The Assignment Brief: Pre-sentence Report You Are Required To Complete A Pre-sentence Report (PSR) On A Young Man Who Is Before The Children's Court. You Will Be Given A Video To Watch And Will Need To Construct The Report On The Basis Of This Video. Th

Pre-Sentence report

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Offending History

Jackson Riley is a 16 years old boy who had been accused of theft in 2016, 2 sums of attack, and 2 counts of custody and use of ice one year back. He had been mixed up with a bad crowd. He is been involved in drinking, possession, also, keeping a deadly weapon which is in contradiction of the laws ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tWJCdPHu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}cyfa 2005\\uc0\\u8212{}Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"webpage","title":"cyfa 2005 - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?q=cyfa+2005&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK864PK864&oq=CYFA+2005&aqs=chrome.0.0l5.500j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.). He displays anger and cannot control his emotional attribute of aggression. He will be presented to the court for a guilty plea to the charge of assaulting his mother and his step-father.

Circumstances of Current Offences

Jackson Riley, as the previous history, is still accused of assaulting his mother and has been identified as serious harm for the victim and the community. Currently, he has been charged with 2 counts of assault on 26th July. He has been charged for hitting his mother with a cricket bat on 31st July 2019. He stole money from Mark on 31st July 2019. On 2nd and 6th July, he was charged by the police for possession and use of ice.

Attitude to Current Offences

Criminal behaviour of Jackson Riley has led him to the court ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R8ao2wzX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baglivio, Jackowski, Greenwald, & Howell, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Baglivio, Jackowski, Greenwald, & Howell, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"article-journal","title":"Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A statewide analysis of prevalence and prediction of subsequent recidivism using risk and protective factors","container-title":"Criminology & Public Policy","page":"83-116","volume":"13","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Baglivio","given":"Michael T."},{"family":"Jackowski","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Greenwald","given":"Mark A."},{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baglivio, Jackowski, Greenwald, & Howell, 2014). His behaviour and actions are prohibited by the law and are violating moral and religious code of conduct at home and community. He is being honest for his acts accepting that it was my offensive behaviour towards my mother. He knows he would be punished and is ready for the consequences.

Family History

Jackson has a mother, Connie Riley, and father Bill Riley. He has 13 years old sister Crystal, 3 years old Jenny and 2 years old sister Jim. Jenny and Jim are his stepsisters. His mother could not manage with his father Bill for his offensive and abusive behaviour. His father was also having short temperament and violent behaviour. His father’s violent behaviour led to the separation and she took Jackson to save his future but is now she is convinced that his father can

Accommodation

Currently, Jackson is living with his mother. In this home, his step-father and sisters are also accommodating. He has a squad of bad people which has led him to adopt bad behaviours.

Summary and Recommendation

Those who have attempted criminal offence once will commit it again. The criminal offence involves robbery, other's stuff and damaging people deliberately. As a writer, it is observed that hitting and assaulting along with loose temperament and possession is also a part of the offence. This offence may require laws to be implemented to save the victim and the community. Using and purchasing alcohol under 16 is also prohibited ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7bCOHtp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baglivio et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Baglivio et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"article-journal","title":"Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A statewide analysis of prevalence and prediction of subsequent recidivism using risk and protective factors","container-title":"Criminology & Public Policy","page":"83-116","volume":"13","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Baglivio","given":"Michael T."},{"family":"Jackowski","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Greenwald","given":"Mark A."},{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baglivio et al., 2014). Keeping heavy and deadly weapon is another violation made by Jackson. The core purpose of laws is to maintain and retain peace in the community and to save people from violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ER696JRL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mpofu, Athanasou, Rafe, & Belshaw, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mpofu, Athanasou, Rafe, & Belshaw, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review","container-title":"International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology","page":"170-186","volume":"62","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mpofu","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Athanasou","given":"James A."},{"family":"Rafe","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Belshaw","given":"Scott H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mpofu, Athanasou, Rafe, & Belshaw, 2018). Forecast of human behaviour and alteration of behaviour is a multifaceted system which depends on the aptitude and intention to act on the behaviour.

