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Literature Review The Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Multicultural Diversity have on Children and Adolescents Becoming Obese
by
ADD YOUR NAME HERE
The University of Houston
NUTR XXXX
Kevin Haubrick Ph.D., RD, LD, FAND
The Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Multicultural Diversity have on Children and Adolescents Becoming Obese
Introduction
Childhood obesity is one of the major problems in the United States. Youth and adolescents play an imperative role in nation-building and they are the most crucial segment of a country. However, childhood obesity is a major hindrance in the way of healthy youth since it results in adulthood obesity and makes children and youth vulnerable to a wide range of diseases. Obesity has many corrosive impacts on the physical and mental health of juveniles and youngsters thereby creating a need to explore factors leading to this issue. Obesity is an outcome of numerous factors, amid those socio-economic statuses also play an imperative role since it determines eating habits, choice of foods and access to healthy food. Therefore, this research study explores the impact of Socio-economic status and Multicultural Diversity on children and youngsters becoming obese with intend to offer room for unearthing and comprehend potential solutions for this problem.
Literature Review
Obesity is a medical condition and it is traced by the age-adjusted percentage of adults having a body mass index (BMI). The higher BMI indicates the person or child is obese. Mayo Clinic defines obesity as having excess body fat and declares it a medical condition associated with the number of diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDU0A6kAqW,propertiesformattedCitation(uc0u8220Obesityuc0u8212Symptoms and causesuc0u8212Mayo Clinic,uc0u8221 n.d.),plainCitation(ObesitySymptoms and causesMayo Clinic, n.d.),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1559,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2S6B8SKH,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2S6B8SKH,itemDataid1559,typewebpage,titleObesity - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic,URLhttps//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742,accesseddate-parts2019,11,18,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (ObesitySymptoms and causesMayo Clinic, n.d.). It is difficult to avoid obesity since it is the outcome of numerous factors including personal, genetic, medical, behavioral, and environmental. Obesity is not just a major health concern in the US but for the entire world. However, in the US since 1970, the obesity rate in the US has been tripled. Pediatric or childhood obesity prevalence is also high and it has impacted about 13.7 million children. Obesity in children can be traced to various noticeable symptoms. Appearance is a very must and easily visible symptom. Stretch marks on hips abdomen, velvety skin (known as acanthosis nigricans) around the neck and in other areas fatty tissue deposition in the breast area (an especially troublesome issue for boys). The typical American diet (TAD) with its reliance on affordable food choices and options such as by one get one free that also accelerates the problem. The American Dietary Guidelines are not keeping up to date with current research so people are still advised on outdated nutritional guidelines. Lack of exercise combined with reliance on motor-driven transport contributes to reducing the amount of physical exercise and results in obesity among people.
Authors from the Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Childrens Hospital explored the reasons, and symptoms of childhood obesity followed by the prevention and treatment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDDC7TqKNZ,propertiesformattedCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),plainCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1561,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,itemDataid1561,typearticle-journal,titlePediatric obesity Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment,container-titleExperimental and therapeutic medicine,page15-20,volume11,issue1,authorfamilyXu,givenShumei,familyXue,givenYing,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Xu Xue, 2016). The study was based on the idea that childhood obesity is prevalent among all the genders, races, cultures, and ethnicities. A range of factors was declared to be responsible for obesity prevalence in children such as poor eating habits characterized by high-calories intake, overeating, sugary beverages, etc. Along with that, the lack of physical activities and exercises are also causal factors. Genetic factors also play a role in this regard ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDTLyxPA5T,propertiesformattedCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),plainCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1561,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,itemDataid1561,typearticle-journal,titlePediatric obesity Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment,container-titleExperimental and therapeutic medicine,page15-20,volume11,issue1,authorfamilyXu,givenShumei,familyXue,givenYing,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Xu Xue, 2016). Symptoms of this disorder range from sleep apnea to high blood pressure along with other medical conditions. Authors suggested different methods of obesity prevention and reduction comprising more physical activity, participation in weight loss programs, cutting on calorie intake, etc.
