the status quo and stability that exists within our justice system, but rather challenge the system to achieve justice.","ISBN":"978-1-317-29056-8","note":"Google-Books-ID: siwlDwAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"Toward Justice","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Holsinger","given":"Kristi"},{"family":"Sexton","given":"Lori"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Holsinger & Sexton (2017), they suggested the effects of youth violence in the context of urban life. During the 1990s, violence by the youth made a greater impact on the criminal justice agencies to develop different strategies that may help them to prevent violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OiiOPDSr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holsinger & Sexton, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Holsinger & Sexton, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/elI8XZBL","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JE8T7CD3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/JE8T7CD3"],"itemData":{"id":1500,"type":"book","title":"Toward Justice: Broadening the Study of Criminal Justice","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","number-of-pages":"485","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Designed as a text for Criminal Justice and Criminology capstone courses, Toward Justice encourages students to engage critically with conceptions of justice that go beyond the criminal justice system, in order to cultivate a more thorough understanding of the system as it operates on the ground in an imperfect world—where people aren’t always rational actors, where individual cases are linked to larger social problems, and where justice can sometimes slip through the cracks. Through a combined focus on content and professional development, Toward Justice helps students translate what they have learned in the classroom into active strategies for justice in their professional lives—preparing them for careers that will not simply maintain the status quo and stability that exists within our justice system, but rather challenge the system to achieve justice.","ISBN":"978-1-317-29056-8","note":"Google-Books-ID: siwlDwAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"Toward Justice","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Holsinger","given":"Kristi"},{"family":"Sexton","given":"Lori"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Holsinger & Sexton, 2017). In particular, to gun violence by the youth is related to those offenders who are more powerful and they are more experienced in violence. Authors in their book also stated that they may also influence others may involve them in homicides and gangs. These youth who are already involved in violence encourage others by polishing their minds and they guide them by convincing them as if violence is a legal behavior. A bulk of violent gang members can cause harm to a larger population. However, some of the gang members during the 1990s in Boston were offered to get involved with the different social services. They were asked to perform different duties in concerts such as help groups, youth workers, and parole officers. This social inclusion of violent behaviors may help them to change and live a normal life.

Social Isolation, Strain, and Youth Violence

Youth violence may lead to many consequences, and one of the consequence according to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nHXzMPEY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ni\\uc0\\u241{}o et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Niño et al., 2017)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/1DxYyOfA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2AG6VSWG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2AG6VSWG"],"itemData":{"id":1502,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social isolation, strain, and youth violence","container-title":"Youth violence and juvenile justice","page":"299-313","volume":"15","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Niño","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Ignatow","given":"Gabe"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Tianji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niño et al., (2017) is the social exclusion of the youth who are involved in violence. Contrary to the social inclusions of the youth result in positive activities in society. According to the research carried by the authors stated that there is a relationship between isolation and violence among youth. They are more likely to get involved in deviant and violent behaviors when they are excluded from societal relationships. Youth those, who are socially disconnected and least interested in social activities are more likely to adopt and get involved in violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avmSvczG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ni\\uc0\\u241{}o et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Niño et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/1DxYyOfA","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2AG6VSWG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2AG6VSWG"],"itemData":{"id":1502,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social isolation, strain, and youth violence","container-title":"Youth violence and juvenile justice","page":"299-313","volume":"15","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Niño","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Ignatow","given":"Gabe"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Tianji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niño et al., 2017). This behavior marginalizes them from other social patterns. However, this marginalization may also increase the violence in youth. One of the huge impacts of violence is social distraction and disengagement from society. Whereas, social inclusion is important for the survival of individuals in society. The authors in this article also emphasized youth strain, which results in violence, and this is behaviors enables them to be socially disengaged.

Youth Violence Prevention Local Public Health Approach

Local public health plays a vital role in youth violence prevention and this is one of the strategies. Article by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kNOLqWQj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tibbs et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Tibbs et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/3FVqK3E9","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ4EAWE3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ4EAWE3"],"itemData":{"id":1503,"type":"article-journal","title":"Youth Violence Prevention: Local Public Health Approach","container-title":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice","page":"641","volume":"23","issue":"6","source":"journals.lww.com","abstract":"An abstract is unavailable.","URL":"https://journals.lww.com/jphmp/fulltext/2017/11000/Youth_Violence_Prevention___Local_Public_Health.16.aspx","DOI":"10.1097/PHH.0000000000000687","ISSN":"1078-4659","shortTitle":"Youth Violence Prevention","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Tibbs","given":"Calondra D."},{"family":"Layne","given":"Dedra"},{"family":"Bryant","given":"Blaire"},{"family":"Carr","given":"Margaret"},{"family":"Ruhe","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Keitt","given":"Sheree"},{"family":"Gross","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",12]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tibbs et al., 2017) suggested that violence makes a huge impact on an individual's health. The impacts on health included psychological imbalances, changes in physical appearances, and physical injuries (self- injuries). The local public health sector has a major responsibility and this department can lead local communities to implement different strategies to prevent youth violence in their communities. These strategies may include engagement of youth in different activities, facilitation of peer exchange, providing technical support to youth, and providing youth learning opportunities. These strategies by the local public health also include the safe streets, where people may be able to walk without any fear. According to the authors, this is only possible when these local public health departments initiate public education, mobilization of community members, and involvement of religious leaders. Whereas, lawmakers are an important consideration because they have more authority and they can plan strategies on the state levels. The capacity building of youth to avoid violence by including all members of society is important because it will be easier to control over violence.