It depends on a person's perspective to anticipate any behaviour according to his own opinions. He can judge actions positively as well as negatively. It is important to take special care of Jackson in rehabilitation sessions to stop him from adopting negative and destructive behaviours. The criminal justice system keeps these facts in view while addressing an issue. This incident is under observation and based on the facts, the justice system will address the issue. Justice system follows appropriate sentences according to the individual cases. What would be best for Jackson? It is the same question which is under debate in this report ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"neMdLAO9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Berk, Heidari, Jabbari, Kearns, & Roth, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Berk, Heidari, Jabbari, Kearns, & Roth, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/7DT3YIQ4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/7DT3YIQ4"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"article-journal","title":"Fairness in criminal justice risk assessments: The state of the art","container-title":"Sociological Methods & Research","page":"0049124118782533","author":[{"family":"Berk","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Heidari","given":"Hoda"},{"family":"Jabbari","given":"Shahin"},{"family":"Kearns","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Roth","given":"Aaron"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Berk, Heidari, Jabbari, Kearns, & Roth, 2018). There are more chances of individuals to get caught in violence in these cases.

The prospective to produce a healthy community declines as a result of violence and criminal offence once attempted in a society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zUA2QUI8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":28,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/3KLZ79IZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/3KLZ79IZ"],"itemData":{"id":28,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changes in criminal offending around the time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance","container-title":"Criminology","page":"263-291","volume":"52","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Skardhamar","given":"Torbjørn"},{"family":"Savolainen","given":"Jukka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014). The academic studies related to social downgrading have shown that it is difficult to produce a healthy culture in a criminal society. However, with continuous efforts it is achievable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"04HigMh7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McCord & Conway, 2018)","plainCitation":"(McCord & Conway, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/72RNFWDS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/72RNFWDS"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"chapter","title":"Patterns of juvenile delinquency and co-offending","container-title":"Crime and social organization","publisher":"Routledge","page":"33-48","author":[{"family":"McCord","given":"Joan"},{"family":"Conway","given":"Kevin P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McCord & Conway, 2018). The writer suggested cognitive brain therapy for these individuals. This is operative and has far off better results if not cessation of crime. This theory will also be functional in numerous criminal justice systems. But, it is evident that collectively with organizations, society, and family-help, fruitful results can be achieved from the individuals having criminal and offensive behaviours.

Jackson needs proper psychotherapy, anticipation, other therapies that can help him in the adaptation of healthy behaviours. Along with numerous coordinated facilities and reestablishing techniques, and behaviour shaping, Jackson can achieve a good life. This is only possible with coordinated efforts and most importantly, his positive attitude, to gain healthier teen-age and better lifestyle in future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1cy6saqJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): a pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"119-133","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fonagy","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Cottrell","given":"David"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Pilling","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Eisler","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuggle","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Kraam","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Byford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Wason","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fonagy et al., 2018). It is also important to note that these aggressive and mental disorders arise before the mid-teens. Jackson is exactly at that age and he needs to take therapies regularly. This includes mental well-being using cognitive brain therapy, psychotherapy and other behavioural therapies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jPFLssb1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review","container-title":"International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology","page":"170-186","volume":"62","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mpofu","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Athanasou","given":"James A."},{"family":"Rafe","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Belshaw","given":"Scott H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mpofu et al., 2018), ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"asufNDFS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Polaschek, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Polaschek, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YISRTSPX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YISRTSPX"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"article-journal","title":"An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment","container-title":"Legal and criminological Psychology","page":"1-17","volume":"17","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Polaschek","given":"Devon LL"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Polaschek, 2012). Though it is difficult in the case of Jackson and seems unmanageable it is not impossible to achieve ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nzhUNUDk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review","container-title":"International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology","page":"170-186","volume":"62","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mpofu","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Athanasou","given":"James A."},{"family":"Rafe","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Belshaw","given":"Scott H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mpofu et al., 2018). Educational dissatisfaction, exclusionary punishment philosophies, separation among parents or divorce, social discrimination and failure have been documented as significant basics in the development of criminal and offensive behaviours ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VHuThdVO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":28,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/3KLZ79IZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/3KLZ79IZ"],"itemData":{"id":28,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changes in criminal offending around the time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance","container-title":"Criminology","page":"263-291","volume":"52","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Skardhamar","given":"Torbjørn"},{"family":"Savolainen","given":"Jukka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Skardhamar & Savolainen, 2014).