The causes of childhood obesity could be divided into many factors and the environmental factors play a noteworthy part in contributing to the issue. This is because the environment and surroundings determine the eating habits, opportunities of physical activity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDHjCgivsa,propertiesformattedCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),plainCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1561,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,itemDataid1561,typearticle-journal,titlePediatric obesity Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment,container-titleExperimental and therapeutic medicine,page15-20,volume11,issue1,authorfamilyXu,givenShumei,familyXue,givenYing,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Xu Xue, 2016). Obesity is now considered as a chronic medical condition for the reason that it results in severe health disparities that require the attention of some medical specialists and health professionals. Among children, it results in hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, and blood clotting tendency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDB5rr6Jad,propertiesformattedCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),plainCitation(Xu Xue, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1561,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/P6BLESVX,itemDataid1561,typearticle-journal,titlePediatric obesity Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment,container-titleExperimental and therapeutic medicine,page15-20,volume11,issue1,authorfamilyXu,givenShumei,familyXue,givenYing,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Xu Xue, 2016). Another study conducted in India to unveil the causes and consequences of juvenile obesity reports similar causes and consequences. Lifestyle preferences, cultural factors, and environmental factors were reported to be the leading causes of childhood obesity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDY4M3YkA8,propertiesformattedCitation(Sahoo et al., 2015),plainCitation(Sahoo et al., 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1562,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/3WEY3UM7,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/3WEY3UM7,itemDataid1562,typearticle-journal,titleChildhood obesity causes and consequences,container-titleJournal of family medicine and primary care,page187,volume4,issue2,authorfamilySahoo,givenKrushnapriya,familySahoo,givenBishnupriya,familyChoudhury,givenAshok Kumar,familySofi,givenNighat Yasin,familyKumar,givenRaman,familyBhadoria,givenAjeet Singh,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Sahoo et al., 2015). High sugar intake and bad eating habits result in the high pervasiveness of obesity among the children. Authors report the community, parents, advertisers, and schools to play a major role in triggering juvenile obesity. Family characteristics and lifestyle preferences of parents influence the eating habits and choices of kids leading to obesity followed by a number of severe health issues. The absence of a healthier lifestyle results in obesity issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationID3tNw3Oyg,propertiesformattedCitation(Sahoo et al., 2015),plainCitation(Sahoo et al., 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1562,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/3WEY3UM7,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/3WEY3UM7,itemDataid1562,typearticle-journal,titleChildhood obesity causes and consequences,container-titleJournal of family medicine and primary care,page187,volume4,issue2,authorfamilySahoo,givenKrushnapriya,familySahoo,givenBishnupriya,familyChoudhury,givenAshok Kumar,familySofi,givenNighat Yasin,familyKumar,givenRaman,familyBhadoria,givenAjeet Singh,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Sahoo et al., 2015). Lifestyle is highly determined by the socioeconomic status, family, kin, level of education, and social networks, along with gender, age and interpersonal influences all affect the choice of lifestyle. Lifestyle choices that affect health range from choices in nutrition, activity and exercise levels, sleeping habits, stress levels, quality of environment and quality of social interactions. Thus, a number of supporting evidence suggests that lifestyle is an antecedent of pediatric obesity.