Prevention of Aggression, Violence, and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: Innovative and Sustainable Approaches from Around the World: Introduction and Overview

According to the authors of this article, they suggested that youth in lower-income economies are more vulnerable to violence. It is important to make strategies that are sustainable and innovative. Cultural norms can be effective to control violence in such economies whereas that are also cost-effective that can be implemented very easily ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"owGl2Ijd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Guerra & Duryea, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Guerra & Duryea, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/ejPxPFAC","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HHFBQP89"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HHFBQP89"],"itemData":{"id":1505,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevention of Aggression, Violence, and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: Innovative and Sustainable Approaches from Around the World: Introduction and Overview","container-title":"Prevention Science","page":"749-753","volume":"18","issue":"7","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"This special issue, Prevention of Aggression, Violence, and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: Innovative and Sustainable Approaches from Around the World, represents a broad set of studies from lower- and middle-income countries. The intent of the special issue was to expand our knowledge of evidence-based programs in less-resourced settings, given that most of the current evidence comes from the USA and other higher-income countries. Many of the articles describe adaptations of evidence-based programs developed in higher-income countries, and their findings suggest that this can be an effective approach. Other studies present evidence for context-specific programs that match cultural norms, are efficient and cost-effective to implement, and are aligned with infrastructure and available resources. We also include articles that provide evidence for the preventive effects of everyday activities such as orchestra participation and after-school programs. Our hope is that the studies reported in this special issue will provide useful guidance for policy makers, funders, and key leaders looking for innovative, affordable, and sustainable solutions to preventing violence in childhood and adolescence and promoting mental health and adjustment around the world.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0814-0","DOI":"10.1007/s11121-017-0814-0","ISSN":"1573-6695","shortTitle":"Prevention of Aggression, Violence, and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence","journalAbbreviation":"Prev Sci","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Guerra","given":"Nancy"},{"family":"Duryea","given":"Suzanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",10,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Guerra & Duryea, 2017). It is not necessary to plan for new infrastructure; the cultural norm strategy can be implemented in the available resources. These can make impacts on the youth who are going to schools and those who participate in orchestra. The collective strategies within the context of cultural norms may also help the policymakers to develop innovative solutions that may help to prevent violence among youth. Adding to the cultural norms, mental health is also important to be focused. Authors suggested that interventions that aim to improve mental health might help youth to come over the deviant behaviors.

Preventing Violence among High-Risk Youth and Communities with Economic, Policy, and Structural Strategies

Youth violence is not something that cannot be prevented, interventions can be implemented. Youth violence can be decreased by implementing different interventions in business policies, alcohol policies and making the streets safe. According to the authors they suggested that, when youth are provided with many business opportunities, get involved in the developmental projects. According to the research conducted in Los Angeles, it was studied that increased business opportunities resulted in a lower ratio of violence among youth. Youth were able to earn and make a profit out of their business, which means the ration for robberies were decreased and it was noted as 12 5 in Los Angeles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"A6DWn3a2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Massetti & David, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Massetti & David, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/z6CrhDDy","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H9G2M8XT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/H9G2M8XT"],"itemData":{"id":1507,"type":"article-journal","title":"Preventing violence among high-risk youth and communities with economic, policy, and structural strategies","container-title":"MMWR supplements","volume":"65","author":[{"family":"Massetti","given":"Greta M."},{"family":"David","given":"Corinne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Massetti & David, 2016). Alcohol policies according to the authors have to be changed in a way that the availability of alcohol should be made illegal by lawmakers. However, in Los Angeles, after the prevention of alcohol prevention, violent injuries among youth were decreased. Policies implemented at community levels including safe street policy helped them to provide safety to all community members. The inclusion of all community members allows them to implement comprehensive approaches that result in the reduction of violence.

Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: A violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence

Many youth are exposed to violence and factors like family influences, academic performances, educational platforms, peer pressure may be responsible for violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Fts14Ni1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reidy et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Reidy et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/nvGsFGMQ","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2SAPJD9B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2SAPJD9B"],"itemData":{"id":1508,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: A violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence","container-title":"Preventive Medicine","page":"235-242","volume":"100","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"In the present study, we assess the effects of the Expect Respect Support Groups (ERSG) on frequency of teen dating violence (TDV) and general youth violence. ERSG is a school-based violence prevention program for youth who have been exposed to violence in their home, school, or community. Boys and girls (N=1,678, Mage=14.3, S.D.=1.7, Range=11–17) from 36 schools in Texas participated in this accelerated longitudinal (7-year trajectory) study beginning in 2011. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted using three waves of data from three cross-sectional cohorts of adolescents. Among boys, the number of ERSG sessions attended related to incremental declines in psychological TDV perpetration and victimization, physical TDV victimization, sexual TDV perpetration and victimization, reactive aggression, and proactive aggression. Girls attending ERSG demonstrated reductions in reactive and proactive aggression. The present findings suggest ERSG may be an effective cross-cutting strategy to reduce TDV and other forms of violence among high-risk boys and possibly girls. This information provides valuable understanding of TDV and youth violence in high-risk populations and may be useful in tailoring future prevention efforts to different groups of teens.","URL":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743517301664","DOI":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.003","ISSN":"0091-7435","shortTitle":"Evaluation of the expect respect support group program","journalAbbreviation":"Preventive Medicine","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Reidy","given":"Dennis E."},{"family":"Holland","given":"Kristin M."},{"family":"Cortina","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Ball","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Rosenbluth","given":"Barri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",7,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reidy et al., 2017). Hence, it is important to plan strategies for youth that are prone to vulnerabilities caused by violence. According to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D2Fa0f8T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reidy et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Reidy et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/nvGsFGMQ","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2SAPJD9B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2SAPJD9B"],"itemData":{"id":1508,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: A violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence","container-title":"Preventive Medicine","page":"235-242","volume":"100","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"In the present study, we assess the effects of the Expect Respect Support Groups (ERSG) on frequency of teen dating violence (TDV) and general youth violence. ERSG is a school-based violence prevention program for youth who have been exposed to violence in their home, school, or community. Boys and girls (N=1,678, Mage=14.3, S.D.=1.7, Range=11–17) from 36 schools in Texas participated in this accelerated longitudinal (7-year trajectory) study beginning in 2011. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted using three waves of data from three cross-sectional cohorts of adolescents. Among boys, the number of ERSG sessions attended related to incremental declines in psychological TDV perpetration and victimization, physical TDV victimization, sexual TDV perpetration and victimization, reactive aggression, and proactive aggression. Girls attending ERSG demonstrated reductions in reactive and proactive aggression. The present findings suggest ERSG may be an effective cross-cutting strategy to reduce TDV and other forms of violence among high-risk boys and possibly girls. This information provides valuable understanding of TDV and youth violence in high-risk populations and may be useful in tailoring future prevention efforts to different groups of teens.","URL":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743517301664","DOI":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.003","ISSN":"0091-7435","shortTitle":"Evaluation of the expect respect support group program","journalAbbreviation":"Preventive Medicine","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Reidy","given":"Dennis E."},{"family":"Holland","given":"Kristin M."},{"family":"Cortina","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Ball","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Rosenbluth","given":"Barri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",7,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reidy et al., 2017), it is stated that school-based violence programs may be helpful to prevent such behaviors in which they are involved. Expect respect support groups (ERSG) may help these individuals involved in violence. During the research study conducted by Reidy et al., it was studied that, girls who were exposed to violence were likely to be less to possess violent behaviors who attended ERSG. Along with this, it is important to allow youth to understand teen dating violence victimization and preparation. These both help to overcome proactive aggression and violent reactions among youth.

Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention: Crafting Methods to Context

Some communities are more prone to vulnerabilities because of violence. This violence may include any age group. According to an article by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oGsdzRAe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/Hcb2mHMk","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/TWA5YY6T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/TWA5YY6T"],"itemData":{"id":1511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention: Crafting Methods to Context","container-title":"The Journal of Primary Prevention","page":"189-207","volume":"37","issue":"2","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"The purpose of the Youth Violence Prevention Centers (YVPC) Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to reduce youth violence in defined high-risk communities through the implementation and evaluation of comprehensive, evidence based prevention strategies. Within this common framework, each YVPC varies in its structure and methods, however all engage communities in multiple ways. We explore aspects of community engagement employed by three centers that operate in very different contexts: a rural county in North Carolina; a suburban area of Denver, Colorado; and an urban setting in Flint, Michigan. While previous research has addressed theories supporting community involvement in youth violence prevention, there has been less attention to the implementation challenges of achieving and sustaining participation. In three case examples, we describe the foci and methods for community engagement in diverse YVPC sites and detail the barriers and facilitating factors that have influenced implementation. Just as intervention programs may need to be adapted in order to meet the needs of specific populations, methods of community engagement must be tailored to the context in which they occur. We discuss case examples of community engagement in areas with varying geographies, histories, and racial and ethnic compositions. Each setting presents distinct challenges and opportunities for conducting collaborative violence prevention initiatives and for adapting engagement methods to diverse communities. Although approaches may vary depending upon local contexts, there are certain principles that appear to be common across cultures and geography: trust, transparency, communication, commitment. We also discuss the importance of flexibility in community engagement efforts.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-016-0428-5","DOI":"10.1007/s10935-016-0428-5","ISSN":"1573-6547","shortTitle":"Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention","journalAbbreviation":"J Primary Prevent","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Morrel-Samuels","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Bacallao","given":"Martica"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Shelli"},{"family":"Bower","given":"Meredith"},{"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016), they stated that Youth Violence Preventions Centers (YVPC) programs are the sources to decrease the higher ratios of youth violence. Engaging communities is important to overcome such issues of violence. Whereas these communities may include members having different backgrounds and ethnicities. Making strategies and including these members in healthy activities like social developmental activities may help all of the members not only youth to overcome violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IsVHXdI6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/Hcb2mHMk","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/TWA5YY6T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/TWA5YY6T"],"itemData":{"id":1511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention: Crafting Methods to Context","container-title":"The Journal of Primary Prevention","page":"189-207","volume":"37","issue":"2","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"The purpose of the Youth Violence Prevention Centers (YVPC) Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to reduce youth violence in defined high-risk communities through the implementation and evaluation of comprehensive, evidence based prevention strategies. Within this common framework, each YVPC varies in its structure and methods, however all engage communities in multiple ways. We explore aspects of community engagement employed by three centers that operate in very different contexts: a rural county in North Carolina; a suburban area of Denver, Colorado; and an urban setting in Flint, Michigan. While previous research has addressed theories supporting community involvement in youth violence prevention, there has been less attention to the implementation challenges of achieving and sustaining participation. In three case examples, we describe the foci and methods for community engagement in diverse YVPC sites and detail the barriers and facilitating factors that have influenced implementation. Just as intervention programs may need to be adapted in order to meet the needs of specific populations, methods of community engagement must be tailored to the context in which they occur. We discuss case examples of community engagement in areas with varying geographies, histories, and racial and ethnic compositions. Each setting presents distinct challenges and opportunities for conducting collaborative violence prevention initiatives and for adapting engagement methods to diverse communities. Although approaches may vary depending upon local contexts, there are certain principles that appear to be common across cultures and geography: trust, transparency, communication, commitment. We also discuss the importance of flexibility in community engagement efforts.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-016-0428-5","DOI":"10.1007/s10935-016-0428-5","ISSN":"1573-6547","shortTitle":"Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention","journalAbbreviation":"J Primary Prevent","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Morrel-Samuels","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Bacallao","given":"Martica"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Shelli"},{"family":"Bower","given":"Meredith"},{"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",4,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Morrel-Samuels et al., 2016). Despite having different ethnicities, community members always agree to get involved in demanding activities, which aim for the development of society and the sustainability of community members. Authors also suggested that community engagement is important, whereas, these engagements include trust-building, transparency in activities, appropriate ways of communication, and commitment by the community members especially youth may help them to deviate from violence. This may help them to be a productive segment of their community and help them to get involved in community-level programs.