Sentencing disposition

Rehabilitation is considered the most suitable action in sentencing youngsters ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6pVQcbLM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): a pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"119-133","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fonagy","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Cottrell","given":"David"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Pilling","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Eisler","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuggle","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Kraam","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Byford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Wason","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fonagy et al., 2018). They usually develop one-sided thinking that may encompass immature or developmentally halted judgments. They adapt bad attitude and have no hope from society. As a result, they are incapable to control emotional state and use of power and viciousness to achieve success is the only solution for them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"m1SsyUVt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): a pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"119-133","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fonagy","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Cottrell","given":"David"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Pilling","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Eisler","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuggle","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Kraam","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Byford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Wason","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fonagy et al., 2018). The sentencing disposition and laws perform only those actions by which the teenagers and the children face the least disgrace in society. Sentencing principles also ensure safeguarding and the teen-ager is conscious and accountability for any action ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8ryVhyP9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}cyfa 2005\\uc0\\u8212{}Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"webpage","title":"cyfa 2005 - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?q=cyfa+2005&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK864PK864&oq=CYFA+2005&aqs=chrome.0.0l5.500j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.). These principles also observe the suitability of the sentence statements. In the case of violence, these laws and principles also protect communities, societies, families and individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"78yLLE8T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chambers, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Chambers, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":33,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/KBD8UHGH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/KBD8UHGH"],"itemData":{"id":33,"type":"article-journal","title":"Child protection, youth justice and the legal process: Challenges for the children’s court","container-title":"Australian Social Work","page":"389-391","volume":"72","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Chambers","given":"Judge Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chambers, 2019). For further assessment and need of the temporary suspicion is also considered for youngsters in the sentencing disposition.

Sentencing Principles

According to the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005, the need to preserve a link among the youngster and the youngster’s family during sentencing is considered an important element. It is also recommended in sentencing, the appeal for the children to get schooling, and training to undergo without disruption ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HIYDJgJT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}cyfa 2005\\uc0\\u8212{}Google Search,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YH496MEG"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"webpage","title":"cyfa 2005 - Google Search","URL":"https://www.google.com/search?q=cyfa+2005&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK864PK864&oq=CYFA+2005&aqs=chrome.0.0l5.500j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“cyfa 2005—Google Search,” n.d.). This rule is considered important to educate and to strengthen the family interaction. This is also important during sentencing for the bonding of child with society and his behavioural therapy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E9sSUU3a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): a pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"119-133","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fonagy","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Cottrell","given":"David"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Pilling","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Eisler","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuggle","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Kraam","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Byford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Wason","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fonagy et al., 2018). Sentencing youngsters is followed by addressing their needs such as the majority of youngsters facing court-related subjects have higher ratios of depression and anxiety.

Reflection and Evaluation

Criminal conduct is an act or action which is unlawful being conducted by the individual. The unlawful acts, if performed by the individuals, need to be addressed urgently. I have observed this case as a criminal justice system and I am convinced that this action is considered punishable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yx4F2MZB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Fonagy et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/RWNPUHZU"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): a pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"119-133","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Fonagy","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Cottrell","given":"David"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Pilling","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Eisler","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuggle","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Kraam","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Byford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Wason","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fonagy et al., 2018). However, there are a few concerns related to the juvenile justice system and the adults' justice system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nsTeANpf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sheehan, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Sheehan, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":32,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/IKD9JNY8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/IKD9JNY8"],"itemData":{"id":32,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cumulative Harm in Child Protection: The Hidden Concern","container-title":"Australian Social Work","page":"1-13","author":[{"family":"Sheehan","given":"Rosemary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sheehan, 2019). If Jackson is being sentenced, it is highly probable that he would be a threat to the juvenile justice system. If he is being released he would be a threat to the society and develop more offensive nature in future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4QqA68pS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baglivio et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Baglivio et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":30,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/82EQI3BQ"],"itemData":{"id":30,"type":"article-journal","title":"Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A statewide analysis of prevalence and prediction of subsequent recidivism using risk and protective factors","container-title":"Criminology & Public Policy","page":"83-116","volume":"13","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Baglivio","given":"Michael T."},{"family":"Jackowski","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Greenwald","given":"Mark A."},{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Baglivio et al., 2014). Considering him to be sent to the adults' justice system, it is probable that he will adopt additional criminal offensive behaviour.