Moreover, income status makes up most of the lifestyle choices, accordingly, researchers from Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Science studied the impact of family income on the health and obesity development of children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDu271HPfx,propertiesformattedCitation(Demment, Haas, Olson, 2014),plainCitation(Demment, Haas, Olson, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1563,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,itemDataid1563,typearticle-journal,titleChanges in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years a longitudinal study,container-titleBMC public health,page417,volume14,issue1,authorfamilyDemment,givenMargaret M.,familyHaas,givenJere D.,familyOlson,givenChristine M.,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Demment, Haas, Olson, 2014). The study based on kids from age 2 to 15 years from the rural area of New York State reported that the children from families having low to the moderate-income report a relatively high rate of obesity as compared to the kids from wealthy families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDyKRDFdeR,propertiesformattedCitation(Demment et al., 2014),plainCitation(Demment et al., 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1563,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,itemDataid1563,typearticle-journal,titleChanges in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years a longitudinal study,container-titleBMC public health,page417,volume14,issue1,authorfamilyDemment,givenMargaret M.,familyHaas,givenJere D.,familyOlson,givenChristine M.,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Demment et al., 2014). The family income was associated with lifestyle voices and preferences. Maternal weight and lack of awareness of the consequences of obesity among the parents and family resulted in the high prevalence of obesity. Strong evidence of the link between family income and pediatric obesity was declared ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDPO12crs3,propertiesformattedCitation(Demment et al., 2014),plainCitation(Demment et al., 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1563,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/EBFF26BK,itemDataid1563,typearticle-journal,titleChanges in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years a longitudinal study,container-titleBMC public health,page417,volume14,issue1,authorfamilyDemment,givenMargaret M.,familyHaas,givenJere D.,familyOlson,givenChristine M.,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Demment et al., 2014). The link between obesity indecencies and the family income is also confirmed by the researchers of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention along with other researchers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDEAQbqjHg,propertiesformattedCitation(Pan, May, Wethington, Dalenius, Grummer-Strawn, 2013),plainCitation(Pan, May, Wethington, Dalenius, Grummer-Strawn, 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1568,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,itemDataid1568,typearticle-journal,titleIncidence of obesity among young US children living in low-income families, 20082011,container-titlePediatrics,page1006-1013,volume132,issue6,authorfamilyPan,givenLiping,familyMay,givenAshleigh L.,familyWethington,givenHolly,familyDalenius,givenKaren,familyGrummer-Strawn,givenLaurence M.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Pan, May, Wethington, Dalenius, Grummer-Strawn, 2013). The high incidences of obesity were reported amid Hispanics and American Indians based on the data collected from the child health and nutrition programs. The prevalence was reported to be higher among boys as compared to girls ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDtP9r59ke,propertiesformattedCitation(Pan et al., 2013),plainCitation(Pan et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1568,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,itemDataid1568,typearticle-journal,titleIncidence of obesity among young US children living in low-income families, 20082011,container-titlePediatrics,page1006-1013,volume132,issue6,authorfamilyPan,givenLiping,familyMay,givenAshleigh L.,familyWethington,givenHolly,familyDalenius,givenKaren,familyGrummer-Strawn,givenLaurence M.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Pan et al., 2013). In addition, it is a common understanding, when a person has limited resources, they are not inclined towards healthy eating. Eating healthy is expensive it takes time and knowledge to prepare.
A number of studies started to explore the association of obesity with the factors pertaining to income and status. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDudozSsQx,propertiesformattedCitation(Emmett Jones, 2014),plainCitation(Emmett Jones, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1564,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AAKM6UUB,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AAKM6UUB,itemDataid1564,typearticle-journal,titleDiet and growth in infancy relationship to socioeconomic background and to health and development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children,container-titleNutrition reviews,page483-506,volume72,issue8,authorfamilyEmmett,givenPauline M.,familyJones,givenLouise R.,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json Emmett Jones, (2014) in collaboration with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine measured the link between nourishment in childhood and socioeconomic status of the family. They reported the lack of awareness in terms of feeding practices as dietary patterns has found that socioeconomic status derived from the education of mother and family impacts obesity amid kids. Food and dietary voices of mothers is a reflection of knowledge and awareness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDy7AzbybI,propertiesformattedCitation(Emmett Jones, 2014),plainCitation(Emmett Jones, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1564,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AAKM6UUB,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AAKM6UUB,itemDataid1564,typearticle-journal,titleDiet and growth in infancy relationship to socioeconomic background and to health and development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children,container-titleNutrition reviews,page483-506,volume72,issue8,authorfamilyEmmett,givenPauline M.,familyJones,givenLouise R.,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Emmett Jones, 2014). Lack of education is a huge consideration often education about meal preparation and nutrition is passed down through the generations. This was confirmed by a study on maternal perceptions and eating choices of kids from the low-income African American families ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDsFKHxR7b,propertiesformattedCitation(Porter, Shriver, Ramsay, 2016),plainCitation(Porter, Shriver, Ramsay, 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1570,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/Y7D79HRX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/Y7D79HRX,itemDataid1570,typearticle-journal,titleMaternal perceptions related to eating and obesity risk among low-income African American preschoolers,container-titleMaternal and child health journal,page2565-2572,volume20,issue12,authorfamilyPorter,givenLauren,familyShriver,givenLenka H.,familyRamsay,givenSamantha,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Porter, Shriver, Ramsay, 2016)
All foods can be nourishment but not all food can be nutritious. Another factor at play in childhood obesity and obesity across the board is the use of preservatives and the number of preservatives in most of our food products. Sugar and salt are the two leading culprits in the demise of everybodys health. Access to low nutritional value foods is everywhere and very cheap. These are the foods typically high in sugar, salt, high GI carbohydrate, low in protein, vitamins, and fiber and people love them. In addition, high reliance on pre-packaged pre-prepared foods, grab and run, eating in cars, etc.