School Violence Prevention: Teachers Establishing Relationships with Students Using Counseling Strategies

This article by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ImnYxX33","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Volungis & Goodman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Volungis & Goodman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/HilMcKkd","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ9PUACB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ9PUACB"],"itemData":{"id":1516,"type":"article-journal","title":"School Violence Prevention: Teachers Establishing Relationships With Students Using Counseling Strategies","container-title":"SAGE Open","page":"2158244017700460","volume":"7","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Although youth violence rates continue to decrease in the United States, it remains the second leading cause of death for adolescents. Furthermore, school violence remains a sociocultural concern, especially due to increasing media attention. Research consistently indicates that preventing school violence involves measures that go beyond formal protocols. One factor that has emerged from this research is that the quality of relationships between students and teachers, commonly referred to as school connectedness, may have a significant role in preventing school violence. However, there is very little literature that addresses how mental health professionals, such as school counselors, can assist teachers in fostering school connectedness with their students. This article provides a theoretical conceptualization of teacher–student relationship and communication skills that contribute to eventual school violence prevention through the development of school connectedness. The ultimate goal of this theoretical model is to provide conceptual and applied guidance in bridging the gap between research and practice.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017700460","DOI":"10.1177/2158244017700460","ISSN":"2158-2440","shortTitle":"School Violence Prevention","journalAbbreviation":"SAGE Open","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Volungis","given":"Adam M."},{"family":"Goodman","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Volungis & Goodman, 2017) suggested that violence has been increased in the United States in the past decades, and this has resulted in the second most deaths of adolescents. One of the socio-cultural concerns is school violence that has increased due to more media attention. This article based on the studies suggested that, to avoid youth violence in schools it is important to step ahead of formal protocols. This study examined that, student-teacher relation is related to the relationship with schools, and this relation may play a vital role in the prevention of school-based violence. However, schools may initiate counseling sessions for the youth to overcome violence. This will be possible when there will be lesser gaps between teachers, counselors, and students. Better communication skills may help to control over violence, whereas, this will be considered as a preventive measure ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0jlucAcJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Volungis & Goodman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Volungis & Goodman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/HilMcKkd","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ9PUACB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/HQ9PUACB"],"itemData":{"id":1516,"type":"article-journal","title":"School Violence Prevention: Teachers Establishing Relationships With Students Using Counseling Strategies","container-title":"SAGE Open","page":"2158244017700460","volume":"7","issue":"1","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Although youth violence rates continue to decrease in the United States, it remains the second leading cause of death for adolescents. Furthermore, school violence remains a sociocultural concern, especially due to increasing media attention. Research consistently indicates that preventing school violence involves measures that go beyond formal protocols. One factor that has emerged from this research is that the quality of relationships between students and teachers, commonly referred to as school connectedness, may have a significant role in preventing school violence. However, there is very little literature that addresses how mental health professionals, such as school counselors, can assist teachers in fostering school connectedness with their students. This article provides a theoretical conceptualization of teacher–student relationship and communication skills that contribute to eventual school violence prevention through the development of school connectedness. The ultimate goal of this theoretical model is to provide conceptual and applied guidance in bridging the gap between research and practice.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017700460","DOI":"10.1177/2158244017700460","ISSN":"2158-2440","shortTitle":"School Violence Prevention","journalAbbreviation":"SAGE Open","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Volungis","given":"Adam M."},{"family":"Goodman","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Volungis & Goodman, 2017). Counselors may also assist schoolteachers to increase relations with their students, so that, they may not get involved in any violent behavior.

Community readiness for youth violence prevention: a comparative study in the US and Bolivia