In my opinion, Jackson needs rehabilitation settings regularly or psychotherapy is highly recommended to be delivered to him for the prevention of adopting, developing and modifying his offensive behaviours ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mL0IHXhN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Polaschek, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Polaschek, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YISRTSPX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/YISRTSPX"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"article-journal","title":"An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment","container-title":"Legal and criminological Psychology","page":"1-17","volume":"17","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Polaschek","given":"Devon LL"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Polaschek, 2012). Cognitive brain therapy, psychotherapy and rehabilitation measure should be taken for these adults to reduce criminal offence and violence from the society. I have also observed his body language which is stable but he is a part of a bad society which has led him to this stage. Family interactions, schooling and job are satisfying but the nature of Jackson is aggressive, violent and hostile ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2VhWW5oM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review","container-title":"International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology","page":"170-186","volume":"62","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mpofu","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Athanasou","given":"James A."},{"family":"Rafe","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Belshaw","given":"Scott H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mpofu et al., 2018). He is unaware of his behaviour which if left untreated can lead to destruction, annihilation and devastation.

Jackson is willing to work with YJ, he is admitting his violent behaviour as well as the offence he made in his family ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hy01aMub","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mpofu et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4I4SgYzi/items/AZNDKRX2"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review","container-title":"International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology","page":"170-186","volume":"62","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mpofu","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Athanasou","given":"James A."},{"family":"Rafe","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Belshaw","given":"Scott H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mpofu et al., 2018). In my opinion, he is convincing and tolerable. The rehabilitation therapy, family influence as well as society and a good company would lead him to live a healthy life. It would be suggested to take a systematic approach to deal with this kind of offences if committed by the teen-agers. According to the evidence available, risk of violation of laws and offensive acts is highly probable by Jackson in future. He will indulge himself in reoffending and would cause serious harm to the society and family if left unattended.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Baglivio, M. T., Jackowski, K., Greenwald, M. A., & Howell, J. C. (2014). Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: A statewide analysis of prevalence and prediction of subsequent recidivism using risk and protective factors. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(1), 83–116.

Berk, R., Heidari, H., Jabbari, S., Kearns, M., & Roth, A. (2018). Fairness in criminal justice risk assessments: The state of the art. Sociological Methods & Research, 0049124118782533.

Chambers, J. A. (2019). Child protection, youth justice and the legal process: Challenges for the children’s court. Australian Social Work, 72(4), 389–391.

cyfa 2005—Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2019, from https://www.google.com/search?q=cyfa+2005&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK864PK864&oq=CYFA+2005&aqs=chrome.0.0l5.500j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Fonagy, P., Butler, S., Cottrell, D., Scott, S., Pilling, S., Eisler, I., … Wason, J. (2018). Multisystemic therapy versus management as usual in the treatment of adolescent antisocial behaviour (START): A pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(2), 119–133.

McCord, J., & Conway, K. P. (2018). Patterns of juvenile delinquency and co-offending. In Crime and social organization (pp. 33–48). Routledge.

Mpofu, E., Athanasou, J. A., Rafe, C., & Belshaw, S. H. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy efficacy for reducing recidivism rates of moderate-and high-risk sexual offenders: A scoping systematic literature review. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(1), 170–186.

Polaschek, D. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17(1), 1–17.

Sheehan, R. (2019). Cumulative Harm in Child Protection: The Hidden Concern. Australian Social Work, 1–13.

Skardhamar, T., & Savolainen, J. (2014). Changes in criminal offending around the time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance. Criminology, 52(2), 263–291.