In order to develop an understanding of obesity prevalence with respect to education and socioeconomic status, a study explored the obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in the U.S. The study conducted on kids from 2 to 19 years resulted in the direct link of obesity with household education ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDlIUsW9yK,propertiesformattedCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),plainCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1565,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,itemDataid1565,typearticle-journal,titleDifferences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013-2016,container-titleJama,page2410-2418,volume319,issue23,authorfamilyOgden,givenCynthia L.,familyFryar,givenCheryl D.,familyHales,givenCraig M.,familyCarroll,givenMargaret D.,familyAoki,givenYutaka,familyFreedman,givenDavid S.,issueddate-parts2018,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Ogden et al., 2018). Urbanization was also a reason for obesity as explored by the authors. Pediatric obesity among the Hispanic youth and non-Hispanic black is also reported to be higher by studies in contrast with the non-Hispanic white juveniles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDn7SFpiwu,propertiesformattedCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),plainCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1565,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,itemDataid1565,typearticle-journal,titleDifferences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013-2016,container-titleJama,page2410-2418,volume319,issue23,authorfamilyOgden,givenCynthia L.,familyFryar,givenCheryl D.,familyHales,givenCraig M.,familyCarroll,givenMargaret D.,familyAoki,givenYutaka,familyFreedman,givenDavid S.,issueddate-parts2018,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Ogden et al., 2018). Such as the similar results were found by a study concerning the same issue
These results can be confirmed by other studies examining pediatric obesity among racial and ethnic minorities, those conducted on African-American and Latino-American communities. A study discovering the type 2 diabetes among the kids of racial and ethnic minorities reported a high ratio of overweight kids in these communities that results in health issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDAyZUZvbT,propertiesformattedCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),plainCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1566,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,itemDataid1566,typearticle-journal,titleSociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents,container-titleJournal of obesity,volume2013,authorfamilyHasson,givenRebecca E.,familyAdam,givenTanja C.,familyPearson,givenJay,familyDavis,givenJaimie N.,familySpruijt-Metz,givenDonna,familyGoran,givenMichael I.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hasson et al., 2013). Type 2 diabetes was reported to be high amid the obese adults from African-American and Latino-American communities and the socioeconomic and socio-cultural orientation were the antecedents for obesity leading to type 2 diabetes. In low-income communities, obesity is the main cause of many diseases and education of households is the major driver of that ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDLcmmcwLE,propertiesformattedCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),plainCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1566,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,itemDataid1566,typearticle-journal,titleSociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents,container-titleJournal of obesity,volume2013,authorfamilyHasson,givenRebecca E.,familyAdam,givenTanja C.,familyPearson,givenJay,familyDavis,givenJaimie N.,familySpruijt-Metz,givenDonna,familyGoran,givenMichael I.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hasson et al., 2013).