To aware of youth in communities it is important to encourage them to be part of the developmental initiative aiming awareness among community members. Community motivation especially youth motivation and readiness for challenging violence is important ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0a4AwVZf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shadowen et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Shadowen et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/r51KBXev","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8XKUWCW8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8XKUWCW8"],"itemData":{"id":1518,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community readiness for youth violence prevention: a comparative study in the US and Bolivia","container-title":"Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies","page":"117-129","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Much attention in the field of community-based youth violence prevention has focused on the importance of evidence-based programs and practices – there are multiple lists of effective and promising programs (e.g. Blueprints, CrimeSolutions.gov), and reviews of best practices in the US and internationally are readily available (e.g. World Health Organization, 2010). Less attention has been directed toward community motivation and ‘readiness’ for action, although it is beginning to be recognized as an important component of implementation, scale-up and sustainability. Readiness refers to a community’s willingness to address a problem, access to resources and knowledge about empirically supported best practices. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study assessing community readiness for youth violence prevention in high-violence, low resource communities in three cities in two countries (El Alto and Santa Cruz, Bolivia and Wilmington, DE, USA). Based on the community readiness literature we developed a semi-structured interview to characterize and provide feedback to communities on strengths and challenges, and conducted 85 interviews with key leaders across the three communities. We also were interested in exploring whether communities with high youth violence problems, but different historical, cultural and economic characteristics shared common challenges that could provide broader guidance for community-based prevention and policies in high violence settings. Across the three settings, high violence communities were keenly aware of the problem and motivated to address it, but lacked resources and knowledge of evidence-based practices.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2017.1286423","DOI":"10.1080/17450128.2017.1286423","ISSN":"1745-0128","shortTitle":"Community readiness for youth violence prevention","author":[{"family":"Shadowen","given":"Noel L."},{"family":"Guerra","given":"Nancy G."},{"family":"Rodas","given":"Gabriela Reyes"},{"family":"Serrano-Berthet","given":"Rodrigo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",4,3]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shadowen et al., 2017). Readiness is a willingness of individuals to address issues, learn about having access to resources available, and gaining knowledge empirically. In the article by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fmyar0IS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shadowen et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Shadowen et al., 2017)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/r51KBXev","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8XKUWCW8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8XKUWCW8"],"itemData":{"id":1518,"type":"article-journal","title":"Community readiness for youth violence prevention: a comparative study in the US and Bolivia","container-title":"Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies","page":"117-129","volume":"12","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Much attention in the field of community-based youth violence prevention has focused on the importance of evidence-based programs and practices – there are multiple lists of effective and promising programs (e.g. Blueprints, CrimeSolutions.gov), and reviews of best practices in the US and internationally are readily available (e.g. World Health Organization, 2010). Less attention has been directed toward community motivation and ‘readiness’ for action, although it is beginning to be recognized as an important component of implementation, scale-up and sustainability. Readiness refers to a community’s willingness to address a problem, access to resources and knowledge about empirically supported best practices. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study assessing community readiness for youth violence prevention in high-violence, low resource communities in three cities in two countries (El Alto and Santa Cruz, Bolivia and Wilmington, DE, USA). Based on the community readiness literature we developed a semi-structured interview to characterize and provide feedback to communities on strengths and challenges, and conducted 85 interviews with key leaders across the three communities. We also were interested in exploring whether communities with high youth violence problems, but different historical, cultural and economic characteristics shared common challenges that could provide broader guidance for community-based prevention and policies in high violence settings. Across the three settings, high violence communities were keenly aware of the problem and motivated to address it, but lacked resources and knowledge of evidence-based practices.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2017.1286423","DOI":"10.1080/17450128.2017.1286423","ISSN":"1745-0128","shortTitle":"Community readiness for youth violence prevention","author":[{"family":"Shadowen","given":"Noel L."},{"family":"Guerra","given":"Nancy G."},{"family":"Rodas","given":"Gabriela Reyes"},{"family":"Serrano-Berthet","given":"Rodrigo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",4,3]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Shadowen et al., (2017), it was stated that it is important to exploit the available resource, so that, they will be utilized by the members effectively. Resources are important because they engage youth in activities, while it depends on these individuals whether they use them efficiently or not. However, the development and engagement of youth in the utilization of these resources may help avoid violence. This will help to generate different opportunities. In any community, more opportunities mean that more people are engaged in healthy activities. Shadowen et al., suggested that readiness to generate different opportunities is important in some ways to prevent violence. If youth are involved in healthy activities like the generation of opportunities will be considered as one part of the prevention of violence. It is also observable that, there are lesser chances of violence when there will be more awareness among youth, and this is directly proportional to opportunities in the community.

Trends in Fighting and Violence Among Adolescents in the United States, 2002–2014

Violence among youth has been increasing and multiple personal and environmental factors are the reason behind this behavior. Salas-Wright et al. stated an encouraging fact that youth violence has been declined, more specifically youth engaged in serious group fights and attacks between 2002-2014. In contrast, ethnic and racial violence is somehow disturbing. According to the suggestions by the authors, it is important to engage youth in preventive measures that may be done with the help of community interventions, school intervention programs, and societal activities. Authors suggested that providing more opportunities to youth is important for the reason that, these activities engage them positively. Engaging youth in school-based activities like science fairs and games may help them to stay away from violence. On the State level, it is important to plan such strategies that will focus on prevention programs to overcome youth disparities. Comprehensive policy changes can help bring changes on a larger scale on a higher level among youth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"16aq3owG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Salas-Wright et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Salas-Wright et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/g5h2WYSn","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/49RK4NTW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/49RK4NTW"],"itemData":{"id":1535,"type":"article-journal","title":"Trends in Fighting and Violence Among Adolescents in the United States, 2002–2014","container-title":"American Journal of Public Health","page":"977-982","volume":"107","issue":"6","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objectives. To examine trends in and correlates of fighting and violence among youths from the 3 largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States., Methods. We derived race/ethnicity-specific prevalence estimates for fighting, group fighting, and attacks with intent to harm from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a population-based study of youths aged 12 to 17 years., Results. The prevalence of youth fighting and violence decreased significantly in all racial/ethnic groups over the study period (2002–2014), dropping from a high of 33.6% in 2003 to a low of 23.7% in 2014, reflecting a 29% decrease in the relative proportion of young people involved in these behaviors. However, there was also a clear severity gradient in which year-by-year point estimates for fighting and violence were consistently highest among non-Hispanic African American youths, followed by Hispanic and then non-Hispanic White youths., Conclusions. Although fighting and violence are on the decline among young people in general and across racial/ethnic subgroups, there is a stable pattern of disparities in youth involvement in these behaviors.","URL":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5425865/","DOI":"10.2105/AJPH.2017.303743","ISSN":"0090-0036","note":"PMID: 28426317\nPMCID: PMC5425865","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Public Health","author":[{"family":"Salas-Wright","given":"Christopher P."},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Erik J."},{"family":"Vaughn","given":"Michael G."},{"family":"Reingle Gonzalez","given":"Jennifer M."},{"family":"Córdova","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",6]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Salas-Wright et al., 2017).