Fresh foods can be expensive (especially when people want out of season foods) and people in remote areas do not have enough knowledge and awareness on the portion size. Poor cooking skills resulting from the education of household also contributes to obesity and diseases in low-income communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDSPlcNr8M,propertiesformattedCitation(Porter et al., 2016),plainCitation(Porter et al., 2016),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1570,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/Y7D79HRX,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/Y7D79HRX,itemDataid1570,typearticle-journal,titleMaternal perceptions related to eating and obesity risk among low-income African American preschoolers,container-titleMaternal and child health journal,page2565-2572,volume20,issue12,authorfamilyPorter,givenLauren,familyShriver,givenLenka H.,familyRamsay,givenSamantha,issueddate-parts2016,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Porter et al., 2016). School boards in low-income communities refuse to change their dietary guidelines and consider that flavored milk and fries are healthy. The education level of parents plays an imperative role in this regard since they are the decision-makers of a childs food consumptions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationID4s7wMkbP,propertiesformattedCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),plainCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1566,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,itemDataid1566,typearticle-journal,titleSociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents,container-titleJournal of obesity,volume2013,authorfamilyHasson,givenRebecca E.,familyAdam,givenTanja C.,familyPearson,givenJay,familyDavis,givenJaimie N.,familySpruijt-Metz,givenDonna,familyGoran,givenMichael I.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hasson et al., 2013).
The same was confirmed from a study conducted in kids of Massachusetts where the obesity prevalence was high among African Americans and Hispanics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationID61K0s40c,propertiesformattedCitation(Rogers et al., 2015),plainCitation(Rogers et al., 2015),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1569,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TABCVV59,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/TABCVV59,itemDataid1569,typearticle-journal,titleThe relationship between childhood obesity, low socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity lessons from Massachusetts,container-titleChildhood Obesity,page691-695,volume11,issue6,authorfamilyRogers,givenRobert,familyEagle,givenTaylor F.,familySheetz,givenAnne,familyWoodward,givenAlan,familyLeibowitz,givenRobert,familySong,givenMinKyoung,familySylvester,givenRachel,familyCorriveau,givenNicole,familyKline-Rogers,givenEva,familyJiang,givenQingmei,issueddate-parts2015,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Rogers et al., 2015). The kids from cultural minorities suffer more from obesity and eventually health concerns. This idea of obesity due to racial and income inequality is supported by another study by Hernandez Pressler (2014). Researchers at Pennsylvania State University studies the data from 18 years and revealed through their study the high prevalence of obesity among Hispanic and black adult women ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDDTQFks12,propertiesformattedCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),plainCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1567,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,itemDataid1567,typearticle-journal,titleAccumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status race/ethnicity and gender disparities,container-titleJ Epidemiol Community Health,page478-484,volume68,issue5,authorfamilyHernandez,givenDaphne C.,familyPressler,givenEmily,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hernandez Pressler, 2014). The authors report from this study reveals a high prevalence of obesity in certain races, though it reports different results for the black men. The idea to diminish and reduce poverty can be used as a means to reduce obesity and eventually diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDDTQFks12,propertiesformattedCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),plainCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1567,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,itemDataid1567,typearticle-journal,titleAccumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status race/ethnicity and gender disparities,container-titleJ Epidemiol Community Health,page478-484,volume68,issue5,authorfamilyHernandez,givenDaphne C.,familyPressler,givenEmily,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hernandez Pressler, 2014).