School Violence: The School Environment and Its Impact on Learning

School is considered one of the environmental sources that make an impact on violence. Schools are those platforms, where youth are exposed to many other students and their behaviors vary. From there, students learn many behaviors, which may be healthy or unhealthy for them. Some of the youth learn violent behaviors from other students; hence, this environmental factor allows them to learn violence in a way that they get to interact with different violent groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gBGMOygy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anderson et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Anderson et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/SN3iHC84","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/U9LZWN24"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/U9LZWN24"],"itemData":{"id":1525,"type":"article-journal","title":"School Violence: The School Environment and Its Impact on Learning.","container-title":"Researcher: An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"29","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Brian E."},{"family":"Allen","given":"Trenia L."},{"family":"Jenkins","given":"Patrice R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anderson et al., 2016). Such groups influence them with the behaviors, which they consider as ethical and appreciating.

Understanding violence and developing resilience with African American youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities

There are varying environmental factors responsible for youth violence. According to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mTmVOg4J","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McCrea et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(McCrea et al., 2019)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/Bf0nOHu2","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8ZPKD35B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8ZPKD35B"],"itemData":{"id":1526,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding violence and developing resilience with African American youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities","container-title":"Children and Youth Services Review","page":"296-307","volume":"99","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"The scourge of community violence that besets young citizens in high-poverty U.S. communities of color is a compelling social problem to address. This article synthesizes studies of causes and preventive services for youth violence, including randomized controlled experiments and theoretical, case study contributions. Available evidence indicates that causes of youth violence are complex and interact across multiple layers of social systems. Accordingly, single-factor programs and policies developed for other populations tend to be ineffective for addressing the many injustices with which youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities of color contend. Therefore, we develop a perspective that is developmental, multi-systemic, and restorative of youths' dignity. Responding to researchers' calls for more contextually-grounded case studies of causes and remedies for youth violence, this article focuses on Chicago, where street violence rates in some communities are among the highest in the world and have increased in the last several years. First, we describe the intersectionalities of catalysts of violence, such as institutional racism, police brutality, deficits in child protection, and deep poverty, in a developmental systems-based framework. Next, we frame community service principles with population-specific features, recognizing cultural and community strengths and youths' significant resilience and potential. Drawing from Afrocentric social thought, positive youth development, trauma treatment models, cognitive behavioral, and empowerment approaches, we describe intervention principles for community-based services. Examples are drawn from decades of work with Chicago's impoverished African American youth on the violence-beset south and west sides of Chicago.","URL":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918306157","DOI":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.12.018","ISSN":"0190-7409","journalAbbreviation":"Children and Youth Services Review","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McCrea","given":"Katherine Tyson"},{"family":"Richards","given":"Maryse"},{"family":"Quimby","given":"Dakari"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Darrick"},{"family":"Davis","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Hart","given":"Sotonye"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Hopson","given":"Symora"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} McCrea et al., (2019), they state that one of the environmental factors responsible for violence among youth is poverty. In the United States, high-poverty in some of the communities has encouraged violence among youth. To address these issues it is important to provide maximum opportunities to all people of color ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"esAUsSAk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McCrea et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(McCrea et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/Bf0nOHu2","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8ZPKD35B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/8ZPKD35B"],"itemData":{"id":1526,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding violence and developing resilience with African American youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities","container-title":"Children and Youth Services Review","page":"296-307","volume":"99","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"The scourge of community violence that besets young citizens in high-poverty U.S. communities of color is a compelling social problem to address. This article synthesizes studies of causes and preventive services for youth violence, including randomized controlled experiments and theoretical, case study contributions. Available evidence indicates that causes of youth violence are complex and interact across multiple layers of social systems. Accordingly, single-factor programs and policies developed for other populations tend to be ineffective for addressing the many injustices with which youth in high-poverty, high-crime communities of color contend. Therefore, we develop a perspective that is developmental, multi-systemic, and restorative of youths' dignity. Responding to researchers' calls for more contextually-grounded case studies of causes and remedies for youth violence, this article focuses on Chicago, where street violence rates in some communities are among the highest in the world and have increased in the last several years. First, we describe the intersectionalities of catalysts of violence, such as institutional racism, police brutality, deficits in child protection, and deep poverty, in a developmental systems-based framework. Next, we frame community service principles with population-specific features, recognizing cultural and community strengths and youths' significant resilience and potential. Drawing from Afrocentric social thought, positive youth development, trauma treatment models, cognitive behavioral, and empowerment approaches, we describe intervention principles for community-based services. Examples are drawn from decades of work with Chicago's impoverished African American youth on the violence-beset south and west sides of Chicago.","URL":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918306157","DOI":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.12.018","ISSN":"0190-7409","journalAbbreviation":"Children and Youth Services Review","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McCrea","given":"Katherine Tyson"},{"family":"Richards","given":"Maryse"},{"family":"Quimby","given":"Dakari"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Darrick"},{"family":"Davis","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Hart","given":"Sotonye"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Hopson","given":"Symora"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McCrea et al., 2019). Single-factor Programs implemented in the past have been unsuccessful because they resulted in disparities among people of color and this resulted in gender issues too. Therefore, the authors suggest that multi-systematic programs will be effective towards youth and this will restorative to them as well.

Familial Influences on Dating Violence Victimization among Latino Youth

Apart from theoretical and empirical evidence, family plays as an environment plays a vital role in youth development. To prevent violence among youth, the family may play an integral part. Family relational climate including youth will accelerate psychological and family cohesion. It is important to create a climate of family cohesion because family issues also result in youth violence. Parental monitoring will be one of the preventive measures for youth violence and also, this will decrease the communicational gaps between youth and their families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j4jcoQqM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reyes et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Reyes et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/M2HNTxYI","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DM3BKERB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DM3BKERB"],"itemData":{"id":1528,"type":"article-journal","title":"Familial Influences on Dating Violence Victimization Among Latino Youth","container-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma","page":"773-792","volume":"25","issue":"8","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Despite theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that the family environment plays a central role in Latino youth development, relatively little is known about how family processes influence dating violence victimization among Latino adolescents. To address this gap in the literature, we used data from 210 Latino parents and their 13- to 15-year-old adolescents to examine associations between several different family processes, including both parenting practices (parent monitoring, parent–adolescent communication) and aspects of the family relational climate (family cohesion, family conflict, acculturation conflict) and psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization. Consistent with expectations, lower levels of family cohesion and higher levels of family and acculturation conflict were associated with risk for dating violence victimization, although associations varied depending on victimization type. In contrast, neither parental monitoring nor parent–adolescent communication was significantly associated with any type of dating violence victimization. In addition, we found that parent, but not teen, Anglo-American acculturation was associated with higher dating violence victimization risk. Findings suggest that family-based dating abuse prevention programs for Latino youth should seek to increase family cohesion and decrease family conflict, including acculturation-based conflict.","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2016.1210270","DOI":"10.1080/10926771.2016.1210270","ISSN":"1092-6771","author":[{"family":"Reyes","given":"H. Luz McNaughton"},{"family":"Foshee","given":"Vangie A."},{"family":"Klevens","given":"Joanne"},{"family":"Tharp","given":"Andra Teten"},{"family":"Chapman","given":"Mimi V."},{"family":"Chen","given":"May S."},{"family":"Ennett","given":"Susan T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",9,13]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reyes et al., 2016). Family gaps and lack of parental monitoring sometimes leads to deviant behaviors like violence among youth.

How to prevent and tackle bullying and school violence: Evidence and practices for strategies for inclusive and safe schools

According to a study by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zyq5p7eL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Downes & Cefai, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Downes & Cefai, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"33Z5R9lW/sDlleO2r","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/V3MAT9BQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/V3MAT9BQ"],"itemData":{"id":1534,"type":"book","title":"How to prevent and tackle bullying and school violence: Evidence and practices for strategies for inclusive and safe schools","publisher":"Publications Office of the European Union","ISBN":"92-79-49062-1","author":[{"family":"Downes","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Cefai","given":"Carmel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Downes & Cefai, 2016) suggested that bullying is one of the factors responsible for youth violence in the United States. Being bullied, and bullying in schools are associated with youth violence. According to this study by Nansel et al., it is also suggested that bullying at schools has also resulted in the gun violence, students were more likely to carry weapons, and they were involved in physical fighting and self-injuries. Bullying among youth is a common behavior and this results in psychological disturbances among youth. This behavior of bullying should not be made part of any normative aspect. Youth development is not improved with these behaviors; rather they result in youth violence.

Spatial Analysis of the Impact of a School-Level Youth Violence Prevention Program on Violent Crime Incidents in the Community

According to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J0FvhdDG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Masho et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Masho et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HLCFMBAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HLCFMBAC"],"itemData":{"id":566,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Prevention science","issue":"4","page":"521-531","title":"Spatial analysis of the impact of a school-level youth violence prevention program on violent crime incidents in the community","volume":"20","author":[{"family":"Masho","given":"Saba W."},{"family":"Zirkle","given":"Keith W."},{"family":"Wheeler","given":"David C."},{"family":"Sullivan","given":"Terri"},{"family":"Farrell","given":"Albert D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Masho et al., (2019) School-based violence is common, and its prevention is more important on community levels. The reason for violence and crimes are more likely to be because of poverty in lower-income economies. Lesser opportunities for youth, then there will be more youth violence. school-level interventions are important to overcome youth violence. yet again academic activities will help overcome these issues of violence among youth. When there will be maximum interventions implemented by schools, this will benefit communities indirectly. Interventions may include some of the healthy activities that will enable youth to participate in these activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ughUwCf1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Masho et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Masho et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":566,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HLCFMBAC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/HLCFMBAC"],"itemData":{"id":566,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Prevention science","issue":"4","page":"521-531","title":"Spatial analysis of the impact of a school-level youth violence prevention program on violent crime incidents in the community","volume":"20","author":[{"family":"Masho","given":"Saba W."},{"family":"Zirkle","given":"Keith W."},{"family":"Wheeler","given":"David C."},{"family":"Sullivan","given":"Terri"},{"family":"Farrell","given":"Albert D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Masho et al., 2019).

Social Learning, Self-Control, Gender, and Variety of Violent Delinquency

In this article, it is stated that to overcome youth violence it is important to avoid violence, while this is possible when there will be lesser inequalities and more self-control. To avoid youth violence, it is important to overcome gender disparities. Sometimes gender inequalities are the reason for youth violence. these gender inequalities may start from the family institution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GuJqyDl9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Koon-Magnin et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Koon-Magnin et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":567,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/H9JPR8P8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/H9JPR8P8"],"itemData":{"id":567,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Deviant Behavior","issue":"7","page":"824-836","title":"Social learning, self-control, gender, and variety of violent delinquency","volume":"37","author":[{"family":"Koon-Magnin","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Bowers","given":"David"},{"family":"Langhinrichsen-Rohling","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Arata","given":"Catalina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Koon-Magnin et al., 2016). While, in schools, there will be also gender inequalities, but it is important to overcome these injustices. Schools may also help youth by teaching them self-control as this will be considered to counseling.