Some of the studies reported a clearer link between the income status, cultural background, and ethnicity with the distinguishing factors of age and origin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDGl8HMR1r,propertiesformattedCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),plainCitation(Ogden et al., 2018),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1565,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/2U69YM4A,itemDataid1565,typearticle-journal,titleDifferences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013-2016,container-titleJama,page2410-2418,volume319,issue23,authorfamilyOgden,givenCynthia L.,familyFryar,givenCheryl D.,familyHales,givenCraig M.,familyCarroll,givenMargaret D.,familyAoki,givenYutaka,familyFreedman,givenDavid S.,issueddate-parts2018,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Ogden et al., 2018). One study also proves that high socioeconomic status not highly prevents children from becoming obese ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDY4QWADm1,propertiesformattedCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),plainCitation(Hasson et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1566,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XEQT8LQU,itemDataid1566,typearticle-journal,titleSociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents,container-titleJournal of obesity,volume2013,authorfamilyHasson,givenRebecca E.,familyAdam,givenTanja C.,familyPearson,givenJay,familyDavis,givenJaimie N.,familySpruijt-Metz,givenDonna,familyGoran,givenMichael I.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hasson et al., 2013). While the majority of the studies report a high rate of obesity among minority kids. Studies have also reported different results of obesity prevalence among the men and women of ethnic minorities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDzAgfywCt,propertiesformattedCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),plainCitation(Hernandez Pressler, 2014),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1567,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/AS4A567N,itemDataid1567,typearticle-journal,titleAccumulation of childhood poverty on young adult overweight or obese status race/ethnicity and gender disparities,container-titleJ Epidemiol Community Health,page478-484,volume68,issue5,authorfamilyHernandez,givenDaphne C.,familyPressler,givenEmily,issueddate-parts2014,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hernandez Pressler, 2014). Studies also unearth the need for culturally appropriate interventions to reduce obesity in order to reduce the likelihood of diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDj3oVsqI4,propertiesformattedCitation(Pan et al., 2013),plainCitation(Pan et al., 2013),noteIndex0,citationItemsid1568,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WBRMAAY9,itemDataid1568,typearticle-journal,titleIncidence of obesity among young US children living in low-income families, 20082011,container-titlePediatrics,page1006-1013,volume132,issue6,authorfamilyPan,givenLiping,familyMay,givenAshleigh L.,familyWethington,givenHolly,familyDalenius,givenKaren,familyGrummer-Strawn,givenLaurence M.,issueddate-parts2013,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Pan et al., 2013). Overall, majority studies report a clear link between pediatric obesity, lifestyle choices and the socioeconomic status of the household.
Conclusion
This literature helps to understand that it is not just Americans or those of low socioeconomic status facing an obesity crisis, this is a worldwide problem including for communities whose usual more traditional diet is changing to a more Western style of eating. However, obesity is a multi-layered issue and some of these layers may include Access to nutritional foods, if the supermarket is located way outside town with poor transport access and the fast-food chains are on the doorstep, people most likely to shop as convenient. Portion sizes are way too big and increasing year on year yet people still clear their plates. Children should be encouraged to exercise by the parents, walk every afternoon. Even if you start on a short walk then every day extend it a little bit further, eventually, you will be walking a distance you never thought you would. These days most parents just let the children play on electronics without playing outside and in fact just playing outside is exercising and they dont realize it. Thus, interventions to reduce poverty and improving the socioeconomic status alongside educating parents can have a positive influence on obesity reduction.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL uncited,omitted,custom CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Demment, M. M., Haas, J. D., Olson, C. M. (2014). Changes in family income status and the development of overweight and obesity from 2 to 15 years A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 417.
Emmett, P. M., Jones, L. R. (2014). Diet and growth in infancy Relationship to socioeconomic background and to health and development in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutrition Reviews, 72(8), 483506.
Hasson, R. E., Adam, T. C., Pearson, J., Davis, J. N., Spruijt-Metz, D., Goran, M. I. (2013). Sociocultural and socioeconomic influences on type 2 diabetes risk in overweight/obese African-American and Latino-American children and adolescents. Journal of Obesity, 2013.
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Pan, L., May, A. L., Wethington, H., Dalenius, K., Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2013). Incidence of obesity among young US children living in low-income families, 20082011. Pediatrics, 132(6), 10061013.
Porter, L., Shriver, L. H., Ramsay, S. (2016). Maternal perceptions related to eating and obesity risk among low-income African American preschoolers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(12), 25652572.
Rogers, R., Eagle, T. F., Sheetz, A., Woodward, A., Leibowitz, R., Song, M., Jiang, Q. (2015). The relationship between childhood obesity, low socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity Lessons from Massachusetts. Childhood Obesity, 11(6), 691695.
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