Youth Violence: How Gender Matters in Aggression Among Urban Early Adolescents

Gender differences may be observed in many forms, and these vary from time to time and place to place. However, it is important to overcome these because they result in youth violence more specifically. Youth who are violent may harm others as they are more aggressive, and they possess deviant behaviors. Gender tailored preventions and various treatment approaches for youth are important to overcome these aggressive and violent behaviors among youth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"momdsCNt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Finigan-Carr et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Finigan-Carr et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":568,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/YGZ5MAIT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/YGZ5MAIT"],"itemData":{"id":568,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence","issue":"19","page":"3257-3281","title":"Youth violence: How gender matters in aggression among urban early adolescents","volume":"31","author":[{"family":"Finigan-Carr","given":"Nadine M."},{"family":"Gielen","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Haynie","given":"Denise L."},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Tina L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Finigan-Carr et al., 2016). In addition to this, it is also important to identify violent and aggressive behaviors. When gender issues will be identified then, it will be easier to identify aggressive behaviors among youth.

The Contagious Spread of Violence Among US Adolescents Through Social Networks

Peer pressure is indirectly responsible or the youth behaviors, likewise, youth having a friend who is directly involved in violence also makes a greater impact on others. This article by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R9FiWT1T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bond & Bushman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Bond & Bushman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":569,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/GCA9QLDL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/GCA9QLDL"],"itemData":{"id":569,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"American journal of public health","issue":"2","page":"288-294","title":"The contagious spread of violence among US adolescents through social networks","volume":"107","author":[{"family":"Bond","given":"Robert M."},{"family":"Bushman","given":"Brad J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Bond & Bushman, (2017) suggested that a social circle including friends makes an influence on others who are not involved in such activities of violence. Youth who were influenced by the behaviors of their friends were more likely to carry weapons with them and they got also involved in such activities. Behaviors were changed to violent and they were likely to be involved in physical and serious fights ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nJJkiQ4u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bond & Bushman, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Bond & Bushman, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":569,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/GCA9QLDL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/GCA9QLDL"],"itemData":{"id":569,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"American journal of public health","issue":"2","page":"288-294","title":"The contagious spread of violence among US adolescents through social networks","volume":"107","author":[{"family":"Bond","given":"Robert M."},{"family":"Bushman","given":"Brad J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bond & Bushman, 2017).

Addressing violent extremism as public health policy and practice

Violence extremism is common around the world and this can be addressed with the help o lawmakers and policymakers. Community-based interventions may be also helpful in overcoming violence. while coming to youth violence, extreme violence can be related to them. to control this extremism of violence it is important to implement public-health approaches and help youth to avoid stigmas which they may be experiencing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C2HoQ3os","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Weine et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Weine et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":570,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/PJQP9BH4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/PJQP9BH4"],"itemData":{"id":570,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Behavioral sciences of terrorism and political aggression","issue":"3","page":"208-221","title":"Addressing violent extremism as public health policy and practice","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Weine","given":"Stevan"},{"family":"Eisenman","given":"David P."},{"family":"Kinsler","given":"Janni"},{"family":"Glik","given":"Deborah C."},{"family":"Polutnik","given":"Chloe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Weine et al., 2017). Public health resources may be also required to help youth to overcome violence. These public health resources may include healthy activities, counseling sessions, psychological assistance and emotional support from the community and society.

Critical Race Theory in Teacher Education: Informing Classroom Culture and Practice

According to this article, it is stated that more educational opportunities to youth may help them to overcome deviating behaviors like violence. A positive relationship between teachers and students is important for the development of both teacher and student. Youth are considered to be at that age when they are grooming, and they are more prone to psychological changes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UUyW1efq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Graham et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Graham et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":571,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/BEVT6LR6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/BEVT6LR6"],"itemData":{"id":571,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Critical Race Theory in Teacher Education: Informing Classroom Culture and Practice","page":"13","title":"race, Violence, and teacher Education","author":[{"family":"Graham","given":"DaVonna L."},{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Adam J."},{"family":"Heck","given":"Derric I."},{"family":"Rand","given":"Jawanza K."},{"family":"Milner IV","given":"H. Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Graham et al., 2019). This book suggested that a positive and developmental relationship may help youth in educational institutes from violence. they will tend to be more focused on healthy activities and avoid violence. However, teachers have to be non-judgmental, as this will lead to equality among all students.

The impact of the degree of exposure to violent video games, family background, and other factors on youth violence

With the changes in technology ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zUlpCgdC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","plainCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":573,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"itemData":{"id":573,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence","issue":"2","page":"388-400","title":"The impact of degree of exposure to violent video games, family background, and other factors on youth violence","volume":"46","author":[{"family":"DeCamp","given":"Whitney"},{"family":"Ferguson","given":"Christopher J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} DeCamp & Ferguson, (2017), suggested that games have caused a number o changes in our behaviors. Violent games have resulted in the changes in youth behaviors and they tend to be more aggressive and violent. These games also have resulted in street crimes due to changes in behaviors of youth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QPINRggk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","plainCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":573,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"itemData":{"id":573,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence","issue":"2","page":"388-400","title":"The impact of degree of exposure to violent video games, family background, and other factors on youth violence","volume":"46","author":[{"family":"DeCamp","given":"Whitney"},{"family":"Ferguson","given":"Christopher J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017). Apart from the crimes, relationships have vanished and there is no such concept of relations among youth with their families. However, familial, and social factors may be more influential on youth and these will help them to overcome violence and come out of game addiction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"unMfgCMf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","plainCitation":"(DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":573,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/QU5W45PH"],"itemData":{"id":573,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of youth and adolescence","issue":"2","page":"388-400","title":"The impact of degree of exposure to violent video games, family background, and other factors on youth violence","volume":"46","author":[{"family":"DeCamp","given":"Whitney"},{"family":"Ferguson","given":"Christopher J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (DeCamp & Ferguson, 2017).

References

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